Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Contents
Download and Setup ............................................................................................................................ 3
Your first program ................................................................................................................................ 3
Example Program 1 – Sequence ............................................................................................................ 4
Example Program 2 - Assignment .......................................................................................................... 5
Example Program 3 - Arithmetic ........................................................................................................... 6
Example Program 4 – Selection ............................................................................................................. 7
Example Program 5 - Relational operators ............................................................................................ 8
Example Program 6 - Boolean operators ............................................................................................... 9
Moderation Exercise 1 – Central Heating ............................................................................................ 10
Example Program 7 - Logical bitwise operators................................................................................... 11
Example Program 8 - Built-in functions ............................................................................................... 12
Example Program 9 ............................................................................................................................. 13
Example Program 10 ............................................................................................................................ 14
Example Program 11 - Repetition ........................................................................................................ 15
Section 12 - Flowcharts ....................................................................................................................... 16
Example Program 13 – Procedures & Functions ................................................................................. 18
Section 14 – By Ref vs. By Val .............................................................................................................. 19
Moderation Exercise 2 – Car Hire ........................................................................................................ 20
Example Program 15 - Constants ......................................................................................................... 21
Example Program 16 - Data Structures ............................................................................................... 22
Other Built-in Data Types .................................................................................................................... 23
Byte ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Enumerated .................................................................................................................................. 23
Records.......................................................................................................................................... 24
Example Program 17 – 1 dimensional arrays ........................................................................................ 26
Example Program 18a – Read from a text file ...................................................................................... 27
Example Program 18b – Write to a text file ......................................................................................... 28
Example Program 19 ............................................................................................................................ 29
Example Program 20 - Validation ........................................................................................................ 30
Example Program 21 – 2 dimensional arrays ...................................................................................... 31
Example Program 22 – Enumerated ................................................................................................... 32
Section 23 - Set operators .................................................................................................................... 33
Union .............................................................................................................................................. 33

High Score Education 1

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Range ............................................................................................................................................... 33
Intersection ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Difference (Distinct) .......................................................................................................................... 34
Membership (Contains) .................................................................................................................... 36
Example Program 24 - Linear search ................................................................................................... 37
Example Program 25 - Bubble sort ...................................................................................................... 38
Extension Set A: Form Applications ..................................................................................................... 39
Extension Set B: COMP1 Revision ....................................................................................................... 40
ADTS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40-46

High Score Education 2

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Download and Setup

Download VB community and install it on your computer at home.

https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/community/ If you don’t run Windows as

your operating system you can try using https://www.mono-

project.com/download/stable/

Your first program

Start a new Project and select Console Application. Type the following code:

Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!")
End Sub
End Module

(Press F5 to run the code)

Tasks

0.1 – Write a program that displays the message “Hello waseem”

0.2 – Write a program that displays the message “My name is waseem and I live in Gujrat Pakistan”
(replace waseem and Gujrat Pakistan with your own information)
0.3 – Write a program that displays the lyrics to your national anthem. Each line of the song should
be on a fresh line.

Example Program 1 – Sequence

Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())
Console.WriteLine("This is the first line of the program. It will be
executed first.")
Console.ReadKey()
Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red
Console.WriteLine("But then the colour changes to Red.")
Console.ReadKey()
Console.BackgroundColor = ConsoleColor.White
Console.WriteLine("And the background goes white")
Console.ReadKey()
Console.ResetColor()
Console.WriteLine("But it's okay. We can reset it")
Console.ReadKey()
Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow
Console.WriteLine("The order of lines of code is important")

High Score Education 3

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Console.WriteLine("We start at the top and work down")

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

Tasks

1.1) Display the words red, amber, green on a fresh line each in order on the screen. Colour the
words appropriately.
1.2) Displaythe names of the colours of the rainbow. Each on a separate line, coloured and in order.

Example Program 2 - Assignment - Integer, byte, real, boolean, character, string, date/time.
Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())
Dim theNumber As Integer
Dim theWord As String
theWord = "Bird"
theNumber = 9

Console.WriteLine(theWord & " is the word")

Console.WriteLine("And the number is " & theNumber)

Console.ReadKey()

theWord = "Cat"
Console.WriteLine("Enter a number>")
theNumber = Int(Console.ReadLine())

Console.WriteLine("Now " & theWord & " is the word and the number is " &
theNumber)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

High Score Education 4

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 3 - Arithmetic - +, –, /, x, DIV, MOD

Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())
Dim number1, number2, total As Integer

Console.WriteLine("Enter first number")

number1 = Int(Console.ReadLine())

Console.WriteLine("Enter second number")

number2 = Int(Console.ReadLine())

total = number1 + number2

Console.WriteLine("The total is " & total)

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
Tasks

3.1) Write a program that divides a number entered by the user by 2

3.2) Write a program that displays the 7 times table

3.3) Write a program that displays any times table the user requests

Example Program 4 – Selection

Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim intInput As Integer

System.Console.WriteLine("Enter an integer…")

intInput = Val(System.Console.ReadLine())

If intInput = 1 Then
System.Console.WriteLine("Thank you.")
ElseIf intInput = 2 Then
System.Console.WriteLine("That's fine.")
ElseIf intInput = 3 Then
System.Console.WriteLine("Too big.")
Else
System.Console.WriteLine("Not a number I know.")
End If

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

High Score Education 5

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

1. Write a program to ask the user what 24+9 is. Say “Excellent” if they get it right.

2. Write a program to ask the user “how many in a bakers dozen?” and say “most
excellent” if they get it right.

3. Write a program to ask the user to enter their age. If their age is under 18 then say
“Sorry, this film is not for you”.

