PASSAGE 1 PASSAGE 3

THE BRITISH MENTALITY DOOLE'S LIFE

Although I had stayed England for over a year, it was Doole was in business, in fireplaces. But he would often go
difficult for me to understand the British mentality. for a stroll in the afternoon between two and three.
Traveling to the office everyday by train, I watched people "Nobody comes back from lunch till three, you might as
concealing their faces behind newspaper. They rarely well not have a telephone", so he often said to himself.
conversed with each other, occasionally lifting their Doole took out his watch and checked the time. Nearly half
eyebrows to look at their fellow passengers. But when I an hour before he need think of the office. "What a wholly
started a conversation under the pretext of the weather I delightful day!" he contemplated. Indeed, the varied
found many had a natural gift for gossip. colorful flowers in the park shone very brightly in that
September light.
VOCABULARY
mentality = mind VOCABULARY
to conceal = to hide to go for a stroll = to go for a walk
to converse = to talk to check = to confirm
occasionally = seldom, rarely wholly = completely, entirely
to lift = to raise to contemplate = to think
pretext = excuse/ false reason varied = various, mixed
gift = talent, skill
gossip = friendly chat  EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
 EXERCISES words defined above
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the 1. After breakfast I take a .... around the base checking that
words defined above all the daily tasks have been completed. 2. .... for signs of
1. Maggie crossed the room, .................. the lid of the pot damage and only store those in perfect condition in paper
and sniffed at the contents. 2. Under the ...................of sacks in a cool, dark place. 3. In alternate weeks the
wanting to return a pen which she had left behind, I visited auction is .... devoted to domestic buyers or to foreign
her. 3. It turned out that Jane had inherited a natural buyers.4. He .... balloon-travel and a journey to the North
...................for music. 4. They were .................. intimately, Pole. 5. Team sizes can be .... but they are always made up
opening up their private problems to each other with a of an odd number of competitors.
freedom well beyond the usual. 5. Paul confesses his
doubts such as he would have...............from anyone he did READING COMPREHENSION
not trust absolutely. 1. We understand from the passage that
A) employees in the office always go to the park
READING COMPREHENSION B) people return to the office at about three o'clock
1. The writer was quite surprised ............ C) nobody telephones the office
A) as he could understand the British mind D) Doole prefers to be near the fireplace
B) because almost no one on the train was talking E) Doole does not like to eat out
to each other
C) since most people were reading newspaper 2. It's obvious in the passage that Doole
D) after he saw people traveling by train A) only goes out if it is fine
E) when he saw the British way of life. B) has his lunch at three o'clock
C) does not call at the office
2. Using the excuse of the weather D) works alone in the office
A) doesn't work all the time E) enjoys walking in the park
B) is how one can get the British to talk
C) is good for gossiping about nature 3. We can infer from the passage that
D) requires natural gift for gossip A) it was a fine autumn day
E) makes it easy to change the subject. B) the weather was very cold
C) it was a beautiful summer day
3. It can be inferred from the passage that D) Doole preferred to be in a different place.
A) people in England cover their faces with a newspaper E) nobody goes to that park
B) the British do not look at anybody in the train
C) the British are in fact have a tendency to talking
D) Englishmen always read something
E) the writer wanted to stay for another year.
 PASSAGE 4 PASSAGE 5
THE GENERATION GAP MEMORY
The world is undergoing a rapid change. That is, views, There is no simple answer to the question, "How can I
opinions, fashion, and even traditions are changing rapidly. enhance my memory?" But there are some general points
The old cannot adapt themselves to these changes easily. one can make. Firstly, you have to practice. Practice
They always talk about good old days, and grumble about remembering things. Secondly, use your memory.
the young, which leads to a generation gap. Parents always Preferring to make notes all the time rather than rely on
mention the problems of the young. If there is one, then, one's memory is a terrible mistake. It's certain that you
we can say that it is the old who create it. Everyone is of actually risk making your memory worse that way. In order
the opinion that the young are, after all, human beings to utilize your memory, you have to be keen to remember-
people just like their parents. There is only one difference eager to remember. If you really mean to remember things,
between an old man and a young man: the young man has you can. And thirdly, always make associations when you
got a bright future before, him and the old one has got a lot want to remember anything.
of experience behind him.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY to enhance = to develop
to undergo = to go through, to experience to rely on = to trust
rapid = quick, fast to risk = to take the risk of
to adapt = to make suitable for to utilize = to use
to grumble = to complain keen = willing, enthusiastic, eager
generation gap = failure of the younger and older eager = ready/ willing, keen
generations to understand each other associations = links, relations
to mention = to talk about
to be of the opinion = to agree  EXERCISES
after all = in spite of everything Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above
 EXERCISES 1. Clothes are important — you should wear something
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the which .... your own self esteem and creates the right kind
words defined above of impression.2. I have always .... the kindness of my
1. Everything depends on how the country .... itself to friends. 3. We have to find a way to .... our fifty thousand
using information technology.2. The government, after a members as an educational and propaganda machine
period of .... decline in manufacturing and a sharp rise in 4. Music, obviously, can make a mood, build familiarity
unemployment, appears to have conquered many of the and memory, and ..... for an happy event.
major difficulties. 3. I don't.... about my pension; I could 5. He has always been .... to help the needy.
do with more, but I don't. 4. Allowing for the ...., we found
we had a surprising amount in common. 5. You should not READING COMPREHENSION
get angry with him because he contradicted you in front of 1. To better one's ability to remember, one should not
your friends ...... he is only a child. A) make general points
B) practice everything one learns
READING COMPREHENSION C) force oneself to remember
1. It is maintained that the old D) use one's memory
A) are the only ones who get accustomed to the change E) write down the things one should remember.
B) like the change more than anything else
C) have always been open to the change 2. Writing down everything …
D) can't keep up with the rapid change A) helps a lot to remember
E) don't like the traditions B) makes a person's memory worse
2. The writer claims that it is the old who C) improves memory
A) create the problem of the generation gap D) leads to mistakes
B) try to adapt themselves to the changes E) is another way of using one's memory.
C) want the young to be free in their lives
D) never talk about their past experiences 3. The writer points out that one …
E) are in the harmony with the1 young A) should not be so eager to remember
3. The old differ from the young in that B) must try to remember everything
A) the latter are not as experienced as the former C) should make small notes when one wants to remember
B) the former do not know what to expect from life anything
C) the old are better in understanding the young D) can also connect things in mind to remember them
D) the young are worse in adapting themselves to changes E) should sometimes risk making one's memory worse
E) they are both living in the same world
 PASSAGE 6 porch, and the sight beyond the gates was incredible; tens
CHRISTMAS of thousands of people gathered there.
Christmas is only a few days away and the two children in
the Robinson family feel very excited and are impatient for VOCABULARY
it. Their mother has baked them a very large and delicious to cram = to fill
Christmas cake. She has shown them how to make colorful mourner = person who attends a funeral as a relative or
ornaments for their Christmas tree. Tomorrow she will take friend of the dead person
them out shopping in the High Street as she is planning to ex = past, previous
purchase new clothes for them to wear on Christmas Day. to sadden = to upset
Mr. Robinson gave Tommy and Irena some money last to crowd = to gather
week so that they could buy themselves lots of balloons to sink = to fall
and streamers to decorate their house. to step out = to walk out
porch = veranda, covered entrance
VOCABULARY sight = view, spectacle
to be impatient for = to long for, to look forward to gate = entrance, door
to bake = to cook in the oven incredible = unbelievable
ornament = decoration
to purchase = to buy  EXERCISES
streamer = flag, ribbon Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
to decorate = to ornament words defined above
1. A mile-long queue of.... carried a black coffin to the
 EXERCISES Xinhua building. 2. But what has .... me especially was the
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the repeated rumor that Leslie's plane had been brought down
words defined above not by the storms, but by human error on our own side.
1. We ..... the living room with ........ for Christmas. 3. It appears that this sad reality has finally ..... 4. This
2. My wife ........ delicious pastries every weekend. berry-laden holly bough will be a welcome winter to birds.
3. The company ....... new computers to speed up the work 5. It's given me an .... new perspective on what life is, and
in the offices last week. 4. It has been two years since he what it's worth.
graduated and he is ….. a job. 5. The children are …… the
day when they will go to the playground. READING COMPREHENSION
1. Elvis's death ....
READING COMPREHENSION A) didn't seem possible for anyone
1. We understand from the passage that B) affected nobody
A) Christmas doesn't mean much to the children C) was not a surprise for most people
B) the family is not happy with Christmas D) was being expected
C) children are looking forward to Christmas E) didn't arouse any feelings in people
D)they always do the same arrangements for the New Year
E) the Robinsons will not celebrate the New Year 2. The writer stepped out on the porch because ...
A) he was very ill B) he had some friends there.
2. Children learnt how to C) he couldn't find a place to stand in
A) do shopping B) make decorations D) he wanted to get some fresh air
C) buy new clothes D) make a cake E) he wanted to see the crowd outside
E) excite their mother and father
3. The number of the people gathered outside
3. It is obvious in the passage that A) was fewer than expected B) made everyone sadder
A) she hasn't bought clothes for the children yet C) made it difficult for people to breathe
B) the shopping for the Christmas has finished D) disappointed Elvis' friends and the relatives
C) the following day is the New Year E) surprised the writer
D) children spent all their money on cake
E) Mr. Robinson will give them some more money PASSAGE 8
WORDS
PASSAGE 7 Because words can break silence, and thus remove tension,
ELVIS'S DEATH we often draw on them for this reason and not mainly for
By five o'clock Graceland was crammed with mourners: what they mean. When two people are introduced, one
ex-employees, old friends, relatives, and special fans. Of says, "How do you do?" Now this is not really a question,
course everyone is sadden by death, but the thing about despite its apparent meaning, and the other person will
Elvis's death was that no one could believe it. Elvis Presley reply not, 'Very well thank you, but 'How do you do?' This
dead? As more people crowded in and the reality began to is the conversational formula.The purpose of the phrase
fully sink in, I felt I couldn't breathe. I stepped out on the 'How do you do?' is not to communicate meaning but to
break the tension which would result from silence.
VOCABULARY 4. Such .... laws deserve to be broken.
thus = therefore, so 5. As he ran the company in line with his ...., he was fired.
to remove = to take out
to draw on = to use, to resort to READING COMPREHENSION
tension = worry, anxiety 1. Even if a person wants to behave the way he likes, he
apparent = obvious, clear can't because …
to result from = to be caused by A) there are some rules he should obey.
B) it is impossible for a person to act as he likes.
 EXERCISE C) he can have his way sometimes.
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the D) he should always respect the others.
words defined above E) his opinions are less important in society.
1. Should these symptoms become ...., get your dog to a
vet — quickly! 2. She merely .... her experience and won 5 2. It is emphasized in the passage that a person is
games in a row although she was not trained enough rejected by society if he …
3. The stress and .... that rise from anxiety are unnecessary A) can't do whatever he likes.
burdens. 4. We will do our best to .... any obstacles that B) isn't leading a different life.
prevent the students from enjoying the use of the facilities C) considers others' opinions.
of the university.5. A large proportion of gliding accidents D) doesn't consider the interests of others.
and incidents .... launch failures. E) doesn't have interests as well as the others'

