CLASS X

There will be one paper of two and a half hours • Algebraically and writing the
duration carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment solution in set notation form.
of 20 marks.
• Representation of solution on the
Certain questions may require the use of number line.
Mathematical tables (Logarithmic and Trigonometric
tables). (ii) Quadratic Equations in one variable
(a) Nature of roots
1. Commercial Mathematics
• Two distinct real roots if b2 – 4ac >
(i) Goods and Services Tax (GST) 0
Computation of tax including problems • Two equal real roots if b2 – 4ac = 0
involving discounts, list-price, profit, loss,
basic/cost price including inverse cases. • No real roots if b2 – 4ac < 0
Candidates are also expected to find price (b) Solving Quadratic equations by:
paid by the consumer after paying State
Goods and Service Tax (SGST) and Central • Factorisation
Goods and Service Tax (CGST) - the • Using Formula.
different rates as in vogue on different types (c) Solving simple quadratic equation
of items will be provided. Problems based on
problems.
corresponding inverse cases are also
included. (iii) Ratio and Proportion
(ii) Banking (a) Proportion, Continued proportion, mean
proportion
Recurring Deposit Accounts: computation of
interest and maturity value using the (b) Componendo, dividendo, alternendo,
formula: invertendo properties and their
combinations.
n(n + 1) r
I=P × (c) Direct simple applications on
2 × 12 100 proportions only.
MV = P x n + I
(iv) Factorisation of polynomials:
(iii) Shares and Dividends
(a) Factor Theorem.
(a) Face/Nominal Value, Market Value,
(b) Remainder Theorem.
Dividend, Rate of Dividend, Premium.
(b) Formulae (c) Factorising a polynomial completely
after obtaining one factor by factor
• Income = number of shares × rate of theorem.
dividend × FV.
Note: f (x) not to exceed degree 3.
• Return = (Income / Investment) × 100.
Note: Brokerage and fractional shares not (v) Matrices
included. (a) Order of a matrix. Row and column
2. Algebra matrices.
(i) Linear Inequations (b) Compatibility for addition and
multiplication.
Linear Inequations in one unknown for x ∈
N, W, Z, R. Solving: (c) Null and Identity matrices.
(d) Addition and subtraction of 2×2
matrices.

92
 (e) Multiplication of a 2×2 matrix by (ii) Comparison with congruency, keyword
• a non-zero rational number being proportionality.

• a matrix. (iii) Three conditions: SSS, SAS, AA. Simple

applications (proof not included).
(vi) Arithmetic and Geometric Progression
(iv) Applications of Basic Proportionality
• Finding their General term. Theorem.
• Finding Sum of their first ‘n’ terms. (v) Areas of similar triangles are
• Simple Applications. proportional to the squares of
(vii) Co-ordinate Geometry corresponding sides.
(a) Reflection (vi) Direct applications based on the above
including applications to maps and
(i) Reflection of a point in a line:
models.
x=0, y =0, x= a, y=a, the origin.
(b) Loci
(ii) Reflection of a point in the origin.
Loci: Definition, meaning, Theorems and
(iii) Invariant points.
constructions based on Loci.
(b) Co-ordinates expressed as (x,y), Section
formula, Midpoint formula, Concept of (i) The locus of a point at a fixed distance
slope, equation of a line, Various forms from a fixed point is a circle with the
of straight lines. fixed point as centre and fixed distance
as radius.
(i) Section and Mid-point formula
(Internal section only, co-ordinates (ii) The locus of a point equidistant from two
of the centroid of a triangle intersecting lines is the bisector of the
included). angles between the lines.
(ii) Equation of a line: (iii) The locus of a point equidistant from two
given points is the perpendicular bisector
• Slope –intercept form y = mx + c
of the line joining the points.
• Two- point form (y-y 1 ) = m(x-x 1 )
Proofs not required.
• Geometric understanding of ‘m’
(c) Circles
as slope/ gradient/ tanθ where θ
is the angle the line makes with (i) Angle Properties
the positive direction of the x axis.
• The angle that an arc of a circle
• Geometric understanding of ‘c’ as subtends at the centre is double that
the y-intercept/the ordinate of the which it subtends at any point on the
point where the line intercepts the remaining part of the circle.
y axis/ the point on the line where
x=0. • Angles in the same segment of a
circle are equal (without proof).
• Conditions for two lines to be
parallel or perpendicular. • Angle in a semi-circle is a right
Simple applications of all the angle.
above. (ii) Cyclic Properties:
3. Geometry • Opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are supplementary.
(a) Similarity
• The exterior angle of a cyclic
Similarity, conditions of similar triangles. quadrilateral is equal to the opposite
(i) As a size transformation. interior angle (without proof).