4. Write a program to ask the user for two numbers. Compare the first with the second
and then print out one of three messages. Either the numbers are equal, the first is
bigger, or the second is bigger. You will need more than one IF to solve this one.

5. Write a program which asks the user to enter their password. If they enter the word
“PASSWORD” then display the message “Welcome to the treasure”, otherwise display
a message which says “go away, it’s all mine”.

6. Write a program which asks the user to enter a number between 1 and 10. If the
number entered is out with this range then display a message “Sorry…out of range”.

Example Program 5 - Relational operators - =, <, >, <>, <=, >=

Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim age As Integer

Console.WriteLine("What is your age?")

age = Int(Console.ReadLine())

If age > 16 Then

Console.WriteLine("You can drive!")
Else
Console.WriteLine("You are too young to drive")
End If

Console.ReadKey()

High Score Education 6

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

End Sub
End Module

The symbols we can use to test for conditions are as follows:

< Less than

<= Less Than or Equal To

> Greater than

>= Greater Than or Equal To

== IS Equal To

!= Not Equal To

Example Program 6 - Boolean operators - NOT, AND, OR

Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim age, points As Integer

Console.WriteLine("What is your age?")

age = Int(Console.ReadLine())

Console.WriteLine("How many points do you have on your licence?")

points = Int(Console.ReadLine())

If age > 16 And points < 9 Then

Console.WriteLine("You can drive!")
Else
Console.WriteLine("You are not eligable for a driving licence")
End If

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

High Score Education 7

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Moderation Exercise 1 – Central Heating

The heating system in a school should be switched on if the average temperature is less than
17 degrees Celsius (˚C). The average temperature is found from the temperatures in the Art,
English and Music Departments. You are required to write a program that allows the user to
input the three temperatures. The program calculates and displays the average temperature
then displays ‘Heating should be on.’ or ‘Heating should be off.’ as appropriate.

You may practice this task at home, but won’t be able to refer to any notes or files when assessed.

Submit the following for marking in 1 word document:-

1. Your code listing

2. Screenshots for suitable test data

High Score Education 8

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 7 - Logical bitwise operators - NOT, AND, OR, XOR

Imports System

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim a, b, c, d, e, f, g As Boolean

a = 23 > 14 And 11 > 8

b = 14 > 23 And 11 > 8
' The preceding statements set a to True and b to False.

c = 23 > 14 Or 8 > 11
d = 23 > 67 Or 8 > 11
' The preceding statements set c to True and d to False.

e = 23 > 67 Xor 11 > 8

f = 23 > 14 Xor 11 > 8
g = 14 > 23 Xor 8 > 11
' The preceding statements set e to True, f to False, and g to False.

Dim x, y As Boolean
x = Not 23 > 14
y = Not 23 > 67
' The preceding statements set x to False and y to True.

End Sub
End Module

Tasks
1) Adapt the example program so that there is output of the result of
each comparison to the screen

High Score Education 9

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 8 - Built-in functions - Arithmetic functions: round, truncation.

Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim num As Double

Dim rounded As Integer
Dim squarert As Double
Dim trunc As Integer

Console.Write("Enter a real number")

num = Console.ReadLine()

rounded = Math.Round(num)

squarert = Math.Sqrt(num)

Console.WriteLine("round: " & rounded & vbNewLine & "Square Root: " &
squarert)
trunc = Math.Truncate(num)

Console.WriteLine("The number truncated is " & trunc)

Console.WriteLine("This is not always the same as rounded")
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
Tasks

1) Write a program that asks for 5 numbers, calculates the mean average and then rounds it
down. Display the result on screen.

Built-in String Functions:

Mid Function:
Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim myPhrase, myNewPhrase As String

Console.WriteLine("Enter Your Name")
myPhrase = Console.ReadLine
myNewPhrase = Mid(myPhrase, 2, 3)
Console.WriteLine("Welcome " & myNewPhrase)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

High Score Education 10

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

The Right Function

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim myPhrase, myNewPhrase As String

Console.WriteLine("Enter Your Name")
myPhrase = Console.ReadLine
myNewPhrase = Right(myPhrase, 2)
Console.WriteLine("Welcome " & myNewPhrase)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
The Left Function
Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim myPhrase, myNewPhrase As String

Console.WriteLine("Enter Your Name")
myPhrase = Console.ReadLine
myNewPhrase = Left(myPhrase, 2)
Console.WriteLine("Welcome " & myNewPhrase)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
The Ucase and the Lcase Functions
Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim myPhrase, myNewPhrase As String

Console.WriteLine("Enter Your Name")
myPhrase = Console.ReadLine
myNewPhrase = LCase(myPhrase)
Console.WriteLine("Welcome " & myNewPhrase)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
……………………..

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit

High Score Education 11

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim myPhrase, myNewPhrase As String

Console.WriteLine("Enter Your Name")
myPhrase = Console.ReadLine
myNewPhrase = UCase(myPhrase)
Console.WriteLine("Welcome " & myNewPhrase)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
VB Math Functions: Numeric Functions

Abs Function

Returns
The absolute value of number
Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())

Dim oldacct, newacct, count

oldacct = 1234566
newacct = 33345
count = Math.Abs(oldacct - newacct)
Console.WriteLine("The answer=" & count)
End Sub
End Module
Rnd Function
This standard VB function generates a random number

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())
Dim MyValue As Integer
MyValue = Int((6 * Rnd()) + 1) ' Generate random value between 1 and 6.
Console.WriteLine(MyValue)
End Sub
End Module

Tasks:

Explore math.function in VB

High Score Education 12

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 9 - String handling functions length, position, substring,

concatenation.