READING COMPREHENSION 3. It is pointed out that individuals' decisions …

1. Words are mainly used for ... A) aren't so important.
A) their meanings. B) eliminating anxiety B) don't always be accepted.
C) building up tension. D) creating silence. C) ought not to be just.
E) meaningful talks. D) cannot influence society.
E) should be fair and not hurt others.
2. In terms of meaning "How do you do?" is ...
A) not replied "How do you do" B) not a question. PASSAGE 10
C) replied "Very well thank you' D) a question. A group of men were requested to put their hands into a
E) used for introducing two people. bowl of icy water and then tell a researcher how much it
hurt. Half of them reported back to a man, the other half to
3. What is important "How do you do? " is its an attractive woman. Those who talked to the woman
A) breaking silence. B) meaning. asserted that they suffered significantly less pain than the
C) not being conversational. D) answering. others. When women were asked to do the same, they
E) remaining silent. reported a similar level of pain whether they were talking
to a man or a woman. There was not a discrepancy
PASSAGE 9 between the statements they made to a man and a woman.
SOCIETY
Men usually want to have their own way. They want to VOCABULARY
think and act as they like. No one, however, can have his to request = to ask for, to demand
own way all the time. A man cannot live in society without bowl = basin, sink
taking into account the interest of others as well as his own icy = very cold
interests. "Society" means a group of people with the same to assert = to claim
laws and the same way of life. People in society may make to suffer = to undergo, to experience
their own decisions, but these decisions ought not to be significantly = considerably, a lot
unjust or detrimental to others. discrepancy = difference

VOCABULARY  EXERCISES
to have one's own way = to do what one wants Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
to take into account = to consider words defined above
interest = advantage, benefit 1. People aren't going to .... a singer's record unless it has
unjust = unfair been promoted properly through the usual channels of TV,
detrimental = harmful radio, music press, national press and live shows.
 EXERCISES 2. One of the victims was in a critical condition, .... from
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the severe burns, but the other three were allowed home after
words defined above treatment for shock. 3. Our traditions are .... different to
1. The manager should .... the artist's wishes and those in England. 4. I got upset by the .... between what he
aspirations. 2. Sugar is positively .... to bodybuilding due told me and the way he actually behaved.
to the fact that it causes a rise in insulin levels 5. They ...., rather than denied, the bias in their own papers.
3. Every learner .... learning vocabulary
READING COMPREHENSION A) student B) janitor C) cleaner D) teacher E) secretary
1. From the passage we understand that when the men
talked to the attractive woman … 2. It's obvious in the passage that …
A) they said they didn't feel much pain. A) he didn't plan to prepare the roll sheets beforehand.
B) the pain didn't affect them at all. B) the evening was approaching.
C) two of them lied about the pain. C) he spent a lot of time preparing the roll sheets.
D) the woman claimed to suffer significantly. D) he finally decided to count the money at his desk.
E) only half of them told the truth. E) Not moving for a long time made him sleepy.

