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Performance Analysis of BLDC Motors and its Various Control Strategies

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DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Performance Analysis of BLDC Motors and its Various Control Strategies

Mrs.Candida.Y1, Mr.T.Jenish2
1
Department of ECE, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute,
2
Department of EEE, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute

ABSTRACT:

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are recent decades in order to promote the development
frequently used in dynamic applications. A of electric cars and UAV’s etc. Because of their
Brushless DC Motor is similar to a Brushed DC versatility, compact design, and low weight, BLDC
Motor, except that as the names indicate, they are motors are used in a diverse range of sectors,
electronically commutated rather than using brushes including avionics, automotive, pumping, and
for commutation. Brushes are utilized in rolling [2]. Since demand for electric cars and
conventional brushed direct current motors to unmanned aerial vehicles is predicted to rise over
transmit power to the rotor while they rotate in a the next ten years, BLDC motors are likely to play a
fixed magnetic field. Small Brushless DC Motors crucial role. The global market for BLDC motors is
have flourished as a result of current power forecast to reach 15.2 billion USD by 2025, up from
electronics and microprocessor technology, both in an estimated 9.6 billion USD in 2020, as shown in
terms of price and performance. This paper will Fig.1. This machine's tremendous proliferation has
discuss the history of BLDC motors, their different enticed diverse applications [3].BLDC motors
types, construction, operating principles, and provides elevating, cutting, and bracing according
several control mechanisms for driving BLDC to the purpose of the application, such as static or
motors in various industrial applications. dynamic [4].

Keywords: BLDC Motor, Pulse Width Modulation BLDC motors provide us with a rapid response
(PWM), Hall Effect Sensors, Sensorless control, especially compared to other types of motors. They
Rotor, Stator, Back Emf, Trapezoidal Control, must always be properly designed to have powerful
Sinusoidal Control, Field Oriented Control electromagnetic linkage in order to be used for
variety of purposes such as improved efficiency,
INTRODUCTION: higher torque to weight ratio, and lower operational
noise [5]. The stationary flux between the rotor and
T. G Wilson and P.H. Trickey conducted stator in these devices primes the motor to run with
several experiments before 50 years to run Direct a unity power factor. Electronically commutated
Current (DC) motors with solid-state commutation, motor drives are used to energize BLDC motors. A
which created the basis for developing BLDC closed-loop controller drives each phase of the
motors [1] based on Lorentz's force law. BLDC motor. A closed-loop controller is generally used to
motors have been the center of extensive research in
© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002
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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

deliver a current pulse to the stator winding in order estimate parameters such as back electromotive
to regulate the speed and torque, which are force (EMF) and flux [8]. Despite the fact that
complimentary phenomena in a motor [6]. Since indirect control (sensor-less) delivers less ability to
BLDC motors are operated with such efficiency, respond than direct control (with sensor) and
they suffer from excessive wear and tear under increases structural complexity, indirect controls are
load. prioritized in many high-power automotive
applications such as electric trains, aircraft,
BLDC motors generally have an efficiency of 85 to UAV's and so on. Sensor-less control is
90 percent, whereas brushed type DC motors own accomplished in three principles namely (i) EMF
an efficiency of 75 to 80 percent. There are several method with zero-crossing, (ii) observer-based
different types of BLDC motors available, ranging EMF method, and (iii) magnetic anisotropy method
from low power ranges through fractional [28].
horsepower, integral horsepower, and enormous
power ranges. The EMF mechanism with the zero-crossing
principle is frequently utilized [9]. The other two
principles are difficult to control and are not
Fig advisable for low-speed operations. The speed of
1: the motor and the commutation logics are regulated
in the drive for efficient control by aggregating
inputs from both the drive and the motors such as
rotor position or rotor angle, stator currents,
hysteresis band current, and so on. The correct
rotation of the motor is ensured by proper control of
switching of multiple switches in motor drives [10].

While there are other techniques for regulating the

BLDC Motor Market Analysis
current harmonics in drive supply, we opt to use the
A few circuits utilize Hall Effect sensors to directly Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technology [29].
detect the rotor's position, while few others, known Specifically, everyone likes space vector PWM
as sensor-less controllers, detect the back (SVPWM) control among PWM approaches.
electromotive force within the non-driven coils to Current control techniques using PWM and
gather the rotor's location. A generic hall sensor hysteresis controllers are significant for optimizing
fixed BLDC motor comprises three dual-directional motor drive performance. Among the PWM
outputs which are controlled by a digital logic approaches, everyone likes space vector PWM
circuit [7]. (SVPWM) control. Current control schemes using
PWM and hysteresis controllers are significant in
Several sensor-less controllers are designed to increasing the efficiency of motor drives.
measure the winding current flow generated by
magnet direction to determine the rotor position and
© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002
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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Technologically advanced unipolar PWM control motor. Mechanical limits are adjusted to optimize
techniques might well be classified as follows: I H- magnetic flux components.
PWM-L-ON, (ii) H-ON-LPWM, ON-PWM, (iii)
PWM-ON, (iv) PWM-ON-PWM, (v) H-PWM-L-
PWM modes [11].