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())
Dim theString As String

theString = "Hello Waseem , you're my Teacher now!"

Console.WriteLine(theString)

Console.WriteLine(theString.Length) 'display the string's length

Console.WriteLine(theString.ToUpper) 'display the string in upper case
Console.WriteLine(theString.ToLower) 'display the string in lower case
Console.WriteLine(theString.Contains("Waseem")) 'is Waseem there?
Console.WriteLine(theString.IndexOf("D")) 'position of D
Console.WriteLine(theString.Substring(12)) 'displays the substring
starting at position 12

Dim newString As String

newString = "Speak to Dave! " & theString 'string concatenation

Console.WriteLine(newString)

Console.ReadKey() 'pause and wait so user can read output.

End Sub
End Module

Tasks
1. Write a program that checks a username against a stored value. How the user enters the
username should NOT be case sensitive.

2. Adapt program 1 so that it also takes in a password. If the user enters spaces after the password
the computer will trim them out automatically.

3. Write a program that will check a phone number is of the correct length.

4. Write a program that asks for a user’s full name in one inputbox/textbox but then stores the
first and second names in different variables.

High Score Education 13

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 10 - String conversion functions to/from integer, real,

date/time.
Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Sub Main(args As String())
Dim theInt, theReal, theDate As String

theInt = "23021980"
theReal = "230.21980"
theDate = "23-02-1980"

'whole numbers
Console.WriteLine(theInt)
Console.WriteLine(theInt + "1")
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToInt32(theInt))
Console.WriteLine((Convert.ToInt32(theInt) + 1))

Console.WriteLine()

'real numbers
Console.WriteLine(theReal)
Console.WriteLine(theReal + "1")
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToDouble(theReal))
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToDouble(theReal) + 1)

Console.WriteLine()

'dates
Console.WriteLine(theDate)
Console.WriteLine(theDate + "1")
Console.WriteLine(DateTime.Parse(theDate))
Console.WriteLine(DateTime.Parse(theDate).AddDays(1))

Console.ReadKey() 'pause and wait so user can read output.

End Sub
End Module

Tasks

1) Using the toString function, recreate the example program in reverse

Example Program 11 - Repetition

Module Module1

Sub Main()

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program

High Score Education 14

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim theInt, theReal, theDate As String
Dim theNumber As Integer

theNumber = 7

'a loop
For x = 1 To 10
Console.WriteLine("7 x " & x & " = " & (7 * x))
Next
'the end of the loop

Console.ReadKey() 'pause so user can see

End Sub
End Module

End Sub

End Module

Tasks

1. Write a program which asks for your name and then displays it 5 times on the
screen.

2. Write a program to display the name of the town you live in 10 times.

3. Write a program to ask for a person’s favourite CD and the artist. Both should
be displayed on the same line 5 times.

4. Write a program to ask for a number and display its multiplication table 1 to 100

5. Write a program that asks the user for a number 5 times and adds them all up
to give a total.

Section 12 - Flowcharts

A flowchart is another way of breaking down a program in the form of a diagram.

The following are recognised flowchart symbols:

High Score Education 15

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Task 12.1 Create a program from the following flowchart:

Task 12.2 Create a program for the following flowchart:

High Score Education 16

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Task 12.3 - Write a flowchart for example program 6

Task 12.4 – Write a flowchart for example program 11

Example Program 13 – Procedures & Functions

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program

'this is a procedure
Sub timestable(ByRef number As Integer)
For x = 1 To 10
Console.WriteLine(number & " x " & x & " = " & (number * x))
Next
End Sub
'this is a function (functions return a value)
Function adder(ByRef a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer)
adder = a + b
Return adder
End Function

High Score Education 17

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Sub Main(args As String())

timestable(7) 'this is a call (executes a procedure or function)
timestable(3) 'this is a second call to the same procedure but now with
different data
timestable(9)

Console.ReadKey()

Console.Clear()

Dim x As Integer
x = adder(2, 3) 'call to function adder which returns a value
Console.WriteLine("2 + 3 = " & x)

Console.WriteLine("4 + 6 = " & adder(4, 6)) 'you can simply the code by
putting the call directly into the print statement

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

Tasks

1) Write a function for calculating the volume of a cuboid

2) Write a function for calculating the volume of a sphere
3) Write a procedure for checking a user’s password
Section 14 – By Ref vs. By Val
Parameters can be passed by reference (byref) or by value (byval).

If you want to pass the value of the variable, use the ByVal syntax. By passing the value of the
variable instead of a reference to the variable, any changes to the variable made by code in the
subroutine or function will not be passed back to the main code. This is the default passing
mechanism when you don’t decorate the parameters by using ByVal or ByRef.

If you want to change the value of the variable in the subroutine or function and pass the revised
value back to the main code, use the ByRef syntax. This passes the reference to the variable and
allows its value to be changed and passed back to the main code.

High Score Education 18

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Moderation Exercise 2 – Car Hire

Tervuren Car Hire Company has a range of cars for rent. Charges start at £20 a day for the
cheapest to £70 a day for the most expensive. The company requires a program that gives
customers printed details of charges. The program asks the user for a car make, model and
daily rate1 then displays a table of daily charges for between one and fourteen days. If the
make is VW, a message indicating a gift of a free road atlas is displayed.

An example of output is shown below. The output from your program may look different but must
meet the specification.