2. It's obvious in the passage that the women reported 3. Logan's plan to put the blame on Tritt …
the same level of pain … A) had been carefully developed
A) only to the men. B) took a period of ten months
B) they said they didn't feel the pain. C) worked very well
C) even if they weren't asked. D) came to him suddenly
D) although they didn't put their hands into the bowl. E) was suggested to him by his friend.
E) whomever they talked to.
PASSAGE 12
3. The purpose of the research was to find out … FINANCIAL CENTER: LONDON.
A) that women were less strong. The city of London has been a world financial center for
B) if a bowl of icy water hurt hands, many years. Until about fifty years ago, its significance
C) how truthful men and women were. was due to the fact that London was the capital city of
D) whether men were attracted by a beautiful woman. major trading nation. After the financial difficulties of the
E) if ice-was painful. first part of the twentieth century, the city might have
slowly lost its influence in international finance. But in fact
PASSAGE 11 since 1960, it has recovered rapidly, and developed at great
CONSPIRACY speed in recent years. A new city has grown, modern,
Back in the biology department, Logan sat down at his efficient and looking forward to the future.
desk, planning to prepare some roll sheets for his new
classes. He stayed there for a long time without moving. VOCABULARY
The September sun went low behind the New Jersey significance = importance
Palisade, but he didn't prepare the sheets. Suddenly he sat due to = because of
forward in his chair. In a surprising flash of creative to trade = to buy and sell, to do business
thought, he had seen how he could obtain the money. The to recover = to get better
entire plan simply burst upon him. He would rob the bank rapidly = quickly
and pin the robbery on Tritt efficient = capable, able
to look forward to = to wait for, to long for
VOCABULARY
conspiracy = secret plan  EXERCISES
roll sheets = list of names Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
to go low = to set words defined above
flash = spark, burst 1. Sometimes accidents are caused by carelessness, but
entire = complete, whole more often they are the result of someone not realizing
to obtain = to get the .... of doing things the right way. 2. In protest he began
to burst upon = to come suddenly to a hunger-strike which resulted in his falling into a coma,
to pin on = to place the blame on … his illness, a few days later. 3. The exchange rates relate
to goods which are …internationally.
 EXERCISES 4. The coach is in hospital … from a mild heart attack.
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the 5. If we are to continue to meet the … growing needs of
words defined above those who look to us for care and prevention, we urgently
1. The list of dead and detained suggested that the ... need you to share the challenge with us.
against the general ran wider than initially thought.
2. He enjoyed the brief … of jealousy and the home READING COMPREHENSION
comforts. 3. Instinctively I felt it might endanger the … 1. London was a world financial center because it …
project, how everything might collapse around me the A) didn't do any trade as a capital city.
moment I told the truth. 4. Following her arrival, she … a B) was the capital of a country leading in commerce.
temporary job as a nurse in the Hospital of Hope. C) was very important fifty years ago.
5. The appalling realization … him that he had failed. D) has been the capital city for fifty years.
E) is the capital of a major nation.
READING COMPREHENSION
1. It can be inferred from the passage that Logan is a …
2. In the first part of the twentieth century, the city was D) do not have many mountains
not as powerful as it had been … E) used to belong to the Soviet Union.
A) because the country was financially worse.
B) since other cities replaced it in the finance world. 2. When compared with a person in the developed
C) as it was not developing at great speed. world, a Georgian …
D) although it had financial difficulties. A) is more likely to live over ninety
E) after it had financial difficulties at the end of the B) is less likely to live over ninety
twentieth century. C) don't live more than sixty
D) possibly dies younger
3. We understand from the passage that London … E) is likely to die before sixty
A) is looking forward to growing modern and efficient.
B) recovered quickly in 1960 despite the difficulties. 3. It's clear from the passage that
C) didn't take a long time to gain its strength. A) Georgians' cholesterol levels are very high.
D) worked hard for many years to be powerful again, yet it B) Georgians don't eat yogurt every day.
failed. C) Georgians pay special attention to their diets.
E) does not expect much of the future as it did in the past D) Matzoni is made from yogurt.
E) Matzoni helps them a lot in their work.
PASSAGE 13
THE SECRET OF LONG LIFE PASSAGE 14
In the mountains of Georgia, in what was once the Soviet DIFFICULT LIFE
Union, a 60-year-old is twice as likely to live over 90 as Sixty-eight-year old Mary Cooper leads a very difficult life
the average person in the developed world. Georgians also in a block of flats in Dover. There is no central-heating
tend to give birth and work until they are much older. They installed in the flats, so in the winter Mrs. Cooper sits in
live on a balanced and varied diet that comprises daily front of her small electric fire in the kitchen. She goes to
helpings of matzoni, a low-acid yogurt containing enzymes bed with her clothes on because she is too cold to take
that are said to reduce cholesterol levels. them off. She has to put old newspapers between her
blankets to keep warm. Sometimes she isn't ivell enough to
VOCABULARY get up, so she stays in bed all day.
likely = probable, possible
average = normal, usual, typical VOCABULARY
to tend = to have the habit of doing something; to be to lead a life = to live
inclined, to be apt central heating = heating system for buildings.
varied = different, various to install = to put in, to fit
to comprise = to have, to include, to comprise electric fire = a device that works by means of electricity
helping = portion, serving, plateful and warms a room
to contain = to have, to include, to comprise blanket = a piece of thick cloth put on bed to keep us warm
to reduce = to decrease
 EXERCISES
 EXERCISES Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the words defined above.
words defined above 1. As it is rather cold today, you'd better turn on the …
1. Within the next five years, the company wants its 2. The sick man was wrapped up in two …, still he was
European revenue to … one third of its total. shivering. 3. He had an alarm … in his car to prevent it
2. This year the festival brings you the chance to see a from being stolen. 4. Because … are portable devices, they
wide and … selection of the films which will be are easily carried to wherever you want to warm.
remembered as the highlights of cinema in 1990s. 5. Our parents do their best so that we can … a happy …
3. She told him indignantly that he'd already eaten a
substantial … of bacon and eggs about three o'clock that READING COMPREHENSION
morning. 4. If gardening … to give you backache, 1. Mrs. Mary Cooper … .
remember to take plenty of rest periods during the day, and A) likes reading in bed very much
never try to lift more than you can easily cope with. B) is fond of collecting old newspapers
5. Now that the deed was done, I had a chance to reflect on C) is lazy because she reads newspapers all day
what was … to happen. D) puts blankets between her newspapers to keep warm
E) supports her blankets with newspapers so as not to feel
READING COMPREHENSION cold.
1. We understand that the area mentioned in the
passage 2. She doesn't change her clothes …
A) is a part of the Soviet Union. A) because it is very cold in her house.
B) mainly inhabited by old people, B) when she feels very lazy to take them off.
C) is not suitable for 90-yeair-old people C) because she is sixty eight years old.
D) since she doesn't have many clothes. PASSAGE 16
E) although she stays home all day. THE COTTAGE
Norah had a cottage on a cliff above a big bay. In winter it
3. She sits in the kitchen could be very nasty because of strong winds and sea spray.
A) when the central heating is off. In fact, when a gale was blowing, Norah and her husband
B) because she likes sitting in front of the electric fire. got used to sleeping in a small room downstairs, because
C) as the other rooms of the house are very cold. their bedroom upstairs, which faced the gales, had a very
D) when she doesn't feel well enough to go to bed. big window, and they were afraid that an extra violent gust
E) because the only central heating is in the kitchen. might break it and blow pieces of broken glass over them.
Also, the salt spray from the sea put an end to many of the
PASSAGE 15 colorful plants Norah planted in her garden.
THE EIFFEL TOWER
When Gustavo Eiffel was commissioned to build his tower VOCABULARY
in Paris, no one, least of all, he thought it would still be cliff = rock face
standing a century later. The tower had been intended as bay = part of a coastline where the land curves inward
the crowning glory of the 1889 Paris Exhibition, but the nasty = severe, dangerous
Parisians became so attached to it that no one had the heart spray = water in fine droplets or mist
to take it down. So there it stayed and soon it became the gale = strong wind
city's most famous landmark. to face = to confront, to meet
violent = strong, intense
VOCABULARY gust = breeze, strong wind
to commission = to hire to put an end to = to finish
crowning = greatest to plant = to place in the ground, to sow
to intend = to aim, to plan  EXERCISES
glory = beauty Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
exhibition = display, show words defined above
to be attached to = to be fond of 1. His house on the hill had a magnificent view over the …
to have the heart to do something = to dare 2. In addition, all drugs can have ….. side effects. 3. Often
landmark = familiar sign, attraction infected people are rejected by family and friends, leaving
them ….. this chronic condition alone. 4. With his left hand
 EXERCISES he snatched the gun from the man's hands, and with his
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the right he gave him a … blow to the ear. 5. It took four
words defined above visits to the clinic …. her phobia once and for all and to
1. Bill Watts, whose clocks achieve the highest levels of allow her to lead the happy, normal life she so desired.
craftsmanship was recently … to produce a clock to
replace one built in the 1760s. 2. An … called The READING COMPREHENSION
Essential Cubism was organized at the Tate Gallery. 3. 1.It is clear that the room upstairs in Norah's house is
The room was looking a mess because I hadn't ... to tidy it. A)very comfortable B)not cold C)small D)tidy E) not safe
4. She paused by the old flourmill, another … of her
childhood. 5. It is not sensible to be blindly … old customs 2. They sleep in the room downstairs because …
A) it is larger than the one upstairs
READING COMPREHENSION B) the strong wind may break the windows upstairs
1. The writer points out that the tower was … C) it has a stove which warms very well
A) known to stand a century later D) it has many large windows
B) the idea of Gustave Eiffel E) they can see the gale better there
C) meant to stand for centuries
D) not expected to be the symbol of Paris 3. The flowers in Norah's garden ….
E) not built to serve any purpose A) attract everybody's attention.
2. The main reason for building the tower was B) need looking after carefully.
A) to commission Gustavo Eiffel C) should be watered every week.
B) to give Parisians what they wanted D) are badly affected by the salt spray.
C) is being most famous landmark E) like to be sprayed with salty water.
D) the fact that it was glorious
E) the 1889 Paris Exhibition PASSAGE 17
3. The tower was not pulled down … BALLONING
A) since it was built for Paris Exhibition One of my great ambitions is to learn how to pilot a
B) as it was the most famous thing in Paris balloon on my own. I look forward to weekends because
C) although Parisians wanted to take it down my father, who's a balloonist, takes us all ballooning with
D) although it didn't mean much to Parisians him every weekend. I'm the only one who rides with him
E) because Paris was soon identified with it
in the basket, which is fastened to the bottom of the charming = delightful, attractive
balloon with nylon ropes. Sometimes he allows me to pilot presently = now, currently
the balloon on my own when the wind isn't too strong, but damp = wet, moist, humid
he always stays with me in the basket. chill = coldness
to blame = to hold responsible, to accuse
VOCABULARY uncomplaining = tolerant, patient
ambition = goal, aim, desire
to pilot = to direct, to conduct, to fly  EXERCISES
to ride = to travel Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
to fasten = to tie up words defined above
to allow = to let 1. Life in a small village could be deadly dull, and Henry
on one's own = alone had been absolutely … when he chose to be.
2. Sudden changes of … from cheerful and alert to sullen
 EXERCISES and moody. 3. A wipe down with a … cloth is all that's
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the needed to keep them clean. 4. Continued heavy investment
words defined above was … for a 40 per cent fall in profits. 5. The first rays of
1. You can at least organize your life around your aims and the sun shook the … of the morning from their bodies.
2.Army duties included parachuting and … of light aircraft
3. I have … them in the car to our destination. 4. The air READING COMPREHENSION
hostess requested that the passengers … their seat belts. 1. It is obvious from the passage that they have …
5. He just went away … to have a long private think. A) come only two miles. B) two miles left.
C) more than two miles to go D) less than two miles
READING COMPREHENSION E) a lot of miles to cover
1. The writer always wanted …
A) to have his own balloon. 2. We learn from the passage that the driver …
B) to ride with his father in the basket. A) has been driving for some time
C) to be a balloonist like his father. B) is a close friend of the passenger
D) to be a pilot. E) to learn how to fly a balloon. C) is traveling with a beautiful lady.
D) is driving a woman to her house
2. The writer pilots the balloon … E) is bored with the passenger.
A) only on weekends. B) when his father is without him.
C) only when the weather is calm. 3.One may conclude from the passage that the stranger
D) because his father is a balloonist. A) has been to the Western Country before.
E) because his father takes them on every weekend,. B) is used to such a climate.
C) is not from the Western Country.
3. From the passage we understand that, … D) has been complaining about the driver.
A) his father stays on the ground when it isn't windy. E) doesn't like the driver at all.
B) his father is always with him when he is piloting.
C) the writer pilots the balloon but the others don't help PASSAGE 19
him. D) ballooning on one's own is very difficult. MOTORCARS
E) ballooning is a very nice outdoor activity. The motorcar has been among the biggest influences on
life in the 20th century, a powerful factor in the progress of
PASSAGE 18 civilization. It can, unfortunately, be a source of danger-but
THE STRANGER for every life it takes, it saves a dozen, speeding the
We're more than halfway now; it's only two miles farther desperately ill to hospital, carrying food to the places
to the tavern, said the driver. "I'm glad of that!" answered where there is a food shortage. It has disturbed many of the
the stranger, in a more sympathetic mood. He meant to say quiet places where people go at their leisure, but opened
more but the east wind blew clear down a man's throat if he new playgrounds to millions. Because of it, the ability to
tried to speak. The girlish voice was something quite ride a horse is a rare skill, railways are no longer a decisive
charming, however, and presently he spoke again. "You factor in molding our communities.
don't feel the cold so much at twenty below zero out in the
Western Country. There is none of this damp chill," he VOCABULARY
said, and then it seemed as if he had blamed the to influence = to affect
uncomplaining young driver. factor = reason, cause
progress = development
VOCABULARY civilization = people, nation, culture
tavern = pub, inn source = origin, basis
sympathetic = understanding, kind to speed = to drive too fast, to race
mood = frame of mind, temper desperately = urgently, badly
girlish = like a girl, relating to a girl shortage = lack
 leisure = free time Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
playground = playing field words defined above
