Assignment 2

course code: 8532

course name: Business mathematics
and statistics
Topic number 9
topic name: Rules for integration
Rules for integration
Integration Rules
Integration
integral area

Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things. It is often
used to find the area underneath the graph of a function and the x-axis.

The first rule to know is that integrals and derivatives are opposites!

integral vs derivative

Sometimes we can work out an integral,

because we know a matching derivative.

Integration Rules
Here are the most useful rules, with examples below:

Common Functions Function Integral

Constant ∫a dx ax + C
Variable ∫x dx x2/2 + C

Square ∫x2 dx x3/3 + C

Reciprocal ∫(1/x) dx ln|x| + C

Exponential ∫ex dx ex + C

∫ax dx ax/ln(a) + C

∫ln(x) dx x ln(x) − x + C

Trigonometry (x in radians) ∫cos(x) dx sin(x) + C

∫sin(x) dx -cos(x) + C

∫sec2(x) dx tan(x) + C

Rules Function

Integral

Multiplication by constant ∫cf(x) dx c∫f(x) dx

Power Rule (n≠−1) ∫xn dx xn+1n+1 + C

Sum Rule ∫(f + g) dx ∫f dx + ∫g dx

Difference Rule ∫(f - g) dx ∫f dx - ∫g dx

Integration by Parts See Integration by Parts

Substitution Rule See Integration by Substitution

Examples

Example: what is the integral of sin(x) ?

From the table above it is listed as being −cos(x) + C

It is written as:

∫sin(x) dx = −cos(x) + C
Examples

Example: what is the integral of sin(x) ?

From the table above it is listed as being −cos(x) + C

It is written as:

∫sin(x) dx = −cos(x) + C

Example: what is the integral of 1/x ?

From the table above it is listed as being ln|x| + C

It is written as:

∫(1/x) dx = ln|x| + C

The vertical bars || either side of x mean absolute value, because we don't want to give negative values
to the natural logarithm function ln.

Power Rule

Example: What is ∫x3 dx ?

The question is asking "what is the integral of x3 ?"

We can use the Power Rule, where n=3:

∫xn dx = xn+1n+1 + C

∫x3 dx = x44 + C

Example: What is ∫√x dx ?

√x is also x0.5

We can use the Power Rule, where n=0.5:

∫xn dx = xn+1n+1 + C

∫x0.5 dx = x1.51.5 + C

Multiplication by constant

Example: What is ∫6x2 dx ?

We can move the 6 outside the integral:

∫6x2 dx = 6∫x2 dx
And now use the Power Rule on x2:

= 6 x33 + C

Simplify:

= 2x3 + C

Sum Rule

Example: What is ∫(cos x + x) dx ?

Use the Sum Rule:

∫(cos x + x) dx = ∫cos x dx + ∫x dx

Work out the integral of each (using table above):

= sin x + x2/2 + C

Difference Rule

Example: What is ∫(ew − 3) dw ?

Use the Difference Rule:

∫(ew − 3) dw =∫ew dw − ∫3 dw

Then work out the integral of each (using table above):

= ew − 3w + C

Sum, Difference, Constant Multiplication And Power Rules

Example: What is ∫(8z + 4z3 − 6z2) dz ?

Use the Sum and Difference Rule:

∫(8z + 4z3 − 6z2) dz =∫8z dz + ∫4z3 dz − ∫6z2 dz

Constant Multiplication:
= 8∫z dz + 4∫z3 dz − 6∫z2 dz

Power Rule:

= 8z2/2 + 4z4/4 − 6z3/3 + C

Simplify:

= 4z2 + z4 − 2z3 + C

Integration rules: Integration is used to find many useful parameters or quantities like area,
volumes, central points, etc., on a large scale. The most common application of integration is to find the
area under the curve on a graph of a function.

To work out the integral of more complicated functions than just the known ones, we have some
integration rules. These rules can be studied below. Apart from these rules, there are many integral
formulas that substitute the integral form.

Integration Rules of Basic Functions

The integration rules are defined for different types of functions. Let us learn here the basic rules for
integration of the some common functions, such as:

Constant

Variable

Square

Reciprocal

Exponential

Trigonometry

Integration of Constant
Integration of constant function say ‘a’ will result in:

∫a dx = ax + C

Example:

∫4 dx = 4x + C

Integration of Variable

If x is any variable then;

∫x dx = x2/2 + C

Integration of Square

If the given function is a square term, then;

∫x2 dx = x3/3

Integration of Reciprocal

If 1/x is a reciprocal function of x, then the integration of this function is:

∫(1/x) dx = ln|x| + C (Natural log of x)

Integration of Exponential Function

The different rules for integration of exponential functions are:

∫ex dx = ex + C

∫ax dx = ax/ln(a) + C

∫ln(x) dx = x ln(x) − x + C

Integration of Trigonometric Function

∫cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C

∫sin(x) dx = -cos(x) + C

∫sec2(x) dx = tan(x) + C

Important Integration Rules

The important rules for integration are:

Power Rule

Sum Rule

Different Rule

Multiplication by Constant
Product Rule

Power Rule of Integration

As per the power rule of integration, if we integrate x raised to the power n, then;

∫xn dx = (xn+1/n+1) + C

By this rule the above integration of squared term is justified, i.e.∫x2 dx. We can use this rule, for other
exponents also.

Example: Integrate ∫x3dx.

∫x3 dx = x(3+1)/(3+1) = x4/4

The sum rule explains the integration of sum of two functions is equal to the sum of integral of each
function.