93
 (iii) Tangent and Secant Properties: 5. Trigonometry
• The tangent at any point of a circle (a) Using Identities to solve/prove simple
and the radius through the point are algebraic trigonometric expressions
perpendicular to each other. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
• If two circles touch, the point of 1 + tan2 A = sec2A
contact lies on the straight line
1+cot2A = cosec2A; 0 ≤ A ≤ 90°
joining their centres.
(b) Heights and distances: Solving 2-D problems
• From any point outside a circle, two involving angles of elevation and depression
tangents can be drawn, and they are using trigonometric tables.
equal in length.
Note: Cases involving more than two right
• If two chords intersect internally or angled triangles excluded.
externally then the product of the
lengths of the segments are equal. 6. Statistics
• If a chord and a tangent intersect Statistics – basic concepts, Mean, Median, Mode.
externally, then the product of the Histograms and Ogive.
lengths of segments of the chord is
equal to the square of the length of (a) Computation of:
the tangent from the point of contact • Measures of Central Tendency: Mean,
to the point of intersection. median, mode for raw and arrayed data.
Mean*, median class and modal class for
• If a line touches a circle and from the
grouped data. (both continuous and
point of contact, a chord is drawn,
discontinuous).
the angles between the tangent and
the chord are respectively equal to * Mean by all 3 methods included:
the angles in the corresponding
Direct : Σfx
alternate segments. Σf
Note: Proofs of the theorems given above
Σfd
are to be taught unless specified otherwise. Short-cut : A+ where d = x − A
Σf
(iv) Constructions
(a) Construction of tangents to a circle Step-deviation: A + Σft × i where t = x − A
Σf i
from an external point.
(b) Graphical Representation. Histograms and
(b) Circumscribing and inscribing a Less than Ogive.
circle on a triangle and a
regular hexagon. • Finding the mode from the histogram,
the upper quartile, lower Quartile and
4. Mensuration median etc. from the ogive.
• Calculation of inter Quartile range.
Area and volume of solids – Cylinder, Cone and
Sphere. 7. Probability
Three-dimensional solids - right circular Random experiments, Sample space, Events,
cylinder, right circular cone and sphere: Area definition of probability, Simple problems on
(total surface and curved surface) and Volume. single events.
Direct application problems including cost, Inner
and Outer volume and melting and recasting
method to find the volume or surface area of a
new solid. Combination of solids included.
Note: Problems on Frustum are not included.

94
SI UNITS, SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
ABBREVIATIONS
The minimum number of assignments: Two
(1) Agreed conventions assignments as prescribed by the teacher.
(a) Units may be written in full or using the Suggested Assignments
agreed symbols, but no other abbreviation
may be used. • Comparative newspaper coverage of different
items.
(b) The letter ‘s’ is never added to symbols to
indicate the plural form. • Survey of various types of Bank accounts,
rates of interest offered.
(c) A full stop is not written after symbols for
units unless it occurs at the end of a sentence. • Planning a home budget.
(d) When unit symbols are combined as a • Conduct a survey in your locality to study the
quotient, e.g., metre per second, it is mode of conveyance / Price of various
recommended that it should be written as essential commodities / favourite sports.
m/s, or as m s-1. Represent the data using a bar graph /
histogram and estimate the mode.
(e) Three decimal signs are in common
international use: the full point, the mid-point • To use a newspaper to study and report on
and the comma. Since the full point is shares and dividends.
sometimes used for multiplication and the
comma for spacing digits in large numbers, it • Set up a dropper with ink in it vertical at a
is recommended that the mid-point be used height say 20 cm above a horizontally placed
for decimals. sheet of plain paper. Release one ink drop;
observe the pattern, if any, on the paper.
(2) Names and symbols Vary the vertical distance and repeat.
Discover any pattern of relationship between
In general
the vertical height and the ink drop observed.
Implies that ⇒ is logically equivalent to ⇔
Identically equal to ≡ is approximately equal to >> • You are provided (or you construct a model
In set language as shown) - three vertical sticks (size of a
Belongs to ∈ does not belong to ∉
is equivalent to is not equivalent to pencil) stuck to a horizontal board. You
↔ ↔
union ∪ intersection ∩ should also have discs of varying sizes with
universal set ξ is contained in ⊂ holes (like a doughnut). Start with one disc;
natural (counting) Ν the empty set ø place it on (in) stick A. Transfer it to another
numbers whole numbers W
integers real numbers stick (B or C); this is one move (m). Now try
Ζ R
with two discs placed in A such that the large
In measures
Kilometre km Metre m disc is below, and the smaller disc is above
Centimetre cm Millimetre mm (number of discs = n=2 now). Now transfer
Kilogram kg Gram g them one at a time in B or C to obtain similar
Litre L Centilitre cL
square kilometre km2 Square meter m2
situation (larger disc below). How many
square centimetre cm2 Hectare ha moves? Try with more discs (n = 1, 2, 3,
cubic metre m3 Cubic centimetre cm3 etc.) and generalise.
kilometres per hour km/h Metres per second m/s

A B C

95