decisive = important, vital 1. Experience shows that 80 per cent of HIV cases will go
to mould = to shape on to develop Aids, … within eight years. 2. When …
1985 figures there was an overall increase of 40%.
 EXERCISE 3. The 'purpose at hand, to … between criminals and
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the decent people, is very difficult to achieve.4. It is obvious
words defined above that the manager had the cashier to help him in his fraud;
1. Most of the third-year students had been back for a … , there is documentary proof of that. 5. My own
month already, … trying to catch up with their second-year experience of trying to teach and train managers is that it is
work. 2. They gave excuses of … of time to explain why extremely difficult to teach … people anything.
they did not finish the work. 3. His method of management
has produced … changes. 4. A pedestrian zone also gives READING COMPREHENSION
you the opportunity to wander at your … through the wide 1. We can understand from the passage that dogs …
selection of shops. 5. In the lounge of the residential home A) see better than other animals
the white-haired woman was … a lump of clay. B) are unable to distinguish colors.
C) have a poor sense of smelling.
READING COMPREHENSION D) are children's best friends. E) are loyal animals.
1. From the passage we understand that a car can kill…
A) more people than it saves B) as many people as it saves. 2. Apart from other things, the light reflecting from the
C) fewer people than it saves E) but cannot save anybody objects …
D) and this made our progress slow. A) causes dogs to be blind C) frightens dogs very much
B) prevents dogs from seeing colors
2. It is obvious in the passage that the car has been a D) helps dogs see the objects E) troubles dogs.
cause of
A) seriously ill people. B) annoyance to quiet places. 3. Although a thirteen-year-old child is not old, a dog of
C) food shortage. D) leisure time to people. the same
E) trouble to millions. A) lives longer B) can see very well.
C) is very young D) has many more years to live.
3.We can infer from the passage that before cars E) is quite old
existed,
A) everybody used to ride a horse. PASSAGE 21
B) people didn't have any playgrounds. ROBOTS
C) the only means of transportation were trains. Some experts believe that robots will be able to do jobs,
D) trains were no longer important. which at the moment only human beings can do; however,
E) railways were of great importance. there are also others who disagree. One London Company,
UAS has already developed machines that can be
PASSAGE 20 employed as 'home - helps' for old people unable to look
DOGS after themselves and who are living on their own. These
Dogs possess a more developed sense of hearing and machines can now carry out such things as cook eggs and
smelling than men, but they cannot see so well. You may clean the floor, and the company says that future models
be surprised to learn that dogs are color-blind. A dog will be directed by simple voice instructions and controlled
distinguishes objects first by their movement, second by by a 'brain'. Yet it is believed that we have a long way to
their brightness and third by their shape. A dog lives on go before we can develop truly intelligent machines.
average for about 12 or 13 years. A puppy aged six months
compares in age with a child six years old. A thirteen-year- VOCABULARY
old child is not yet grown up, but a thirteen-year-old dog is expert = very skilled at doing something or knowing a
very old dog indeed. lot about a particular subject, specialist
to employ = to use
VOCABULARY to look after = to care for, to take care of
to possess = to have, to own to carry out = to do
to distinguish = to see the difference instruction = direction
color-blind = unable to see certain colors truly = really
on average = normally
puppy = young dog  EXERCISES
to compare with = to be similar to Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
grown-up = mature man words defined above.
indeed = without a doubt 1. You could do it yourself or get … help.
2. As yet no new VAT leaflet or …. has been supplied.
 EXERCISES
3. In spring the willow, with its arching branches, money. It will only serve hurting each other.
embroidered with silver female catkins, is … a thing of 5. Imagine a married couple who are estranged from one
beauty. 4. When we were away, our neighbors … our another, yet who both wistfully … reconciliation.
plants. 5. Promises that are made must be …
READING COMPREHENSION
READING COMPREHENSION 1. It is obvious in the passage that
1. We understand from the passage that although A) Most people want to be rich,
robots can do certain jobs …. B) Writer thinks that money is more important than
A) old people are still unable to look after themselves. happiness. C) People always think of money.
B) these cannot be done by human beings. D) One should have responsibility to have money.
C) there are few others which cannot be done by robots. E) Money is not easy to earn.
D) there are still many others which can only be done by
human beings. 2. The writer points out that …
E) which are not satisfactory for some experts. A) Millionaires should be responsible
B) Large estates are necessary for being rich.
2. The London company hopes to make a robot soon … C) All factory owners argue with their workers.
A) that will respond to spoken orders. D) All millionaires have troubles. E) Having a lot of
B) with a simple voice. money may cause a great deal of trouble.
C) which will give simple instructions.
D) to clean the floor of old people. 3. A millionaire who has factories and large estates …
E) that has a brain to cook eggs. A) is happy. B) is not responsible for his workers.
C) has a lot of responsibilities. D) troubles everyone.
3. We can infer from the passage that in developing E) needs a lot of attention.
intelligent robots ….
A) man has made big advances. PASSAGE 23
B) we have few problems left. BABYSITTING
C) there are many great problems to overcome. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. Just as I settle
D) scientists should agree with each other. down to read or watch television, he demands that I play
E) experts have covered a long way. with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the
background or knocks something over. I always have to
PASSAGE 22 stop my telephone conversation to find out what's wrong
WEALTH with him. He refuses to let me eat my meal in peace.
Most men long for wealth as wealth is thought to bring Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then,
happiness. However, often, wealth inflicts a great deal of when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him
worry without much happiness. A millionaire is a very to fall asleep.
wealthy man, of course, yet his great wealth is also a great
responsibility. He may own many large estates and VOCABULARY
factories. Estates and factories usually require a lot of to settle down = to sit down, to relax
attention. There may be disputes between the millionaire to demand = to ask, to want
and his workers over one trouble or another. to scream = to shout, to cry
to knock something over = to hit, to upset
VOCABULARY to find out = to discover, to learn
to long for = to miss to refuse = to say no, to reject, to turn down
wealth = prosperity, possessions to grow = to become
to inflict = to give, to cause
estate = land
to require = to need  EXERCISES
attention = consideration, interest Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
dispute = argument, disagreement words defined above.
responsibility = duty 1. The group is … more effort from those in charge of
factories. 2. "Fool" I … down the phone at her.
 EXERCISES 3. Poor man, he was terrified that somebody might …
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the that he came here. 4. He broke into the discussion for so
words defined above. long that Rain … impatient.
1. The continuation of inequality is still clear in the fields 5. If he had pressed, I would have ….
of income, housing …. and employment.
2. Let's say that your …. is worth Ј140,000, net of READING COMPREHENSION
liabilities. 3. The only virtue of these latter newspaper 1. The writer complains about ….
techniques is to bring an event to the … of a reader. A) eating snack. B) talking on the phone.
4. It is no use …. as to which of us will earn more C) watching television. D) playing with his brother.
E) looking after his brother. D) would rather have a full-time job than look after his
children. E) earns little money.
2. The passage is about ….
A) the writer and television. B) the writer and his brother. 3. One regret that John sometimes has is that he
C)the writer and telephone D)the writer's brother and book. A) feels satisfied with his situation.
E) the writer's brother and meal. B) sees so little of his wife.
C) has less responsibility at work than before.
3. The writer's brother wants him to D) has given up an extremely successful.
A) sleep with him. B) eat something with him. E) is suitable for the arrangement they have now.
C) knock something over. D) play with him.
E) scream with him. PASSAGE 25
A SURPRISING ENCOUNTER
PASSAGE 24 Kevin Rogers used to be my boss. He was a hard-working
CHILDMINDING businessman and a real slave driver, always telling us we
When the children were very young, John worked full-time had to sell more and more. Tired of his relentless
and Pam had a part time job, but when Pam was offered treatment, as soon as I could, I got a job with another
the opportunity of a responsible fulltime job, they didn't company. The last time I saw him was more than ten years
want to hire child minders and so John decided it should be ago. At least that's what I thought until last Thursday,
he who reduced his working hours to look after the when I encountered a person who looked like him very
children. Although John does occasionally resent getting so much. As I was on my way back to my office, an
little financial reward for his work and misses the unshaven, shabby-looking man approached me in the park.
responsibility he lost, he feels he is well suited to the "It's been a long time since I had a meal. Can you help
arrangement he and Pam now have. me?" he said. There was something about his voice that
sounded familiar. I wondered where I had seen him. Then
VOCABULARY it hit me. He resembled Rogers so much.
child minder = someone whose job is to look after children
to reduce = to decrease, to cut VOCABULARY
to resent = to feel bitter about, to have hard feelings about to encounter = to meet unexpectedly
to reward = to give a prize slave driver = someone who urges to work harder
to miss = to long for relentless = cruel, feeling no pity for
well-suited = suitable, well-matched unshaven = with short hairs on the face and chin
shabby-looking = wearing old, worn clothes
 EXERCISES familiar = known
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to hit = to have an effect upon the mind, to make
words defined above. somebody realize
1. Grandparents are sometimes the …. while parents are to resemble = to look like, to be similar to
out at work. 2. "At last we are getting the … for our hard
work and we will be challenging for the world title  EXERCISES
ourselves in a couple of years," he said. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
3. Megan's been married for 18 years and still loves her words defined above.
husband, but …. his meanness. 4. To help … infection, our 1. Photographs and recollections confirm that in features
community care workers also provide clean needles and and coloring he …. his mother. 2. He was quite a small
syringes to those clients who are known injectors. man, about five feet in height, poor and …. 3. The first
5. Mr. Burberry is … to the task, for he is best known as term is always an unsettling time and it generally takes a
the editor of history books. few weeks before students become … with each other and
work together effectively. 4. It … me just how right Jill
READING COMPREHENSION had been when she said that teaching was the only job I
1. When his wife was offered a full-time job, John knew. 5. I visited the school I graduated from last week,
decided to look after the children because …. however I did not …. any of my teachers there.
A) he enjoyed being with them more than his wife did.
B) he didn't want a stranger to care for them. READING COMPREHENSION
C) his wife would earn more money than he could. 1. It seems that when Rogers was the writer's boss, the
D) he only had a part time job. writer ….
E) his working hours were more than Pam's. A) rather liked Rogers.
B) admired Rogers' ability to sell.
2. We understand from the passage that John … C) thought Rogers was lazy.
A) doesn't have any responsibility. D) was not very happy in his job.
B) had experience of helping in the house before. E) was a hard-working salesman.
C) takes pleasure in housework.
2. When the writer met the old man, he
A) was going to work. C) except youngsters under fifteen.
B) had finished work and was going home. D) if he likes going for a walk.
C) was working for a man called Rogers. E) but it is not safe
D) was trying to sell more and more.
E) looked shabby and unshaven. PASSAGE 27
CRIME
3. When the man in the park saw the writer, the man Crime in the cities has had more publicity than crime in the
A) tried to hit him, suburbs, but in recent years many of the suburbs have
B) begged for some money from him. found their crime rates increasing faster than those of the
C) immediately recognized the writer. cities. One crime prevention aid is the Neighborhood
D) wondered where he had seen the writer. Watch Program started five years ago and sponsored by the
E) was eating something. National Sheriffs' Association. The aim is to get people to
watch out for their neighbors. They are asked to be alert for
PASSAGE 26 any unusual activity, such as strangers who may be
SCUBA DIVING bringing things out of a house to an unfamiliar waiting
Exciting yet safe for all, Scuba diving is regarded as one of vehicle. Statistics show that this system works quite well.
the most satisfying of hobbies. It can be learned, initially
anyway, free of charge at many local baths, and afterwards VOCABULARY
the heaviest expense is likely to be that of traveling to the crime = an illegal action for which a person can be
sea. Scuba divers come from all walks of life. They don't punished by law
have to be well-off or upper class; nor do they have to be to have publicity = to be known
particularly strong. Generally, beginners should be over prevention = avoidance
fifteen, as it is difficult for children to master the various aid = help
safety regulations. suburb = residential district round the outside of a town
to sponsor = to support, to back
VOCABULARY to watch out for = to be careful, to be cautious for
to regard as = to consider alert = watchful, aware, attentive
scuba diving = diving with air tubes
initially = first  EXERCISES
free of charge = without paying money Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
walks of life = positions or occupations in society words defined above.
well-off = rich 1. Please … anything suspicious and report to us
to master = to learn immediately. 2. The conservationists mounted a …
regulation = rule campaign to save the wild life. 3. We should get someone
… the beauty contest, and organize our own system of
 EXERCISE rewards. 4. The government proceeded to declare a state of
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the military … on almost all the bases.
words defined above. 5. Moscow is keen to reduce and restructure its … to
1. I like this job because I meet people from almost all .… Nicaragua and to put it on a more commercial footing.
2. We do not have to pay for the concert. It is …. 3. My
friend's family is quite … ; They can buy everything they READING COMPREHENSION
want. 4. Probably the hardest task …. during match play is 1.According to the passage crime rates in the suburbs ...
concentration. 5. … I found it difficult to get accustomed A) are constantly decreasing.
to the food in Hong Kong, but later I got used to it. B) are not as dangerous as those in the cities.
C) are getting higher and higher.
READING COMPREHENSION D) have always been ridiculous when compared to the
1. Anyone who wants to learn Scuba diving at local crime rates in the suburbs.
baths E) don't need to be prevented.
A)should pay for it B)must be a member of the local baths.
C)may find it expensive D)doesn't have to pay any money. 2. The purpose of the Neighborhood Watch Program is
E) has to go to the sea. A) to replace the sheriff's and policemen's duties.
B) to make people suspicious of their neighbors.
2. We understand that Scuba divers C) to decrease the neighborhood crime rate.
A) don't have to be rich. B) shouldn't learn rules. D) to get the neighbors banded together so they can
C) must be upper. D) need strength. become better friends.
E) find the regulations difficult. E) to increase the rate of gossiping.