TERVUREN CAR HIRE COMPANY

Enter car make. VW

Enter car model. Golf
Enter daily rate. 22

Days Charge (£)

1 22
2 44
3 66
4 88
5 110
6 132
7 154
8 176
9 198
10 220
11 242
12 264
13 286
14 308

YOU GET A FREE ROAD ATLAS WITH THIS HIRE.

You may practice this task at home, but won’t be able to refer to any notes or files when assessed.

Submit the following for marking in 1 word document:-

1. Your code listing

2. Screenshots for suitable test data

Example Program 15 - Constants

'a constant is a value that doesn't change

1
Daily rates are in whole numbers of pounds.

High Score Education 19

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

'using them greatly improves the readability of your code

'number constants
Const conPi = 3.14159265358979
Const conMaxPlanets As Integer = 9

'string constants
Const conVersion = "07.10.A"
Const conCodeName = "Enigma"

'try assigning a new value to one of your constants

'to make a constant available to the whole program "Public" should precede it
'and it should be placed inside the module but outside the procedure
'try it

'there are string constants created by VB

Console.WriteLine("Pi is" & conPi)
Console.WriteLine("Pi is" & vbCr & conPi)
Console.WriteLine("Pi is" & vbTab & conPi)

Console.ReadKey()

High Score Education 20

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 16 - Data Structures

Visual Basic has many data type such as Integer, String, Double, Single, etc. Aside from those intrinsic
data type that has been provided by VB, you can create your own data type by combining several
different types. This UDT is useful to create single variable contain several useful information. It is
usually useful for database record. You define the UDT using syntax:

Type VariableType
Variable1 as varType1
Variable2 as varType2 ….
VariableN as varTypeN
End Type

After that you can declare any name as this new variable type and use it as ordinary variable.

Note: Special for this project, please do not copy and paste from this tutorial. Type the code
manually so that you may understand the different between UDT and normal variable.

Create new console project

In the general declaration section, type:

Private Type City

Name As String
Population As Long
Diameter As Double ' in km
Year As Integer

End Type

Sub Main()
Dim myRecord As City
myRecord.Name = Console.Readline()
myRecord.Population = Console.Readline()
myRecord.Year = Console.Readline() myRecord.Diameter
= Console.Readline()
Console.Writeline(myRecord.Name & " city has population of " & _ myRecord.Population & "
million people " & vbCr & " and diameter of " & myRecord.Diameter & " km in year " & _
myRecord.Year
End Sub

Tasks

1) Run the program and try the data for some real city. You see that UDT
combine several data type into single unit.

2) Adapt the program so each input has a suitable prompt

High Score Education 21

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Other Built-in Data Types

We are familiar with int, double, boolean, string and char already.

There are also bytes and dates/times.

Byte
Bytes are 8-bit (1 byte) unsigned integers ranging in value from 0 to 255 ( 0 to 2^8-1). The You can
declare Byte variables using the BYTE keyword with the DIM statement. For example:

DIM I AS BYTE

Byte variables are particularly useful for storing small, unsigned integral quantities like the number of
days in a month. You should not use Byte variables in FOR/NEXT loops, as they are highly inefficient.

Enumerated: is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements

Enum CardSuit
Clubs
Diamonds
Hearts
Spades
End Enum

Enum DayOfWeek
Monday = 1
Tuesday = 2
Wednesday = 3
Thursday = 4
Friday = 5
Saturday = 6
Sunday = 7 End
Enum

Enum Result
Win = 3
Lose = 1
Draw = 0 End
Enum
Records
In VB, Records are known as structures. They allow you to combine several data items (or fields) into
one variable. For example in college instead of having a separate variable to store information about
each fact about a student, you would create a student record with fields to store each fact (or field!):

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Structure student 'record declaration

High Score Education 22

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Dim id As Integer 'field

Dim name As String 'field
Dim DoB As Date 'field
End Structure

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim newStudent As student

Console.WriteLine("insert the id")
newStudent.id = Console.ReadLine()
Console.WriteLine("insert the name")
newStudent.name = Console.ReadLine()
Console.WriteLine("insert the Date of Birth")
newStudent.DoB = Console.ReadLine()
Console.WriteLine("new record created: " & newStudent.id & " " &
newStudent.name & " " & newStudent.DoB)

End Sub
End Module

But why should we use Records? Well it makes for much neater code, without having to declare
dozens of variables, we could declare a couple of students. You'll also see how neat your code can
become when using arrays of records.

Tasks

1) Test the above code

2) Add an additional field to the record
3) Create a record structure for cars and test it with a main method
4) Create a record structure for pets and test it with a main method

High Score Education 23

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 17 – 1 dimensional arrays

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim countries(5) As String

Dim randomNum As Integer

countries(1) = "Scotland"
countries(2) = "Belgium"
countries(3) = "Netherlands"
countries(4) = "Germany"
countries(5) = "France"

Randomize()
randomNum = Int(Int((5 * Rnd()) + 1))

Console.WriteLine("You should go to " & countries(randomNum) & " on

holiday.")
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
()

Tasks

1) Write a program which will set up an array to hold 50 numbers. Call the array numbers. Display
the array's contents across the screen. They should all be 0.

2) Create a program that stores an array of car records. At least 5 cars and 4 fields per record.

3) Create a program that stores an array of 5 people records. The information should be entered by
the user.

4) Adapt program 2 to now do a linear search for a certain car and display it’s details.