∫(f + g) dx = ∫f dx + ∫g dx

Example: ∫(x + x2 )dx

= ∫x dx + ∫x2 dx

= x2/2 + x3/3 + C

Difference Rule of Integration

The difference rule of integration is similar to the sum rule.

∫(f – g) dx = ∫f dx – ∫g dx

Example: ∫(x – x2 )dx

= ∫x dx – ∫x2 dx

= x2/2 – x3/3 + C

Multiplication by Constant
If a function is multiplied by a constant then the integration of such function is given by:

∫cf(x) dx = c∫f(x) dx
Example: ∫2x.dx

= 2∫x.dx

=2 x2/2 + C

= x2 + C

Apart from the above-given rules, there are two more integration rules:

Integration by parts
This rule is also called the product rule of integration. It is a special kind of integration method when two
functions are multiplied together. The rule for integration by parts is:

∫ u v da = u∫ v da – ∫ u'(∫ v da)da

Where

u is the function of u(a)

v is the function of v(a)

u’ is the derivative of the function u(a)

Integration by Substitution

Integration by substitution is also known as “Reverse Chain Rule” or “u-substitution Method” to find an
integral.

The first step in this method is to write the integral in the form:

∫ f(g(x))g'(x)dx

Now, we can do a substitution as follows:

g(x) = a and g'(a) = da

Now substitute the equivalent values in the above form:

∫ f(a) da

Once you integrate the above form, finally substitute the original values.

Learn more about: Integration by substitution

Examples

Question 1: What is ∫ 8 a3 da?

Solution: We can take 8 out of integral,

∫ 8 a3 da = 8 ∫ a3 da

= 8 a4 / 4 + C

= 2 a4 + C

Question 2: What is ∫ 4 a3 da?

Solution: We can take 4 out of integral,

∫ 4 a3 da = 4 ∫ a3 da

= 4 a4 / 4 + C

= a4 + C

Question 3: What is ∫ (Cos a + a) da ?

Solution: ∫ (Cos a + a) da = ∫ Cos a da + ∫ a da

= sin a + a2 /2 + C

Question 4: What is ∫ (Sin a + a) da ?

Solution: ∫ (Sin a + a) da = ∫ Sin a da + ∫ a da

= – Cos a + a2 /2 + C

Integration Definition
The integration denotes the summation of discrete data. The integral is calculated to find the functions
which will describe the area, displacement, volume, that occurs due to a collection of small data, which
cannot be measured singularly. In a broad sense, in calculus, the idea of limit is used where algebra and
geometry are implemented. Limits help us in the study of the result of points on a graph such as how
they get closer to each other until their distance is almost zero. We know that there are two major types
of calculus –

Differential Calculus
Integral Calculus
The concept of integration has developed to solve the following types of problems:

To find the problem function, when its derivatives are given.

To find the area bounded by the graph of a function under certain constraints.

These two problems lead to the development of the concept called the “Integral Calculus”, which
consist of definite and indefinite integral. In calculus, the concept of differentiating a function and
integrating a function is linked using the theorem called the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Maths Integration
In Maths, integration is a method of adding or summing up the parts to find the whole. It is a reverse
process of differentiation, where we reduce the functions into parts. This method is used to find the
summation under a vast scale. Calculation of small addition problems is an easy task which we can do
manually or by using calculators as well. But for big addition problems, where the limits could reach to
even infinity, integration methods are used. Integration and differentiation both are important parts of
calculus. The concept level of these topics is very high. Hence, it is introduced to us at higher secondary
classes and then in engineering or higher education. To get an in-depth knowledge of integrals, read the
complete article here.

Integral Calculus
According to Mathematician Bernhard Riemann,

“Integral is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by
breaking the region into thin vertical slabs.” Learn more about Integral calculus here.

Take an example of a slope of a line in a graph to see what differential calculus is:
In general, we can find the slope by using the slope formula. But what if we are given to find an area of a
curve? For a curve, the slope of the points varies, and it is then we need differential calculus to find the
slope of a curve.

You must be familiar with finding out the derivative of a function using the rules of the derivative.
Wasn’t it interesting? Now you are going to learn the other way round to find the original function using
the rules in Integrating.

Integration – Inverse Process of Differentiation

We know that differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of the functions and integration is
the process of finding the antiderivative of a function. So, these processes are inverse of each other. So
we can say that integration is the inverse process of differentiation or vice versa. The integration is also
called the anti-differentiation. In this process, we are provided wih the derivative of a function and
asked to find out the function (i.e., primitive).

We know that the differentiation of sin x is cos x.

It is mathematically written as:

(d/dx) sinx = cos x …(1)

Here, cos x is the derivative of sin x. So, sin x is the antiderivative of the function cos x. Also, any real
number “C” is considered as a constant function and the derivative of the constant function is zero.

So, equation (1) can be written as

(d/dx) (sinx + C)= cos x +0

(d/dx) (sinx + C)= cos x

Where “C” is the arbitrary constant or constant of integration.

Generally, we can write the function as follow:

(d/dx) [F(x)+C] = f(x), where x belongs to the interval I.

To represent the antiderivative of “f”, the integral symbol “∫” symbol is introduced. The antiderivative of
the function is represented as ∫ f(x) dx. This can also be read as the indefinite integral of the function “f”
with respect to x.

Therefore, the symbolic representation of the antiderivative of a function (Integration) is:

y = ∫ f(x) dx
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C.

Integrals in Maths

You have learned until now the concept of integration. You will come across, two types of integrals in
maths:

Definite Integral

Indefinite Integral

Definite Integral

An integral that contains the upper and lower limits then it is a definite integral. On a real line, x is
restricted to lie. Riemann Integral is the other name of the Definite Integral.