3. Anyone can become a Scuba diver 3. It is clear in the passage that the Neighborhood
A) provided he buys all the equipment. Watch Program
B) if he has great courage. A) is to work in cooperation with the sheriffs and police
department B) had made a lot of progress C) hadn't learnt much
B) is started to watch out what the neighbors are doing D) thanked the lecturer E) had worked hard all term
C) has no advantage in decreasing the crime rate
D) given way to increase crime rates PASSAGE 29
E) has no known affect on the crime rates CITY LIFE
Life in a big city is not easy. Posing many problems such
PASSAGE 28 as traffic jam, waiting in queues, noise, air pollution,
THE ART OF TEACHING power failures or lack of sufficient water supply, it has a
A less hectic atmosphere prevailed in a nearby classroom. bad influence on city-dwellers. Despite these difficulties,
Eighteen people, driven by the urge to get better an increasing percentage of the population prefer living in
qualifications, were listening intently to a lecture on big cities so that they can take advantage of amenities
sociology. The lecturer, a well-qualified young man who presented by a modern life. Considering that it is our own
went down very well with the class and kept them at it, had choice, all of us have some certain responsibilities for
the knack of putting over the dullest information in an making life where we live easier and bearable.
interesting way. Thanks to him the class had come a long
way since the beginning of term, and morale was high. VOCABULARY
jam = so many things or people that movement is
VOCABULARY impossible
hectic = confused, chaotic to pose = to create
to prevail = to be widespread, to be generally seen queue = line
to drive = to force, to compel power failure = electricity cut
to urge = to compel sufficient = enough
intently = carefully supply = provision, reserve
well-qualified = experienced enough, very skillful dweller = resident, inhabitant
to go down well with = to be accepted or approved amenity = facility
to keep someone at = to make someone work bearable = tolerable, endurable
knack = ability, skill
to put something over to = to put something across, to  EXERCISE
communicate something successfully Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
thanks to = as a result of words defined above
to come a long way = to progress 1. Fixing kitchen units to walls always … problems for the
one-man dyer, but it can be simplified. 2. They formed a
 EXERCISES … outside the cinema, pockets of greasy overcoats and
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the grubby kaftans bulging with flagons. 3. To a town … the
words defined above silence is eerie — so this is how the wilderness felt to the
1. …. your determination we have achieved our object. early explorers and settlers. 4. …. include a sun terrace
2. Certainly, such peace as … owed an immense amount to built out above the lake, garden, lounge, bar and table
Jones's personal stature. 3. Some people seem to have a tennis. 5. The pain of the separation was made more … by
natural … for making money, while others have a the fact their father was in constant touch.
marvelous ability for getting along without it.
4. Life was terribly … in the city, she thought, all hustle READING COMPREHENSION
and bustle. 5. The children were … listening to the old man 1. It is pointed out in the passage that …
relating a story. A) it is amusing to live in a big city.
B) we don't complain about living in a big city at all.
READING COMPREHENSION C) our complaints about living in a big city are nonsense.
1. We can infer from the passage that the students …. D) it has some negative aspects to. live in a big city.
A) were highly motivated. B) made a lot of wise. E) there is nothing logical to influence us to live in a big
C) were not willing to study hard city in fact
D) liked the atmosphere in the near-by class
E) urged the lecturer to tell them about sociology 2. We can infer from the passage that …
A) there is a decrease in the number of people who would
2. The sociology lecturer was able to make the dullest like to live in a big city.
information interesting because he …. B) many people have to live in a big city because they
A) had very good qualifications. B) was popular. don't have another chance.
C) had a natural gift for doing so. C) people who live in a big city are supposed to make a
D) made the class work hard. E) was an interesting person. special effort to make life tolerable.
D) it isn't pleasant to have some responsibilities for others'
3. We understand from the passage that the sociology comfort.
class …. E) although we have some difficulties, we have to bear city
A) traveled long distances to go to classes life.
 B) pets are likely to cause serious problems.
3. We can understand from the passage that …. C) pets-are less harmful than toys.
A) people living in a big city are unaware of the problems D) parents shouldn't buy toys for their children.
that make life unbearable. E) some toys are likely to stop children from improving
B) city life provides us with some facilities for which we their imagination.
can stand difficulties in big cities.
C) it is impossible to avoid problems as long as we live in 3. It can be deduced from the passage that …
a big city. A) pets are harmful to the children.
D) we have to endure the problems because we prefer B) parents should consider their children's interests to
living in a big city. make them happy.
E) difficulties are the results of a modern life, so they are C) children's interests should be ignored for the parents'
inevitable. sake.
D) it is not always possible to meet the children's needs
PASSAGE 30 E) the writer is against keeping pets if it gives any
PETS inconvenience to parents.
In most European countries pets are considered to be part
of families. Parents would sooner keep pets in their houses PASSAGE 31
than buy their children toys preventing them from thinking TV CHANNELS
or forming independent personalities. Psychologists also Some advocate only one channel, or maximum two on TV
suggest that children should have pets so that they can because they state that it is really difficult to produce good
learn how to share. When compared with other children, a programs for one, let alone for three or four or more. With
child who has a pet is more affectionate and helpful. a lot of channels, the standard of programs drops. The
However, some parents are not in favor of keeping pets in government cannot control all the programs-this means
their houses due to the problems the animals may cause. I there can be a sharp increase in the amount of violence and
think parents who are against having pets should determine sex on TV-What's more, the radio stations can go bankrupt.
whether their comfort or their children's preference makes These are all their arguments. And some argue against the
their sons or daughters happier. idea of having one channel. They think that rivalry among
channels is necessary because it can produce only better
VOCABULARY programs, that is, more TV channels, better programs. You
pet = animal kept can have a lot more subjects with different topics.
toy = plaything Everybody has got a freedom of choice and the right to
to prevent = to stop learn about what is going on in other parts of the world.
independent = free Well, who can decide who is right and who is wrong?
to suggest = to advise/to propose
to compare = to put side by side, to contrast VOCABULARY
affectionate = loving, friendly to advocate = to support
in favor of = in support of, for to state = to point out, to utter
due to = because of, on account of for = in support of
to determine = to find out let alone = not to mention
to go bankrupt = to go out of business, to fail
 EXERCISE rivalry = challenge, competition
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the what's more = in addition, moreover
words defined above
1. The state has the authority to … the content of a child's
education". 2. He is completely kind, … and forgiving.  EXERCISES
3. We all are … free thought. 4. We can see a difference Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
when we … the two ev forms. 5. Two … studies words defined above
surprisingly obtain the same results. 1. He denied all the charges against and said he did not …
violence. 2. I … that I would not hesitate to condemn and
READING COMPREHENSION punish unacceptable behavior. 3. It is difficult enough for
1. It is pointed out in the passage that an individual to be consistent, … a society.
A) toys contribute to children's forming independent 4. Many companies would … and others would prosper
personalities. B) pets spoil the children unfairly by raising prices rather than output.
C)parents keep pets in their houses to amuse their children. 5.The… between Mercedes and BMW is ever more intense
D) some parents prefer pets to toys because they prevent
their children from thinking. READING COMPREHENSION
E) pets help children form a positive character. 1. Those who argue there should be one channel on TV
think that
2. It is implied in the passage that … A) worse programs will be produced
A) pets may cause some diseases. B) people will find more time to converse
C) more channels might lead to the closure of the radio 1. I think that once chefs have the chance … views and
stations work together, it's very easy to adapt to a new style of
D) the number of the competitions will increase cooking. 2. The Khmer Rouge had no mercy for any
E) the violence in films will rise unless there are three Vietnamese they took prisoner and many Vietnamese
channels soldiers preferred to kill themselves rather than be …
3. Both Pen and Ferdinand rushed in immediately the
2. According to those who are against more than one carriage … at the door and wonderful was the reunion.
channel, three or four more … 4. He … up and found the cool blue eyes on him.
A) may help the authorities follow the programs 5. The doors swished shut behind me and the bus … from
B) might lead to arguments in the families the curb.
C) will improve the quality of the programs
D) are thought to make it difficult for the authorities to READING COMPREHENSION
control the programs. 1. Although most countries use spies …
E) provide different topics for film makers A) nobody is interested in the politics.
B) almost all of them refuse that they do such a thing.
3. Those who support the idea of having more than one C) enemies always capture them easily
channel assert that … D) they are usually dressed in black.
A) this, will increase the quality of the programs E) they are not aware what they are doing
B) TV is a danger for the radio stations
C) the number of the viewers will increase sharply 2. It is only the government officials …
D) good programs are made by authorities A) can act as master spies.
E) the freedom of choice is restricted B) who inform the public of all the political matters.
C) that admit the spies are used for national interests.
PASSAGE 32 D) who know the political side of the matter in an act of
SPIES spying.
Although most countries employ spies few will ever admit E) appearing on the political scenes in order to arrange
that they do. Therefore it is only on the rare occasion of a spies.
spy being caught by an enemy country that the public
becomes aware of what goes on behind the political scenes. 3. The event on the riverbank, most probably shows …
Even the exchange of a captured enemy spy for one of the A) a group of people taking precautions to catch a spy
country's own master-spies who had been caught by an B) a chase which ended in failure'
enemy country is done as secretly as possible. Early one C) a spy exchange between two countries.
cold December morning last year, three men dressed in D) an argument among spies trained in different countries.
heavy black overcoats got out of a small blue car that had E) a press conference to give information to public.
stopped on a lonely bridge in Northern Germany. They
stood on the bridge for fifteen minutes waiting and PASSAGE 33
watching until they saw a motorboat draw up and stop MODERN LIFE
below the bridge. Seeing three men stepped out of the boat My grandmother was the daughter of a farmer who lived
and glanced up at the bridge, they quickly made their way near a country town. When she was young she used to
down to the riverbank and the boat. No words were spoken complain that life provided her with few opportunities of
when the six men met. A short time later the boat pulled meeting interesting people and offered her the chance of
away and three men, too in black, and one in dark gray, pursuing her education. But that was fifty years ago. We
returned to the waiting car. still live in the same farmhouse. We still relish the peace of
the countryside and the quiet of the woods, but our life is
VOCABULARY very different from that of our grandparents. Why is this?
to employ = to use, to hire What has made our life so different? The reason is, of
spy = secret agent course, that discoveries and inventions made since their
exchange = giving/receiving one thing in place of time have immensely extended the range of our eyes and
another swap ears. One might almost claim that these inventions can
to capture = to arrest bring the whole world to us in our homes.
enemy = foe, rival
to draw up = to come to a stop VOCABULARY
to step out = to go out of to pursue = to follow; to practice
to glance at = to take a quick look at to relish = to delight in
to make one's way = to go immensely = very, vastly, enormously
to pull away = to leave to extend = to widen, to broaden
range = limit, extent
 EXERCISE to claim = to state, to assert
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above  EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the 1. Since those countries that have nuclear weapons are not
words defined above … to get rid of them, some testing is needed to make sure
1. They have … this dream so fiercely that they cannot that those they keep still work. 2. Classes are carefully
afford to admit any self-doubt. 2. He was asked to stand for time-tabled … the day, and occasionally stretch into the
parliament, but declined, having no particular … for party- evenings. 3. The effective … of nuclear weapons is a must
politics; he was too large-hearted a man for that. for the benefit of mankind. 4. She cares little for
3. He is … strong, but also shyly gentle and has great sense appearance and does not … the usual social rules.
of humor. 4. "Lewis," the other one rose to his feet and … 5. He was so humorous that his mere appearance … a
his hand. 5. His films cover a wide … of subjects and packed audience.
genres, from the futurist science fiction.
READING COMPREHENSION
READING COMPREHENSION 1. It is pointed out that the history of man
1. Obviously the author's grandmother … A) is full of wars that man has always wanted to prevent.
A) was content with her life. B) has nothing to do with wars along nations.
B) frequently met new people. C) does not have an example of an attempt to prevent wars.
C) thought herself lucky on the farmhouse. D) shows that man was not eager to kill each other.
D) felt cut off from contact with people. E) was not concerned with the organizations.
E) regretted living in the town.
2. We understand that there are some people who …
2. Unlike his grandmother, the author A) are not willing to associations. B) don't love peace.
A) hates the quiet life in the countryside. C) fail to guarantee wars.
B) regrets not living in a city. D) don't belong to the nations of the world
C) can not tolerate meeting new people. E) are not necessary for the prevention of wars.
D) wants to live a different life.
E) does not complain about the life in the country. 3. Association of nations emerged as a result of
A) the efforts to eliminate wars.
3. Thanks to discoveries and inventions B) the peace that prevailed throughout the history.
A) the countryside is also polluted. C) the nations which did not go to war.
B) the whole world suffers a lot. D) the fact that nobody loved peace in the world.
C) we can see and hear the events in the remotest part of E) the failure to fight victorious wars.
the world.
D) farmhouses are now more boring. PASSAGE 35
E) people have little chance of education. PANCAKE RACE VAY
At Olney, a small town in England, Shrove Tuesday is
PASSAGE 34 Pancake Race Day. The race is said to have first been run
WARS there in 1445 and has continued more or less ever since
The history of man is the history of war. Throughout the with occasional interruptions as, for example, during the
ages, man has been concerned with the problem of Second World War. It is a race that only women can
preventing war. If all the people in the world loved peace, participate in. They must be housewives and reside in the
no organization to ensure peace would be necessary. If, in area. They have to cook a pancake and run about 400
the past, nations had not wanted to go to war with one meters from the village square to the Parish church, tossing
another, no association of nations would have been their pancake three times as they run.
necessary to outlaw war. But history has proved to
mankind that the nations of the world have not been
disposed to abide by these conditions. VOCABULARY
occasional = not regularly or often
VOCABULARY interruption = break
throughout = during, all through to participate in = to join, to take part in
to be concerned = to be worried to reside = to live
to ensure = to guarantee square = an open area
association = union, alliance to toss = to throw lightly from the hand
to outlaw = to forbid, to prohibit - to run = to be held (races)
to abide by = to obey
to prove = to show , to demonstrate  EXERCISE
disposed = inclined, willing Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above.
 EXERCISES 1. It seems that the only certain thing about the race is that
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the it will be … at Don caster. 2. I applied for the … post that I
words defined above thought might be interesting, but never heard anything
back. 3. Francis spoke with force and authority and was
able to make his speech entirely without … 4. One young READING COMPREHENSION
man, unable to tolerate the thought, burned himself alive in 1. The old man claims that he …
a public … 5. At the moment I am … in a hostel where I A) didn't hurt anybody. B) committed a few robberies.
have to share all the basic amenities and do my share of C) never kept his promise. E) always kept his word.
cleaning up. D) was never put in prison before.