TYPES OF BLDC MOTOR:

The physical construction of a BLDC motor

is divided into two sections stator and rotor. Figure
2 represents the categorization of BLDC motor
types. In inner rotor the rotor is located at the center Fig 2: Outer and Inner Rotor
of the motor. In outer rotor the location of the rotor
Table I covers the comparison of inner rotor and
surrounds the windings that are present in the core
outer rotor BLDC.
of the motor. The motor is manufactured in a range
of designs, incorporating inner and outer rotors. The Rotors in BLDC motors are generally made up of
outer rotor-designed BLDC motor is described in permanent magnets as well as a shaft, depending on
[12]. The rotor's permanent magnet is embedded on the design of the PM rotor. Permanent magnets in
the outside, while the stator windings are kept motors are categorized into three types based on
stationary on the inside. The outer rotor BLDC their cross-section: (i) surface mounted magnets
enhances the motor's output torque and power [16], (ii) inserted magnets [17], and (iii) buried or
density. embedded type rotor magnets [18-19]. In this case,
the embedded type is more productive than the
The BLDC outer rotor motor is mostly utilized in
other types.
electric cars, drones, variable drive applications,
water pumping, and home electronics. The air gap These BLDC motor drives are incorporated in many
radius between stator and rotor is decreased in [13] ways depending on the customer's expectations,
outer rotor BLDC motor design. As a result, the such as magnetic field path, radial and axial flux.
torque capability per unit length and current is Axial flux motors exceed radial flux motors in
increased. In [14], structural features have been terms of power output. The attributes of an axial
added to optimize the rotor's stability. They flux type BLDC motor are examined in [20]
enhance motor attributes in turbulent environments. adopting flux linkage methodology. The twin rotor
The ferrite bonded magnet BLDC motor is analyzed technique enhances the mechanical stability of the
using finite element analysis. BLDC motor.

Experimentation shows that the inner rotor motor

has appropriate power characteristics under
dynamic situations. In [15] outlines a basic
algorithm for a high-speed ferrite-based BLDC

© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Single-phase and three-phase motors are usually

deployed in static applications. For dynamic
applications such as electric cars, three-phase, five-
phase, and seven-phase motors are favored.

Table II: Electromagnetic axial and radial flux

path difference
Table I: Comparison of the inner and outer rotor
features

In [21] examines and evaluates three distinct types

of radial flux motors. In accordance with the results
of the investigation, the dual rotor type offers good
dynamic characteristics. Table II compares the axial
and radial flux characteristics.

Furthermore, the categorization of BLDC motors

based on stator components is reviewed. The
number of phases, laminated core types, and back
EMF of a BLDC stator can each be characterized.
The number of phases of operation in a BLDC
stator can be categorized.

© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

Table III: Comparison of slotted and spotless CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF BLDC
features. MOTOR:

A multiphase BLDC motor is proposed in [22] The BLDC motor operates on the same
using an overlapping winding method. Utilization principle as a typical Dc motor, namely the law that
of an overlapping approach optimizes flux linkage states that if a current carrying conductor is placed
between the coils. Multiphase motor topologies in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The
significantly enhance fault tolerance and torque magnet will feel an equal and opposite force as a
characteristics. The stator coil winding is connected response of the reaction force. In the case of a
in a star or delta configuration. Depending on the BLDC motor, the current carrying conductor is
application, various winding models are preferred. stationary while the permanent magnet moves.
For high torque low-speed applications, a star
connection is favored, even though a delta As the stator coils are electrically switched by a
connection is chosen for low torque low-speed power supply, it converts into an electromagnet and
applications. The number of poles in the rotor begins to generate a continuous field in the air gap.
increases as the speed increases. Regardless of the fact that the power supply is DC,
switching yields an AC voltage waveform with a
Laminated iron cores are categorized into slotted trapezoidal shape. The rotor continues to rotate due
and slotless cores. The slotted stator usually creates to the force of contact between the electromagnet
high-order spatial harmonics in [23] due to the stator and the permanent magnet rotor.
reaction of the PM flux with the fluctuating
permeance of the stator. This produces a slight
vibrating torque on the shaft, known as cogging
torque. As a consequence, it minimizes operational
noise, which is essential for slotless machines.
Furthermore, slot-less machines have lower
rotational eddy loss, which enables the motor to
operate at greater velocity. Table III compares
slotted and slotless features.

