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HW Lab 10

The document discusses different types of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), including standby, line-interactive, and online UPS. It describes the key characteristics of each type and provides examples of suitable applications. The document also shows how to calculate the loading capacity and backup time of a UPS.

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25 views4 pages

HW Lab 10

The document discusses different types of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), including standby, line-interactive, and online UPS. It describes the key characteristics of each type and provides examples of suitable applications. The document also shows how to calculate the loading capacity and backup time of a UPS.

Uploaded by

Solo Rapid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 10

Date :
Types of Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
Aim : To compare and evaluate different types of Uninterruptible Power
Supplies (UPS) and study simple load calculation of UPS.

Abstract

When there is a power outage, an normal inverter switches from mains mode
to backup mode. The inverter uses the charge stored in the batteries to power
up the appliances in this mode. While the inverter switches modes, all running
appliances come to a halt for a few milliseconds, and restart in backup mode.
Switching time is a critical specification for applications where uninterrupted
power is essential, like computers or medical equipment. Switching times of
inverters range from 300 milliseconds (ms) to 10 ms. Uninterruptible Power
Supplies (UPS) are specifically designed to address this critical need. Faster
switching times (typically 1ms to 10ms), ensuring near-instantaneous transition
to battery power during an outage, minimizing disruption to connected
equipment.
UPS switches using semiconductor components like MOSFETs or IGBTs or GTOs.
Instead of mechanical relays used in normal inverters.

Different UPS types offer varying levels of protection and efficiency, making it
essential to understand their characteristics and performance metrics.

UPS come in various types, each suited for different applications based on
factors like capacity, efficiency, and reliability. Here's a classification of UPS
types:

Standby (Offline) UPS:


• Basic UPS design with a battery and inverter.
• Power is normally supplied directly from the AC mains.
• During a power outage or voltage drop, it switches to battery power.
• Ideal for protecting desktop computers, small home/office electronics.
Line-Interactive UPS:
• Incorporates automatic voltage regulation (AVR) to regulate input voltage
fluctuations.
• Uses a tap-changing autotransformer to adjust voltage.
• Offers better protection against brownouts and over voltages.
• Suitable for small to medium-sized servers, networking equipment, and
workstations.
Online (Double Conversion) UPS:
• Constantly powers the connected equipment from its inverter(using
battery charge), providing seamless power transfer.
• Input AC power is always converted to DC, then back to AC regardless of
the input power quality.
• Offers the highest level of protection against power disturbances.
• Online UPS systems are the most expensive type of UPS, but they are the
best choice for protecting critical equipment, such as data centers and
medical devices.
Calculating the loading capacity of a UPS
This determines the total wattage the UPS can handle without overloading.
• Identify connected equipment: List all devices you plan to connect to
the UPS.
• Check wattage: Find the wattage rating for each device, usually printed
on a label or in the user manual.
• Sum the wattages: Add the wattage ratings of all the equipment to
determine the total load in watts.

Calculating the backup time of a UPS


This calculates how long the UPS can power your equipment during a power
outage. Here's the formula:
Backup Time (hours) = (Battery Capacity in Ah) x (Battery Voltage in
V) x (Number of Batteries) x (Efficiency %) / Total Load (Watts)
Here's what each variable means:
• Battery Capacity (Ah): This is the amp-hour rating of the UPS battery,
typically found in the specifications.
• Battery Voltage (V): This is the voltage your UPS supplies to the
equipment (usually 12V).
• Number of Batteries: Some UPS systems have multiple batteries
connected in series or parallel.
• Efficiency (%): This represents how efficiently the UPS converts power,
typically around 80-90%.
Sample Calculation:
Let us assume that you have an inverter battery with 150 Ah of capacity and
12 V of input voltage. You want 1 printer, 1 PC and 1 printer , and 1 Wi-Fi router
to run on that battery.
What will be UPS battery backup time
Taking your inputs into consideration, you can calculate your total load, like:
• 1 Printer = 120 x 1 = 120 Watts
• 1 PC = 150 x 1 = 150 Watts
• 1 Wi-Fi router = 20 x 1 Watts = 20 Watts
So, the total load in this case is 120 + 150 + 20 = 290 Watts.
Now, let us apply all these values in the above-said battery backup time
formula.
Effective Power=Battery Capacity×Battery Voltage x No of Batteries
= (150Ah×12Vx1=1800Wh)
Actual Power Available=Effective Power×Efficiency
taking (efficiency as 80%)
= 1800Wh×0.80=1440Wh
Runtime=Actual Power Available / Load
=1440Wh / 290W
Runtime≈4.9655hours
So, your UPS battery will last around 4.96 hours to keep your needed
appliances running.

Result:
Compared and evaluated the differences in performance among various UPS
types and studied simple load calculation of UPS.
Figure 1: Standby (Offline) UPS:

Figure 2: Line-Interactive UPS

Figure 3: Online (Double Conversion) UPS:

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