READING COMPREHENSION 2. He was involved in the robbery

1. It's believed that the pancake race … A) as he was in need of money.
A) has been held every year since 1445. B) after he met his friends in London.
B) dates back to the 15th century. C) although he didn't want to do it.
C) originated in the 14th century. D) because he didn't want the others to be caught.
D) started after the Second World War. E) as he was promised to do so.
E) is a race for males and females.
3. The old man didn't give the names of his friends,
2. The race is only open to women who … A) since they helped him a lot when he was in London.
A) are staying in the area. B) got married in Olney. B) because he did not want the court to think that they
C) maintain a home in the district. were the friends of those caught
D) were born in Olney. E) are not married. C) because the police might catch them
D)lest his friends might kill him as he informed about them
3. During the race, the competitors have to … E) in case the magistrate found him guilty
A) jump three times and catch a pancake.
B) toss the pancakes to each other. PASSAGE 37
C) throw some pancakes into a frying pan. NIGHT TERROR
D) throw and catch their pancakes. It happens early in the night, usually during the first two or
E) throw away three pancakes three hours of sleep. The person sits up in bed suddenly,
talks incoherently, and may get up and move around
PASSAGE 36 wildly. He appears to be terrified of something unseen and
IN THE COURT his pulse and respiratory rates may have doubled. But no
The old man told the court that he had never reneged on his external danger is present. Until recently, this episode
word to anyone in his life, and that once he had consented would have been classified as a nightmare. Today, it would
to take part in the robbery, he had to go through with it. be recognized as representing one of two distinct
When asked by the magistrate what he had been doing phenomena. One is the familiar nightmare, a bad dream
since the robbery, he said that he had gone to London and that occurs rather late at night and ends in a sudden
that he had been staying with friends. When asked further awakening.The other is more correctly called a night terror.
who these friends were, he told the court that he didn't
want to say and he didn't want them to be considered to be VOCABULARY
involved in the others being caught. incoherently = unintelligibly, incomprehensibly
to be terrified of = to be frightened of
VOCABULARY pulse = beat, throb
to renege on = to go back on respiratory = of, related to breathing
to consent = to agree to double = to increase twofold
to take part in = to participate exterior = outside
to go through with = to complete episode = period, event
magistrate = judge in the court to classify = to categorize
further = more nightmare = terrible, frightening dream
to be involved in = to be connected with to recognize = to accept, to acknowledge
distinct = different
 EXERCISES phenomenon (plural: phenomena) = remarkable or
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the unusual happening
words defined above
1. Some of Harvard's clients … on their agreements to sell  EXEKCISES
when the price climbed. 2. If they were .... in the cover-up Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
it seemed inconceivable that the President had been words defined above
unaware of what was going on. 3. His father who, on the 1. We have .... newspaper readers by their persistent choice
advice of his solicitor, .... to pay back the borrowed Ј150 of paper type. 2. Her head turned away find she began to
with interest at five per cent per annum. 4. The only reason mutter …. 3. Mr. Bush … international military and police
Margaret .... the pregnancy was because my father hoped aid to stamp out drugs. 4. How the days, instead of each
I'd be a boy. 5. Some 63% of wives .... decision making. being … from each other, merged into each other!
5. The court has ruled that passive smoking causes lung
cancer, asthma and … problems in children.
 READING COMPREHENSION
READING COMPREHENSION 1. We can infer from the passage that every act
1. Frightening dreams that awakens the sleeper … A) has to mean something. B) sends a message.
A) happens early in the morning. C) is a signal. D) should be seen. E) is not a gesture.
B) were formerly called only nightmares.
C) cause the person to be more relaxed. 2. Gestures are done either on purpose or …
D) were usually called external danger. A) to signal something. B) cautiously. C) by chance.
E) regulates the respirator rates. D) by somebody else. E) meaningfully.