Example Program 18a – Read from a text file

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program

High Score Education 24

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim objStreamReader As IO.StreamReader
Dim strLine As String

'Pass the file path and the file name to the StreamReader constructor.
objStreamReader = New IO.StreamReader("E:\file\Cars.txt")

'Read the first line of text.

strLine = objStreamReader.ReadLine

'Continue to read until you reach the end of the file.

Do While Not strLine Is Nothing

'Write the line to the Console window.

Console.WriteLine(strLine)

'Read the next line.

strLine = objStreamReader.ReadLine
Loop

'Close the file.

objStreamReader.Close()

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub
End Module
Tasks

1) Write a program that reads the students’ names from a txt file and displays them on the
screen
2) Write a program that reads 10 team names from a txt file and stores them in an array
3) Write a program that reads 5 song titles from a csv file and displays them on the screen
4) Write a program that reads 20 team names from a csv file into an array, then displays the
array on screen

Example Program 18b – Write to a text file

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim objStreamWriter As IO.StreamWriter

'Pass the file path and the file name to the StreamWriter constructor.
objStreamWriter = New IO.StreamWriter("e:\file\myfile.txt")

High Score Education 25

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

'Write a line of text.

objStreamWriter.WriteLine("Hello World")

'Write a second line of text.

objStreamWriter.WriteLine("From the StreamWriter class")

'Close the file.

objStreamWriter.Close()

End Sub
End Module

Tasks

1) Write a program that asks for 5 names and then writes then to a file
2) Write a program that writes the colours of the rainbow to a csv file
3) Write a program that reads a hiscore table from a file, asks the user to add a new hiscore,
then writes this new hiscore table to the file.

High Score Education 26

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 19 - Read/write records from/to a file of records.

Imports System.IO
Imports System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Structure person
Dim name As String
Dim age As Integer
Dim alive As Boolean
End Structure

Dim File As String

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim student1 As person

student1.name = "John"
student1.age = 17
student1.alive = True

Dim student2 As person

student2.name = "Emily"
student2.age = 16
student2.alive = True

File = "E:\file\myfile.txt" 'location of the file

' write file

FileOpen(1, File, OpenMode.Binary, OpenAccess.Write)
FilePut(1, student1)
FilePut(1, student2)
FileClose(1)

' read file

FileOpen(1, File, OpenMode.Binary, OpenAccess.Read)
FileGet(1, student1)
FileGet(1, student2)
FileClose(1)

'display data
Console.WriteLine("Student1: " & student1.name & vbTab & student1.age &
vbTab & student1.alive)
Console.WriteLine("Student2: " & student2.name & vbTab & student2.age &
vbTab & student2.alive)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module
Tasks

High Score Education 27

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

1) Amend the program so that there is a write procedure and a read procedure which are
called
2) Amend the program so that the 2 student are stored in an array of people, then write and
read the array to the file

Example Program 20 - Validation

Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim mark As Integer

Do
Console.WriteLine("Enter a mark between 0 and 10")
mark = Val(Console.ReadLine())
If (mark > 10) Or (mark < 0) Then Console.WriteLine("That was not a
valid mark")
Loop Until (mark >= 0) And (mark <= 10) ' keeps going until a valid mark
is entered
Console.WriteLine("Well done!")
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

Tasks

1) Write a program that validates a user is old enough to drive (older than 17, younger than 80)
2) Write a program that checks that a telephone number entered is long enough (string length)
3) Write a program that checks that both a username and password is correct before allowing you
to proceed.

High Score Education 28

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 21 – 2 dimensional arrays

Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

' Declare two-dimensional array of strings.

Dim values(,) As String = New String(,) {{"ant", "aunt"}, {"Sam",
"Samantha"}, {"clozapine", "quetiapine"}, {"flomax", "volmax"}, {"toradol",
"tramadol"}}

' Get bounds of the array.

Dim bound0 As Integer = values.GetUpperBound(0)
Dim bound1 As Integer = values.GetUpperBound(1)

' Loop over all elements.

For i As Integer = 0 To bound0
For x As Integer = 0 To bound1
' Get element.
Dim s1 As String = values(i, x)
Console.Write(s1)
Console.Write(" "c)
Next
Console.WriteLine()
Next

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

Tasks

1) Create a 2d array which stores and displays a grid for noughts and crosses. Allow users to
pick a location and set it to an X or a O.
2) 2d array which stores a grid for Battleships. Allows the user to place their 5 ships and isplay
on screen.

Example Program 22 – Enumerated

An Enumeration is basically a new data type (like String or Integer) that you design yourself, which
has an associated list of possible values (known as elements).

You might think it would be better to use a String to hold the current value instead, but there are
several reasons why an Enum is better, such as:

High Score Education 29

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

• The list of valid options will be shown in a pop-up list when you are writing code (see the
picture below, after the first Code snippet), so you don't need to remember them or even
type them - instead you can just select them with your mouse or keyboard.
• It is harder to make a typo that causes bugs, as not only are the values shown in the list for
you to pick from, but also valid entries you type will be changed to the case you declared
them - so you can see when the case is not automatically corrected for you.
• If you use Option Explicit (which is highly recommended anyway), any typo's will cause a
message warning you about them.
They take less memory than Strings, and code that uses them runs faster than the String Imports
System
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Enum Importance
Critical = 4
Important = 3
None = 0
Regular = 2
Trivial = 1
End Enum

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim value As Importance = Importance.Critical

' Select the enum and print a value.
Select Case value
Case Importance.Trivial
Console.WriteLine("Not true")
Return
Case Importance.Critical
Console.WriteLine("True")
Exit Select
End Select
End Sub

End Module

Section 23 - Set operators

Union
' Create two arrays of integer values.
Dim ints1() As Integer = {5, 3, 9, 7, 5, 9, 3, 7}
Dim ints2() As Integer = {8, 3, 6, 4, 4, 9, 1, 0}

' Get the set union of the two arrays.