The stators are also categorized based on their back

Fig 3: Construction of BLDC Motor
emf waveforms, which are sinusoidal and
trapezoidal. The interconnection between the stator Windings are energized as North and South poles
windings and the air gap distance influence the when they are swapped as High and Low signals.
shape of the back emf. As compared to trapezoidal The motor will rotate so because permanent magnet
back emf, BLDC motors are more efficient. These rotor's North and South poles align with the stator
motors are somewhat more costly than trapezoidal poles. Understand how a motor generates torque as
back EMF BLDC motors [24-26] owing to the use a result of the creation of attraction forces (whether
of extra copper windings. aligned North-South or South-North) and repulsion
© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002
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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

forces (when North-North or South-South approach, with the third terminal electrically
alignment). In this manner, the motor rotates isolated from the source. Hall Effect sensors are
clockwise. typically embedded in motors to detect rotor
position. A current of appropriate magnitude is
Here, one might wonder how we know which stator flowing in two of the coils at any one moment,
coil should be powered and when. This is owing to while the third is zero. As a result, the current space
the fact that the motor's continuous spinning is vector can flow in any of six alternative directions.
reliant on the switching sequence around the coils. [27].
As stated previously, Hall sensors provide shaft
position feedback to the electronic controller unit. Even though only one phase current needs to be
monitored, this approach is very simple and
inexpensive to deploy. As a consequence, it is
suitable for low-cost applications that do not require
significant performance. Because only one phase
current needs to be controlled, this method is very
simple and affordable to implement. As a
consequence, it is appropriate for low-cost
applications that do not require high performance.

Fig 4: Operating Principle of BLDC Motor

The controller controls which coils to energize

based on the sensor signal. As rotor poles pass close
to a Hall-effect sensor, it produces Low and High
level signals. These signals control the shaft's
location.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:

(a) Trapezoidal control:

Trapezoidal Control is one of the most basic and

widely used techniques for controlling Brushless Fig 5: Possible directions of current space vector
DC motors (BLDC). The stator is made up of three in trapezoidal control
stator windings that serve as terminals. Current is
regulated through two terminals at a time in this (b) Sinusoidal control:

© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

The Sinusoidal Control approach is to drive all (c) Field- oriented control
three motor windings with currents that fluctuate
smoothly and sinusoidally as the motor rotates. This The Field Oriented Method of control is quite
requires regulating the three winding currents to equivalent to Sinusoidal Control. But so far, due to
ensure that the resultant space vector is always in some fundamental differences, it has become more
quadrature with respect to the rotor and has constant effective at high speeds. The fundamental limitation
magnitude. of Sinusoidal Control is that it strives to controls
motor currents whose amplitude and direction
To accomplish this, accurate rotor position fluctuate over time. Due to their constrained
measurements are necessary, which may be given bandwidth, PI controllers becoming incapable of
by Resolver or Quadrature Pulse Encoders. Since handling the operation as the speed and frequency
the windings are connected in a star configuration, rise. This challenge may be resolved by describing
the current in one of these is the negative sum of the and regulating the current space vector along the
currents in the other two windings. As a two dimension d-q.
consequence, a current control loop is necessary for
the first two windings in this architecture. A typical The FOC algorithm can provide several benefits.
sinusoidal control system block diagram. [28]. High efficiency, smooth operation at high and low
speeds, resulting in a wide speed range,
transformation of a complicated and linked AC
model into a simple linear system and fast dynamic
response and good transient and steady state
performance.

Fig 6: Sinusoidal Control

Sinusoidal Control eliminates Torque Ripple and

provides smooth rotation with improved efficiency
at low speeds, overcoming some of the
disadvantages of Trapezoidal Control.The
sinusoidal control is mainly used in PMSM-BLDC
motors for drone applications in order to get the
Fig 7: FOC Control Method
sinusoidal back emf for controlling the rotation and
position of the motor.

© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | March - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930

(d) PWM control method: simple and provides smooth operation at high
speeds, but creates torque ripple at low speeds.
While also different control strategies are discussed While Sinusoidal Control minimizes torque ripple
in [29,] there are essentially two methods for and enables efficient operation at low speeds, the
controlling a PMBLDC motor. They have constraints of a PI controller make it unsuitable for
sensors control, as well as sensor-less control. high-speed applications. Field Oriented Control
Sensor-less techniques include position encoders (FOC) combines the greatest features of the
and back EMFs. In sensor-based solutions, hall preceding two approaches, providing smooth and
sensors and optical sensors are employed. economical operation as well as quick dynamic
The PWM duty cycle control approach improves response at low and high speeds. Finally, the
the efficiency and functionality of the Brushless DC challenges in BLDC motor for different types of
motor by providing even more flexible control and current control techniques and performance of
unique cyclic operation, as well as improved motor BLDC motor with sensor and sensorless techniques
protection schemes. are the future work according to this paper.

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© 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM18002
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