2.Due to the feeling of anxiety, or terror, the person's… 3. Hand waving has no other purpose than
A) personality begins to change. B) future is endangered. A) to give information to others B) sneezing
C) parents are scared. D) body shakes as if electrocuted. C) to go on communication D) to finish a communication
E) heart beats more frequently than usual. E) setting out.

3. The writer points out that the nightmare and the PASSAGE 39
night terror SOCIAL NORMS
A) are quite different from each other Social order is contingent upon most individuals doing
B) are similar to each other C) are in fact the same what is expected of them by others. Yet we are generally
D) have a lot in common fascinated by the people who do not comply with the rules.
E) have to be placed in the same book Generally we call these people deviants. By definition,
deviants are people who violate group norms and we tend
PASSAGE 38 most often to think of criminals as the mentally ill people.
GESTURES But deviance can also describe acts that are more
A gesture is any action that sends a visual signal to an industrious, more ambitious or more honest than that
onlooker. To become a gesture, an act has to be seen by generally expected within the social system.
someone else and communicate some piece of information
to them. It can do this either because the gesture’s VOCABULARY
deliberately sets out to send a signal-as when he waves his order = harmony
hand-or it can do it only incidentally-as when he sneezes. to be contingent upon = to be dependent upon
The hand wave is a Primary Gesture, because it has not to fascinate = to charm
other existence or function. It is a piece of communication to comply with = to obey
from start to finish. deviant = abnormal, unusual
to violate = to break
VOCABULARY to tend = to be inclined
gesture = movement of the hand or head mentally = psychologically
visual = related to seeing industrious = hardworking
onlooker = viewer/ spectator ambitious = determined
to communicate = to pass on
deliberately = on purpose, intentionally  EXERCISES
to set out = to begin Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
wave = movement words defined above
incidentally = by chance, accidentally 1. Waiting in one area is .... activity in others.
2. I ensured that Construction work .... the relevant
building regulations. 3. In other words, for an action to be
.... it has to cause some form of critical reaction and
 EXERCISES disapproval from others in the particular society.
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the 4. The islanders are ....; they are either out at work or
words defined above working at home. 5. They tend to be young, energetic, and
1. A band played and .... waved and cheered as men. ...., but so they are likely to realize their goals.
2. Some museums have prudently kept a collection of
mistaken purchases, and even bought some forgeries …. READING COMPREHENSION
3. The government has …. to take effective precautions 1. The writer points out that social order cannot be
prevent the use of drug among the young. 4. There was no maintained if individuals …
looking back; I wanted to remember Fiona as she was the A) depend on others in the society.
last time we met, standing in the doorway of the croft, her B) do what most people do.
black hair blowing in the breeze as she .... me goodbye. C) do not conform to generally accepted rules,
5. They tackled their political, tactical and strategic D) expect others to do what they do.
problems swiftly and directly; and, ..... their poll ratings E) are not fascinated by those breaking the rules.
rose strongly.
2. People who commit crimes are …
A) not certainly deviants.
B) generally expected to be honest. 2. The brain structure of the chimpanzee
C) in agreement with group norms. A) is probably like that of early man.
D) not really mentally ill. B) is biologically dissimilar to man's brain.
E) thought to be suffering an illness of the mind. C) does not resemble man's brain.
D) enables it to solve quite complex problems.
3. We can infer that the word "deviance" … E) is more complex that those of the other animals.
A) is only associated with evil things.
B) is exclusively used for ambitious people. 3. The chimpanzee
C) means people rejected by the social system. A) gestures are very different from human gestures
D) does not only Bring bad qualities to mind. B) directed the behavior of the early man
E) has no other meaning but honest. C) can solve problems by logical reasoning
PASSAGE 40 D) and man show dissimilarities in behavior
MAN'S BRAIN E) is similar to man in several ways
The amazing success of man as a species is the result of the
evolutionary development of his brain which has led, PASSAGE 41
among other things, to tool-using, tool-making, the ability BLINDNESS
to solve problems by logical reasoning, thoughtful A blind baby is doubly handicapped. Not only is it unable
cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways to see, but also, because it cannot receive the visual
in which the chimpanzee biologically resembles man lies stimulus from its environment that a sighted child does, it
in the structure of his brain. The brain of the modern is likely to be slow in intellectual development. Now the
chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain that ten-month-old son of Dr. and Mrs. Denis is the subject of
so many millions of years ago directed the behavior of the an unusual psychological experiment designed to prevent a
first ape-man. lag in the learning process.

VOCABULARY VOCABULARY
evolutionary = related to gradual, natural development doubly = twice as
to led to = to cause handicapped = suffering from a physiological or
logical = reasonable mental disability
to reason = to exercise the power of thought Stimulus = motivation, incentive
thoughtful = considerate, kind sighted = able to see
cooperation = teamwork intellectual = interested in things of the mind
striking = remarkable, outstanding subject = person, animal or thing to undergo or
to resemble = to look like experience something
to lie in = to exist to design = to plan
dissimilar to = different from lag = delay
to direct = to manage, to control
 EXERCISES
 EXEKCISES Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the words defined above
words defined above 1. The name is called twice now, for the matter is …urgent.
1. Lunchtime drinking that … reduced or poor quality 2. At the back of the hall a .... woman sat quietly in a
work in the afternoons is one example. 2. Their flowers wheelchair and a man paced up and down, a tiny Down's
appear over several weeks in summer and are at all times syndrome baby gurgling in his arms. 3. This money was
most …. and handsome. 3. The real power of computerized initially paid out to distributors as a ... to set up a network
data .... a deeper, more sophisticated analysis of the of satellite producers. 4. Magnifiers are available for
information which already exists. partially .... people. 5. It just doesn't pay .... behind the hi-
4. Photographs and recollections confirm that in features tech revolution technology.
and coloring he .... his mother. 5. In this respect, the study
of the properties of objects in the social sciences is quite .... READING COMPREHENSION
to equivalent studies in physics or chemistry. 1. Failing to receive visual stimulus ....
A) disables the child to see
READING COMPREHENSION B) is an advantage for a blind child.
1. The fact that prehistoric man made tools is considered to C) slows down the learning process.
be one of the major criteria … D) the environment does not show.
A) which do not make him more intelligent. E) makes the blind cleverer.
B) peculiar to animals.
C) distinguishing him from other creatures. 2. The things a child sees in his surroundings
D)playing an important part in the security of chimpanzees A) can help him identify the objects behind.
E) proving that chimpanzees are unique. B) don't mean much to him.
C) make him doubly handicapped. C) do not help the students enough to specialize in a
D) make the child an ideal subject for testing. profession D) will not make one a better person
E) are helpful to intellectual development. E) gives everything that a person needs

3. From the passage we understand that … 3. It is obvious from the passage that
A) Denis is blind from birth. A) colleges help students to express themselves
B) a blind child's mental development is slower than his B) colleges didn't develop students' abilities to think
physical development C) study investigated the effect of seven years on the
C) blind people face countless difficulties in their lives' students
D) the blind can live near-normal lives when compared D) students were happy because they attended the college
with other handicapped people E) Carnegie Commission was made up of students
E) sighted people cannot locate objects as well as the blind.
PASSAGE 43
PASSAGE 42 SLEEP
COLLEGES Some scientists have asserted that there is a correlation
The ultimate defense of college has always been that while between your intelligence and the amount of sleep you
it may not teach you anything vocationally useful, it will need. The higher your intelligence, the less sleep you need.
somehow make you a better person, able to do anything Intelligence reaches its peak in the early twenties and most
better, and those who make it through the process are great scientific discoveries have been made by under
initiated into the 'Fellowship of educated men and woman." thirties. It has been indicated that the two best ways to
In a study intended to probe what graduates seven years maintain your intelligence at its youthful strength are to
out of college thought their colleges should have done for drink no alcohol and to continue studying throughout
them, the Carnegie Commission found that most alumni your life.
expected the "development of my abilities to think and
express myself." VOCABULARY
to assert = to claim
VOCABULARY correlation = link, association
ultimate = final, eventual peak = highest point, top
defense = guard, security to indicate = to show
vocationally = related to a certain kind of work to maintain = to keep
to initiate = to start youthful = young, fresh
to probate = to investigate. strength = power
alumni = former students, graduates throughout = during, the whole time

 EXERCISES  EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the Complete the sentences with a suitable form of. the
words defined above words defined above
1. Being able to land safely in fields should be one of the 1. Linda Cullen .... that her first book will not be her last
… aims in glider pilot. 2. Each of these courses is …. and adds that the next one is on the way. 2. Using data
attractive, academically challenging and personally from 1,000 1988 annual reports, the survey found a close
fulfilling. 3. The autumn launch of the Campaign for .... between industry performance and pay increases.
Resource will include a wide range of events to which we 3. In my view, at the .... of his career, my father achieved
welcome friends, …. , students and staff. his ambition. 4. Thousands of boats were constructed and
4. I was usually the active person, or rather it was usually I ....in the hundreds of boatyards or "docks" found on
who .... discussions. 5. A lengthy public enquiry .... the Britain's canals and rivers. 5. Returning to the kitchen, she
cause of the disaster and attributed blame to certain .... with a nod of her head that Craig sit on the stool near
officials, but blame is not a necessary part of this story. the fire.