Dim union As IEnumerable(Of Integer) = ints1.Union(ints2)

' Display the resulting set's values.

Dim output As New System.Text.StringBuilder For
Each num As Integer In union
output.AppendLine(num & " ")

High Score Education 30

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Next
Console.WriteLine(output.ToString())
Console.ReadKey()

Range
' Generate a sequence of integers from 1 to 10
' and project their squares.
Dim squares As IEnumerable(Of Integer) = Enumerable.Range(1,
10).Select(Function(x) x * x)

Dim output As New System.Text.StringBuilder For

Each num As Integer In squares
output.AppendLine(num)
Next

' Display the output.

Console.WriteLine (output.ToString())
Console.ReadKey()

Intersection
' Create two integer arrays.
Dim id1() As Integer = {44, 26, 92, 30, 71, 38}
Dim id2() As Integer = {39, 59, 83, 47, 26, 4, 30}

' Find the set intersection of the two arrays.

Dim intersection As IEnumerable(Of Integer) = id1.Intersect(id2)

Dim output As New System.Text.StringBuilder For

Each id As Integer In intersection
output.AppendLine(id)
Next

' Display the output.

Console.WriteLine (output.ToString)
Console.ReadKey()

Difference (Distinct)

Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim products() As Product =
{New Product With {.Name = "apple", .Code = 9},
New Product With {.Name = "orange", .Code = 4},
New Product With {.Name = "apple", .Code = 9},
New Product With {.Name = "lemon", .Code = 12}}

' Exclude duplicates.

Dim noduplicates = products.Distinct(New ProductComparer())

High Score Education 31

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

For Each product In noduplicates

Console.WriteLine(product.Name & " " & product.Code)
Next

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub
End Module

Public Class Product

Public Property Name As String
Public Property Code As Integer
End Class

' Custom comparer for the Product class Public

Class ProductComparer
Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Product)

Public Function Equals1(

ByVal x As Product,
ByVal y As Product
) As Boolean Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Product).Equals

' Check whether the compared objects reference the same data.
If x Is y Then Return True

'Check whether any of the compared objects is null.

If x Is Nothing OrElse y Is Nothing Then Return False

' Check whether the products' properties are equal.

Return (x.Code = y.Code) AndAlso (x.Name = y.Name)
End Function

Public Function GetHashCode1(

ByVal product As Product
) As Integer Implements IEqualityComparer(Of Product).GetHashCode

' Check whether the object is null.

If product Is Nothing Then Return 0

' Get hash code for the Name field if it is not null.
Dim hashProductName =
If(product.Name Is Nothing, 0, product.Name.GetHashCode())

' Get hash code for the Code field.

Dim hashProductCode = product.Code.GetHashCode()

' Calculate the hash code for the product.

Return hashProductName Xor hashProductCode
End Function
End Class

High Score Education 32

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

High Score Education 33

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Membership (Contains)

' Create an array of strings.

Dim fruits() As String = {"apple", "banana", "mango", "orange",
"passionfruit", "grape"}

' This is the string to search the array for. Dim

fruit As String = "mango"

' Determine if the array contains the specified string.

Dim hasMango As Boolean = fruits.Contains(fruit)

Dim text As String = IIf(hasMango, "does", "does not")

' Display the output.

Console.WriteLine ("The array " & text & " contain " & fruit)
Console.ReadKey()

High Score Education 34

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Example Program 24 - Linear search

Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim array1 As Integer() = New Integer(19) {}

Dim randomNumber As Random = New Random()
Dim index As Integer

' creates string containing 11 random numbers

For index = 0 To array1.GetUpperBound(0)
array1(index) = randomNumber.Next(1000)
Console.Write(array1(index) & " ")
Next
Console.WriteLine("")

Console.WriteLine("What number do you want to search for?")

Dim searchKey As Integer = Console.ReadLine

Dim element As Integer = LinearSearch(searchKey, array1)

If element <> -1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Found Value in index " & element)
Else
Console.WriteLine("Value Not Found")
End If

Console.WriteLine("Press any key to close")

Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

Function LinearSearch(ByVal key As Integer, ByVal numbers As Integer()) As

Integer
Dim n As Integer

' structure iterates linearly through array

For n = 0 To numbers.GetUpperBound(0)
If numbers(n) = key Then
Return n
End If
Next

Return -1
End Function ' LinearSearch

End Module
Tasks

1) Search for the position of a player in a teamsheet (array) by surname

2) Search for the position of a song in a top 10 chart by title and return it’s position
3) Using 2 arrays, create an address book of friends. 1 array for names, 1 for addresses.
Prompt the user for a name and then return that persons address.

High Score Education 35

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

4) Add mobile telephone numbers to the previous program (Hint: 3rd array needed)

Example Program 25 - Bubble sort

Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

System.Console.WriteLine("Enter any sequence of numbers followed by a

space.")
'read the array to a string
Dim OurArrayString As String = System.Console.ReadLine()

Dim OurArray As String()

'split the string to an array
OurArray = OurArrayString.Split(" ")

'Start Bubble sort algorithm

Dim i As Integer
Dim j As Integer

For i = 0 To UBound(OurArray) Step 1

'Ubound of an array will be the maximum index of that array
'start another for loop
For j = 0 To UBound(OurArray) - 1

If CInt(OurArray(j + 1)) < CInt(OurArray(j)) Then

'Swapping the variables in the array

Dim temp As Integer = CInt(OurArray(j + 1))
OurArray(j + 1) = OurArray(j)
OurArray(j) = temp

End If

Next
Next

'display the out in the console window

Console.WriteLine("the sorted array will be")
For Each x In OurArray
Console.Write(x & " ")
Next

Console.ReadLine()

End Sub

End Module

High Score Education 36

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Tasks

1) Write a program that sorts an array of ages.

2) Write a program that reads in scores from a file, sorts them and displays them
3) Add to this program so that there is a corresponding list of names which is also sorted to go
with the score.
4) Add to this program so that it is possible for a user to add an additional hiscore and it
appears in the correct position when displayed.

Extension: Revision

1) Create a program that converts decimal to binary and back

2) Create a program that converts decimal to hex and back

3) Create a program that codes a string into its ASCII codes and back

4) Create a program that adds binary numbers

5) Create a program that multiplies binary numbers

6) Create a program that subtracts binary numbers

7) Create a program that converts a decimal number to floating point and back.

8) Create a program that displays a number of bits as bytes, kilobytes, megabytes…..terabytes

9) Create a program that calculates a pictures file size

10) Create a program that calculates a sound files size

Abstract Data Types:

Stalk: (LIFO)

The stack is in abstraction, a linear list of items in which the list is limited to one end – defined
as the ‘top’ for each addition to (push) and deletion from (pop-) (of the stack). The
fundamental operations defining a stack are:

High Score Education 37

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

 init – stack is created.

 push – add item on top of the stack.
 pop – remove last item which is added on top of the stack.
 top – looking item on the top of the stack without removing it.
 isEmpty – return whether the stack contains no more items.

Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim st As Stack = New Stack()

st.Push("A")
st.Push("M")
st.Push("G")
st.Push("W")
Console.WriteLine("Current stack: ")
Dim c As Char

For Each c In st
Console.Write(c + " ")
Next c
Console.WriteLine()
st.Push("V")
st.Push("H")
Console.WriteLine("The next poppable value in stack: {0}", st.Peek())
Console.WriteLine("Current stack: ")

For Each c In st
Console.Write(c + " ")
Next c
Console.WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine("Removing values ")
st.Pop()
st.Pop()
st.Pop()
Console.WriteLine("Current stack: ")

For Each c In st
Console.Write(c + " ")
Next c
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

End Module

Queue:

If you were ever in the queue at the grocery store, the first person in the queue is first served.
Another abstract data type in computer language runs on an initial basis FIFO(FirstIn

High Score Education 38

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

FirstOut). Inventory should also be maintained on a FIFO basis, especially if these

commodities are perishable.

The basic fundamental operations defining a Queue are:

 init – queue is created.

 enqueue – item added at the “end” (tail) of the queue.
 dequeue – item remove from the “front” (head) of the queue.
 isEmpty – return whether the queue contains no more items.
Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program

Sub Main(args As String())

Dim q As Queue = New Queue()
q.Enqueue("A")
q.Enqueue("M")
q.Enqueue("G")
q.Enqueue("W")
Console.WriteLine("Current queue: ")
Dim c As Char

For Each c In q
Console.Write(c + " ")
Next c
Console.WriteLine()
q.Enqueue("V")
q.Enqueue("H")
Console.WriteLine("Current queue: ")

For Each c In q
Console.Write(c + " ")
Next c
Console.WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine("Removing some values ")
Dim ch As Char
ch = q.Dequeue()
Console.WriteLine("The removed value: {0}", ch)
ch = q.Dequeue()
Console.WriteLine("The removed value: {0}", ch)
Console.ReadKey()

End Sub

End Module

High Score Education 39

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Linked List

inked List is an Abstract Data Type (ADT) that holds a collection of Nodes, the nodes can be
accessed in a sequential way. Linked List doesn’t provide a random access to a Node.

Note:
1. Head of the LinkedList only contains the Address of the First element of the List.
2. The Last element of the LinkedList contains null in the pointer part of the node because it is
the end of the List so it doesn’t point to anything as shown in the above diagram.
3. The diagram which is shown above represents a singly linked list. There is another complex
type variation of LinkedList which is called doubly linked list, node of a doubly linked list
contains three parts: 1) Pointer to the previous node of the linked list 2) content of the
element 3) pointer to the next node of the linked list.
Imports System
Imports System.Text

Module Program
Dim nullPointer As Integer = -1

'nullpointer should be set to -1 if using array element with index 0

Public Structure ListNode
Public Data As Integer

High Score Education 40

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Public Pointer As Integer

End Structure
'declare record type to store data and pointer

Dim StartPointer As Integer

Dim FreeListPtr As Integer
Dim List(6) As ListNode
Dim newItem As Integer
Dim NewNodePtr As Integer
Dim ThisNodePtr As Integer
Dim previousNodePtr As Integer
Sub InitialiseList()
StartPointer = nullPointer 'set start pointer
FreeListPtr = 1 'set starting position of free list
For index As Integer = 0 To 5 'link all nodes to make free list
List(index).Pointer = index + 1
Next
List(6).Pointer = nullPointer 'last node of free list
End Sub
Sub InsertNode(ByVal newItem)
StartPointer = 0
If FreeListPtr <> nullPointer Then 'there is space in the array
'take node from free list and store data item
NewNodePtr = FreeListPtr
List(NewNodePtr).Data = newItem
FreeListPtr = List(FreeListPtr).Pointer 'find insertion point
ThisNodePtr = StartPointer 'start at beginning of list

While ThisNodePtr <> nullPointer And List(ThisNodePtr).Data < newItem

'while not end ofl list
previousNodePtr = ThisNodePtr 'remember this node follow the
pointer to the next node
ThisNodePtr = List(ThisNodePtr).Pointer
End While

If previousNodePtr = StartPointer Then 'insert new node at start of

list
List(NewNodePtr).Pointer = StartPointer
StartPointer = NewNodePtr
Else 'insert new node between previous node and this node
List(NewNodePtr).Pointer = List(previousNodePtr).Pointer
List(previousNodePtr).Pointer = NewNodePtr
End If

End If
End Sub
Dim currentnodeptr As Integer
Sub OutputAllNodes()
StartPointer = 0
currentnodeptr = StartPointer
While currentnodeptr <> nullPointer
Console.WriteLine(List(currentnodeptr).Data)
currentnodeptr = List(currentnodeptr).Pointer
currentnodeptr = currentnodeptr + 1
End While

End Sub

Sub Main(args As String())

InitialiseList()
InsertNode(6)
InsertNode(4)

High Score Education 41

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

InsertNode(3)
OutputAllNodes()
End Sub

End Module
Binary Tree:

A binary tree is a hierarchical data structure in which each node has at most two children
generally referred as left child and right child.

Each node contains three components:

1. Pointer to left subtree

2. Pointer to right subtree

3. Data element

The topmost node in the tree is called the root. An empty tree is represented
by NULL pointer.

Binary
Tree: Common Terminologies

 Root: Topmost node in a tree.

 Parent: Every node (excluding a root) in a tree is connected by a directed edge from
exactly one other node. This node is called a parent.

 Child: A node directly connected to another node when moving away from the root.

 Leaf/External node: Node with no children.

High Score Education 42

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

 Internal node: Node with atleast one children.

 Depth of a node: Number of edges from root to the node.

 Height of a node: Number of edges from the node to the deepest leaf. Height of the
tree is the height of the root.

In the above binary tree we see that root node is A. The tree has 10 nodes with 5 internal
nodes, i.e, A,B,C,E,G and 5 external nodes, i.e, D,F,H,I,J. The height of the tree is 3. B is the
parent of D and E while D and E are children of B.
Public Class TreeNode
Private mLeftNode As TreeNode
Private mData As Integer
Private mRightNode As TreeNode

Public Sub New(ByVal nodeData As Integer)

mData = nodeData
mRightNode = Nothing
LeftNode = Nothing
End Sub ' New

Public Property LeftNode() As TreeNode

Get
Return mLeftNode
End Get

Set(ByVal value As TreeNode)

mLeftNode = value
End Set

End Property

Public Property Data() As Integer

High Score Education 43

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Get
Return mData
End Get

Set(ByVal value As Integer)

mData = value
End Set

End Property ' Data

Public Property RightNode() As TreeNode

Get
Return mRightNode
End Get

Set(ByVal value As TreeNode)

mRightNode = value
End Set

End Property

Public Sub Insert(ByVal insertValue As Integer)

If insertValue < mData Then
If mLeftNode Is Nothing Then
LeftNode = New TreeNode(insertValue)
Else
LeftNode.Insert(insertValue)
End If
ElseIf insertValue > mData Then
If RightNode Is Nothing Then
RightNode = New TreeNode(insertValue)
Else
RightNode.Insert(insertValue)
End If
End If
End Sub
End Class

Public Class Tree

Private root As TreeNode

Public Sub New()

root = Nothing
End Sub ' New

Public Sub InsertNode(ByVal insertValue As Integer)

SyncLock (Me)
If root Is Nothing Then
root = New TreeNode(insertValue)
Else
root.Insert(insertValue)
End If
End SyncLock
End Sub

Public Sub PreorderTraversal()

SyncLock (Me)
DoTraversal(root)
End SyncLock
End Sub
Private Sub DoTraversal(ByVal node As TreeNode)
If node Is Nothing Then

High Score Education 44

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Return
End If

Console.Write(node.Data & " ")

DoTraversal(node.LeftNode)
DoTraversal(node.RightNode)

End Sub

Public Sub InorderTraversal()

SyncLock (Me)
DoInorder(root)
End SyncLock

End Sub

Private Sub DoInorder(ByVal node As TreeNode)

If node Is Nothing Then
Return
End If

DoInorder(node.LeftNode)
Console.Write(node.Data & " ")
DoInorder(node.RightNode)

End Sub ' DoInorder

Public Sub PostorderTraversal()
SyncLock (Me)
DoPostorder(root)
End SyncLock

End Sub

Private Sub DoPostorder(ByVal node As TreeNode)

If node Is Nothing Then
Return
End If

DoPostorder(node.LeftNode)
DoPostorder(node.RightNode)
Console.Write(node.Data & " ")

End Sub

End Class

Module modTreeTest

Sub Main()
Dim tree As Tree = New Tree()
Dim insertValue As Integer
Dim i As Integer

Console.WriteLine("Inserting Values: ")

Dim randomNumber As Random = New Random()

For i = 1 To 10
insertValue = randomNumber.Next(100)
Console.Write(insertValue & " ")
tree.InsertNode(insertValue)
Next

High Score Education 45

 Muhammad Waseem Sabri (+923456888208)

Console.WriteLine("Preorder Traversal")
tree.PreorderTraversal()

Console.WriteLine("Inorder Traversal")
tree.InorderTraversal()

Console.WriteLine("Postorder Traversal")
tree.PostorderTraversal()

End Sub

End Module

High Score Education 46