READING COMPREHENSION READING COMPREHENSION

1. We can infer from the passage that 1. It has been suggested in the passage that
A) every student long for a college education A) intelligent people need no sleep at all
B) colleges are the only places where students can do B) there is no connection between intelligence and sleep
something good C) nobody criticizes colleges C) less intelligent people need less sleep
D) college graduates should defend colleges D) although it is not certain intelligent people need less
E) some people are against colleges sleep
E) it has been proved that intelligent people need more
2. According to the author college education sleep
A) help people find useful jobs
B) provide students with full knowledge about vocations 2. Most scientific discoveries were made …
A) by a very small group of people
B) by people who have drunk very little alcohol D) their textbooks are interesting.
C) in the first part of the century E) they see that the teacher is not looking at them.
D) by young people E) by older people
3. The writer says that the teacher always seemed to
3. You can stop your intelligence deteriorating if you know what looking away from him meant …
A) rarely drink B) go to university A) and therefore picked up interesting subjects.
C) always try to keep learning B) so he avoided contact with the students.
D) never drink when you are studying C) because he signaled uncertainty.
E) drink and study throughout your life D) and was not interested in the students.
E) and chose the students dealing with different things.
PASSAGE 44
EYE CONTACT
The eyes themselves can convey several kinds of PASSAGE 45
messages. Meeting someone's glance with your eyes is INVENTIONS
usually a sign of involvement, while looking away signals Two factors are particularly significant in the history of
a desire to avoid contact. Most of us remember trying to inventions. One is the part played by inspiration, which can
avoid a question we didn't understand by glancing away be far more vital than that of careful research. An example
from the teacher. At times like these we usually become of this is the discovery of insulin by Frederick Banthing.
very interested in our textbooks, fingernails, the clock- He knew very little about the large amount of work which
anything but the teacher's stare. Of course, the teacher had been done in the field. Nevertheless, he succeeded
always seemed to know the meaning of this nonverbal where other more knowledgeable experimenters failed.
behavior and ended up picking on those of us who signaled The other factor is chance. Alexander Fleming's discovery
out uncertainty. of Penicillin was an accident. He was cultivating bacteria,
when a cell of what we now call penicillin fell in the
VOCABULARY bacteria. And this coincidence led him to his important
to convey = to send discovery.
glance = quick look
involvement = taking part, concern, interest VOCABULARY
to avoid = to keep away from, to evade inspiration = bright idea, motivation, encouragement
to signal = to show, to indicate vital = important, urgent
stare = intent look, gaze knowledgeable = expert, experienced
nonverbal = not using spoken language nevertheless = but, yet, still
to end up = to finish up to succeed (in doing something) = to be successful
to pick on = to choose, to decide on to cultivate = to develop, to nurture
uncertainty = hesitation, doubt coincidence = accident, chance
to lead to = to guide, to direct
 EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the  EXERCISES
words defined above Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
1. I'm not going to .... you so you can feel free to answer words defined above
the question. 2. Moments of doubt and .... always arise, 1. She was all alone in her dazzling white attic, listening,
even with the greatest people. 3. He spent ages at the and waiting for .... to strike. 2. It is no .... that his name
window, .... hard and seeing nothing. 4. All four were comes up so often. He must be very skillful.
accused of .... in the murders of two Australian tourists on 3. It is .... that the students' final grades be submitted to the
holiday in the Dutch town of Redmond in May 1990. 5. If students’ office. 4. The treatment .... and the patient
it is necessary to .... a message, I would ask you to do so recovered rapidly. 5. It would require permanent, steady
through a messenger. and patient activity a new attitude in people's minds
towards work, life and society.
READING COMPREHENSION
1. The passage emphasizes the fact that READING COMPREHENSION
A) we usually avoid meeting someone's glance. 1. The history of inventions shows that careful research
B) people like establishing contacts with eyes. A) leads to big inventions. B) is not enough for success.
C) we are always involved in others’ affairs. C) requires very little knowledge. D) is of importance.
D) many sorts of messages can be sent through eyes. E) more vital than inspiration.
E) it is impossible to look away.
2. When Frederick Banthing was working on insulin, he
2. Students usually look in the different direction when A) failed in his other experiments.
A) they want to answer the teacher's questions. B) got help from knowledgeable experimenters.
B) they understand what the teacher means. C) did little amount of work.
C) they don't want to answer what the teacher will ask. D) was inspired by the extent of the work done in the field.
E) was not aware of the considerable work done by D) only treats those who have a family today.
other scientists. E) worked on his own.
3. It is obvious in the passage that when Fleming
discovered penicillin, he … 3. It is clear in the passage that today's doctor ….
A) was sure to discover it. B) had a terrible accident. A) is not satisfied with the opportunities he has.
C) was doing another experiment. D) fell in the bacteria. B) sometimes visits patients at home.
E) the bacteria was discovered by chance. C) has problems with his or her specialty.
D) is better equipped than the family doctor.
PASSAGE 46 E) must have a laboratory where he can do tests.
MEDICAL CARE
Medical care has changed greatly since the days when the PASSAGE 47
family doctor treated all family members for every type of WRITING VS.TELEPHONING
medical problem. Today's physician is usually a specialist Most people would rather call than write because it takes
who treats only problems with his or her specialty. Today's less time. They place a great deal of emphasis on
specialists often work together in a large group in order to accomplishing things as quickly and efficiently as possible.
share costs. The group will buy expensive equipment for So it is not startling that we would place a ten minute
its own offices rather than use hospital facilities. The phone call to let a loved one know what is going on in our
physician's office usually has a laboratory where a variety lives rather than spend an hour explaining details in a three
of medical tests can be done. So, unlike the family doctor, page letter. In addition, telephoning is more convenient
who often visited patients at home, today's doctors because there is less work involved. When using the
normally see patients in their office, where they can use phone, we merely dial and begin to talk. When writing a
specialized equipment. letter, however, we must find stationery, write the letter,
address it, get a stamp on it, mail it, and then wait, who
VOCABULARY knows how long for reply.
to treat = to care for, to try to make a patient well again
specialist = a person who has a particular skill or knows a VOCABULARY
lot about a particular subject. Emphasis = special or extra importance given to an
specialty = a particular type of work a person does best activity
equipment = things used for particular purpose To accomplish = to succeed in doing something
facility = pieces of equipment or services provided for a Startling = surprising and frightening
particular purpose Convenient = easy, useful or suitable
a variety of = a number of To involve = to require, to mean
unlike = different from, contrasting Merely = only
to specialize = to become a specialist Stationery = paper, envelopes, and other materials for
writing
 EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the  EXERCISES
words defined above Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
1. Some cases of infertility are easy to ...., although others words defined above
require complex treatment. 2. He .... in collecting the work 1. In the business of acting the .... is always on practical
of four artists he considered to be the true Cubists, Picasso, work. 2. The passage included a bit about small men being
Braque, Leger and Gris. 3. They will want to know that unable .... great things. 3. Jean had never paid much
you have a safe, warm place for children to play, and that attention to her appearance because she didn't have time
your kitchen and toilet .... are adequate. 4. People are still for it, but now she didn't have Steven to look after, she
injecting and sharing dirty ...... 5. In London we have a used the hairdo as a starting point for a general overhaul of
team of .... nurses backed up by 2 doctors. her wardrobe, and the effect was quite .....
4. Using a mouse is very .... — but some might prefer the
REDING COMREHENSION keyboard. 5. This would .... staying behind after office
1. The difference between the family doctor of the past hours to empty some bins and hoover around a hit.
and today's physician is that .............
A) family doctors charge higher fees. READING COMPREHENSION
B) the latter does not treat every type of medical problems. 1. Most people think that getting in touch with a person
C) both are not specialized in a branch. by writing .............
D) physicians can't carry out tests. A) is quicker and more efficient.
E) family doctors see the patients of their family. B) does not take much time.
C) is not as efficient as by phoning.
2. We can infer from the passage that the family doctor D) requires less work.
A) does not need expensive equipment today. E) always takes an hour to explain details.
B) is rich enough, so he need not share costs.
C) avail himself of the hospital facilities. 2. Writing a letter is considered to be .............
A) tiring B) convenient C) efficient society.
D) emphasizing E) quicker C) is unclear and continually changes.
D) is just like those of painting and music.
3. If you are an impatient person E) is not only based on words.
A) writing a letter is not meant for you,
B) you should write a letter instead of phoning. 3. One definition of literature maintains that
C) you can wait for reply for a long time. A) it cannot be classified a form of art.
D) explaining things in detail is for you. B) results from its abstract terminology.
E) ton-minute phone calls are not enough for you. C) translation should be given due importance,
D) literature is not related to experience.
PASSAGE 48 E) there is no need to redefine it.
LITERATURE
The study of humanities has always been prevented by its PASSAGE 49
abstract terminology. Literature as distinct from the fine URBANIZATION
arts, deals exclusively with words. Lacking the visual The nineteenth century experienced a sudden growth of
aspect of painting and the audio aspect of music, it remains cities, with populations ranging from 100.000 to 8 million.
an ambiguous entity that is constantly being redefined. An important reason for this urbanization lies with the
Definitions of literature often reflect two extreme Industrial Revolution and the Agricultural Revolution. Due
positions. There are those who see literature as a form of to the introduction of steam power, the number of factories
art, as a way of translating experience, and others who see increased rapidly. Since the use of steam power required
it as a social document. large amounts of coal and iron, there was a great need for a
labor force. Consequently, more and more workers came
VOCABULARY both to the factories and to the local fields. Hence, towns
To prevent = to stop and cities developed round the new industries.
Abstract = way of thinking based on general ideas
rather than on real things and events VOCABULARY
Distinct = separate to range from = to vary
Exclusively = involving only the things mentioned, urbanization = taking on the characteristics of a city
solely to lie with = to involve, to be caused by
Aspect = feature to require = to need, to want
Ambiguous = unclear or-confusing labor force = workers
Entity = thing, unit, being consequently = as a result
Constantly = always, continuously hence = so, therefore
To (re)define = to describe, to name (again)
Reflect = show, display.  EXERCISES
Extreme = very great in degree or intensity Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above
 EXERCISE 1. In the meeting, the age of those present ... from 26 to 49,
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the with an average age of 37. 2. Japan has, for the next decade
words defined above anyway, an easy way of expanding its .... even though
1. Even if Clark had been willing to start such a grandiose population growth is slowing down. 3. The villagers should
project, costs would no doubt have ... him. 2. “Direct mail be persuaded that their benefits do not .... the destruction of
is a very broad category — we need ... it," he said. the forest. 4. He was not well prepared for the interview
3. A software product which runs ... on workstations is ......., the result was disappointing.
Signal Processing Work System of SPW from Comdisco, 5. Trading stimulated ...., and thus a population less
4. These pictures are .... in that they can be interpreted in trapped in v ill ages emerged.
more than one way. 5. He particularly criticized the .... in
the document which he described as "woolly". READING COMPREHENSION
1. The most obvious effect of the revolutions mentioned
READING COMPREHENSION in the passage is ..............
1. We understand that fine arts A) an unexpected increase in the number of the cities.
A) lack visual aspects of painting. B) the use of steam power in the houses.
B) are not so different from literature. C) a surprising amount of coal and iron consumption.
C) are in need of abstract terminology. D) the need for a lot of workers in the industry.
D) cannot be redefined. E) the disappearance of towns and villages.
E) have got nothing to do with words.
2. It is clear that the use of steam power …….
2. The writer points out that the definition of literature A) resulted from the increasing number of factories.
A) does not cause any disagreement since it is clear. B) was popular in the cities with 100.000 or 8 million
B) is merely the life style and way of thinking of a given people.
C) made it necessary for people to build cities. 2. According to the passage, in the early stages of
D) necessitated the recruitment of more workers. society's development formal teaching ..........
E) was not dependable on coal. A) is only provided for rulers and religious men.
B) is demanded by many sectors of society.
3. Factories' and local fields' great need for workers led C) is only given in a few language schools.
to ....... D) depends on the development of language characters,
A) the establishment of new factories. E) the family leave all education to the schools
B) new settlement areas. C) the new industries.
D) the requirement of large amounts of coal. 3. As society becomes modern ..........
E) the use of steam power. A) school becomes of central importance.
B) the role of the family becomes supplementary.
PASSAGE 50 C) the school curriculum exerts a life - long influence.
EDUCATION D) learning language characters become more popular..
In a primitive society family and tribe provide all the E) education gets increasingly complex.
education that the young receive, and are the only
transmitters of culture. But when language characters PASSAGE 51
develop and an alphabet and number system have reached MOON
a certain stage, formal teaching becomes necessary and The moon revolves once on its axis each time it turns
schools are established for few important people who will around the Earth, thus always displaying the same face to
become rulers and priests to add to the education given by the observers on the Earth. However, even to the unaided
family and tribe. When society becomes modern and eye this unchanging face shows two divergent types of
complex, school does not lose its supplementary character; landscape-dark, plain-like arm of low relief, and brighter,
for however wide its scope and curriculum, it still remains decidedly more rough regions which cover about two-
true that the family is the first educator and a life-long thirds of the surface. Early astronomers erroneously
influence. referred to the smooth dark areas as maria (or seas), giving
the name terrae (or lands) to the bright upland regions.
VOCABULARY
primitive = simple, undergone little development VOCABULARY
tribe = clan, racial group To revolve = to rotate, to turn
transmitter = conveyor Axis = line round which a turning object spins
to establish = to set up To display = to show, to demonstrate
priest = person performing special acts of religion Observer = viewer
to add to = to increase Unaided = without help
supplementary = extra, additional Divergent = different
scope = range, extent Landscape = scenery
curriculum = set of courses, program Relief = design, carving
to remain = to stay Decidedly = definitely
Rough = uneven, bumpy
 EXERCISES Region = area
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the Surface = face
words defined above Erroneously = incorrectly
1. In all societies, from the most ... , to the most advanced, To refer to = to consult, to mention
envy and its counterpart, the fear of being envied, give rise Upland = high ground
to a whole series of often elaborate systems of behavior.
2. US troops later blew up the radio .... to prevent further  EXERCISES
broadcasts. 3. Over a million people found themselves Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
dependent on .... benefit to eke out an inadequate existence words defined above
as regards food and drink. 4. Small influences in the short 1. This early style of classical dance .... the talents of each
term may .... to large influences in the longer term. particular performer; therefore, many rules were laid down
5. The .... of Keeton's knowledge astonished us. in order to achieve perfection of movement. 2. Widely ....
views are now held on the value of the formal elements of
READING COMPREHENSION knowledge about language. 3. Pilots who have only flown
1. We understand that in a primitive society …….. in light winds will be dangerously incompetent in ....
A) education is not very far advanced. weather, particularly if they are also out of current flying
B) the family and the tribe control all aspects of life. practice. 4. Public opinion sometimes .... accuses the partly
C) culture is passed on by the family and the tribe. empty, off- peak buses of being run inefficiently.
D) school transmit some aspects of culture. 5. I .... this part of my life as my gray period.
E) education is less important than it was.
READING COMPREHENSION
1. To us the Moon's face ................
A) never changes. B) changes as we move our position. B) headaches can have a variety of symptoms
C) always changes. D) sometimes changes.. C) tension or migraine headaches are suffered by about
E) isn't always the same. half of American adults
D) headaches always produce the same result
2. On the moon there are E) headaches contract the neck, hand, and face
A) many kinds of landscape B) light and dark areas
C) very few contrasts D) only low plains to be observed 2. In America ……
E) dark areas of seas A) a majority of adults has at least one headache a week
B) only women suffer migraines
3. One third of the face of the moon we can see is C) over 20 million men suffer migraines
composed of ..... D) a majority of the headaches suffered are migraine
A) very rough areas B) light areas headaches
C) low-flying areas D) upland areas E) adults suffer more headaches
E) contrasting types of landscape
3. We understand from the passage that ........
PASSAGE 52 A) women suffer tremendous, unrelieved pain when they
HEADACHES have migraines.
The causes of headaches, whether they are the common B) female migraine sufferers experience great pain.
kind of tension or migraine headaches, or any other kind, C) Women have special difficulties when they have
are usually the same. During the periods of stress, muscles headaches.
in the neck, head and face are contracted so tightly that D) Migraines are only suffered by women and cause
they make tremendous pressure on the nerves; headaches, unrelieved pain.
taking many forms from a continuous dull pain to an E) All sufferers of migraine, usually women, can
insistent hammering result. Although at least 50 % of experience great, continuous pain.
American adults are estimated to suffer one or more
headaches per week, it is the 20 million migraine sufferers PASSAGE 53
who are in special difficulties. Migraines, which are mostly DAYS IN THE HAMLET
suffered by women,can entail tremendous, unrelieved pain. When Laura approached school-going age the discussion
about moving became more urgent. Her mother didn't want
VOCABULARY the children to go to school with the hamlet children
tension = stress, anxiety because she feared they would tear their clothes and catch
to contract = to make or become tighter, narrower cold and get dirty heads going the mile and a half to and
tightly = firmly, strongly from the school in the village. So vacant houses in the
tremendous = great, remarkable market town were inspected and often it seemed that the
pressure = weight, force next week or the next month they would be leaving Lark
dull pain = pain not felt distinctly Rise forever; but, again, each time something would
insistent = persistent happen to prevent the removal and, gradually, a new idea
to hammer = to hit, to pound arose. To gain time, their father would teach the two eldest
to estimate = to guess, to calculate approximately children to read and write, so that, if asked by the School
to entail = to necessitate, to involve Attendance Office, their mother could say they were
unrelieved = constant, chronic leaving the hamlet shortly and, in the meantime, were
being taught at home.
 EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the VOCABULARY
words defined above to approach = move toward, come near
1. His stomach .... so fiercely, she nearly threw up; hamlet = village, town
2. Most new actors have .... optimism, as indeed they must, urgent = important, necessary
for without belief in themselves training is just a huge vacant = empty
waste of time. 3. The peace in the harbor area was to inspect = to examine, to check
undisturbed, except for the .... and mildly annoying buzz of gradually = slowly
flies. 4. Returning from a training exercise one night, removal = going away, moving, departing
Sterling tripped over the guy ropes of his tent and cut his to arise = to happen, to occur
eye quite badly, which .... a return to hospital, to gain = to get
5. In her .... way she asked Jane for the loan of a field in in the meantime = meanwhile
which to hold a charity fair.
 EXERCISES
READING COMPREHENSION Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
1. It is obvious in the passage that …… words defined above.
A) tension and migraine headaches are common to all 1. Maggie .... Godfrey and said over his shoulder, we
people should have gone somewhere more enjoyable.
2. From that fact considerable difficulty had ….. consequently = so, as a result
3. Posts were left .....because no suitable candidates could to suggest = to indicate
be found. 4. The burglar is ..... a window with a view to concentration = intensity
breaking and entering, but in order to make his interest average = typical, normal
look innocent he pretends to be cleaning the windows. to escape = to get away
5. ..... my eyes got used to the glare and I was able to make namely = for example
sense of my surroundings.
 EXERCISE
READING COMPREHENSION Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
1. Laura's mother didn't want her children to go to words defined above.
school at Lark Rise because ........... 1. In December 1983 he was sentenced to 10 years'
A) it was too far away. B) they might ruin their clothes. imprisonment for "opposing the ................... ". 2. If you
C) their hair would become infested. ......... that you have shingles see a doctor immediately.
D) they wouldn't learn enough. 3. "The ........ age of entry for the diploma course is
E) they were going to move. between 18 and 20, though some schools accept entrants as
young as 17. 4. Before attempting a new definition it
2. Laura's family didn't Leave Lark Rise because ........ would be better to consider two important factors, ............
A) they were unable to find other suitable house. the art of the general and the art of the particular. 5. When
B) they couldn't make up their minds where to leave. a few of these dykes reach the surface,, a fissure eruption
C)unexpected circumstances prevented them from doing so occurs, and basalt lavas ....... over the surface.
D) they kept having new ideas about moving.
E) the children were happy with their house. READING COMPREHENSION
1. It is clear in the passage that the amount of carbon
3. The children's father decided to teach them to read dioxide is not ................
and write so that they ............. A) dangerous. B) affecting the atmosphere.
A) could write to the School Attendance Board. C) decreasing. D) threatening. E) rising.
B) had an excuse not to have to move.
C) would be educated before they left the hamlet. 2. Man has changed the world's climate by .............
D) had a reason for not attending school. A) building chimneys. B) using up more carbon dioxide.
E) he Was a good teacher. C) increasing industrialization.
D) destroying forest and by burning fossil fuels.
PASSAGE 54 E) carrying out computer studies.
GREEEN HOUSE EFFECT
The man made agent of climatic change is the carbon 3. If the amount of CO, in the atmosphere increases
dioxide (CO2) that pouring out of the world's chimneys in considerably
ever-increasing quantities since the industrial revolution A) the world will become warmer.
began. And in the past few years scientists have began to B) we can expect colder weather.
suspect that there is a second man-made source of CO2 C) plants will tend to grow faster.
which may be as important as the burning of fossil fuels, D) we shall have to cut down more forests.
namely the steady destruction of the world's great forests. E) the average temperature will decrease.
Computer studies have suggested that if the concentration
of CO2 in the atmosphere were to be twice that of today's,
there would be a rise of between 2 C and 3 C in average
temperature. The danger is that the more the concentration PASSAGE 55
of CO2 in the atmosphere, the less sunlight escapes back SCHOOL DAYS
into space. That is, some of the sunlight is trapped by CO2, The headmaster looked at me with an air of surprised
which acts like the glass in a greenhouse, allowing disapproval, as a colonel might look at a soldier whose
sunshine and heat to pass in but not out again. bootlaces were undone "Ah, yes" he grunted 'You'd better
Consequently, the temperature rises. come inside' The narrow, sunless hall smelled unpleasantly
of stale cabbage, the cream painted walls had gone a dingy
VOCABULARY margarine color, except where they were scarred with ink
greenhouse effect = the build-up of such gasses as marks: it was all silent. His study, judging by the crumbs
carbon dioxide in the air and their causing a on the carpet, was also his dining room. On the
gradual rise in the atmosphere by trapping the heat mantelpiece there was a saltcellar and pepper-pot.
from the sun
to pour out = to flow continuously VOCABULARY
revolution = an important change air = look, manner
to suspect = to think, to believe disapproval = dislike
destruction = causing damage bootlace = long thin cord used to fasten a boot
to trap = to catch, to shut in to grunt = to murmur, to grumble
 sunless = receiving no sunlight VOCABULARY
stale = sour, old games = sports competition, athletics competition
to go = to become to attend = to accompany
dingy = dirty, grayish controversy = argument, discussion
scar = damage with ugly marks altitude = height
to judge by = to understand from, to conclude from to collapse = to fall down
crumbs = thin pieces that fall from bread or biscuits to come close to collapse = almost collapse (faint or
mantelpiece = a wood or stone shelf, which is the top fall down)
part of a border round a fireplace to revive = to bring back to consciousness
event = competition
 EXERCISE
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the  EXERCISE
words defined above Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
1. The minister's wintry face looked acid with … 2. words defined above
Zambia … uncomfortably and sat down on one of the 1. And don't imagine that you are too sick ...... classes that
couches. 3. Rafici says that storing hashish inside the skin you don't like. 2. The Doberman has been the focus of
of a freshly slaughtered sheep is the only way to keep it much ..... since being introduced to Britain 50 years ago,
from going. 4. Peter shared the ..... three-room studio with 3. Fifty meters or so up the slope, she began to waver and
sixteen other disc jockeys, working in shifts. looked ready ...... again. 4. His is a Center Focus .... in
5. Cricket and golf, Bromley says, are both minorities, ....... collaboration with Birmingham Museums and the Icon
the size of their television audience. Gallery. 5. She fainted when she heard the news and it took
a lot of time ..... her.
READING COMPREHENSION
1. The writer thought the headmaster used his study as READING COMPREHENSION
a dining room because .......... 1. This passage is about
A) it smelled of stale cabbage. A) a race meeting. B) playing games.
B) it had margarine on the walls. C) an international event. D) a match. E) a disagreement.
C) it had cream on the walls.
D) it had crumbs on the carpet. 2. The problem that faced some of the contestants was
E) it was all silent. the …..
A) mountainous area. B) depth of the sea.
2. The headmaster looked at the writer disapprovingly C) remoteness of the area. D) height of the location.
A) as a colonel. E) coldness of the area.
B) as an officer might look at a carelessly dressed soldier.
C) as if the house was private. 3. The climatic conditions were a disadvantage in ……
D) because his shoes were undone. A) marathons. B) Jong jumps.
E) because he was surprised. C) 1.00 meters. D) hurdles. E) sprints.

3. The hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage PASSAGE 57

because STRESS
A) it was sunless. B) the color was gone. Stress is a factor in all our lives. Learning to deal with
C) they were scarred with ink marks. stress in a positive, intelligent way is essential to good
D) the headmaster ate his dinner there. health. One way to combat stress is to get rid of it in
E) there was margarine on the wall. physical activities. Anything from jogging around the
neighborhood to an exercise on the dance floor can relieve
PASSAGE 56 stress and, surprisingly, give you more energy to come
THE MEXICO GAMES with life. Stress can also be controlled by changing your
No meeting was attended by more controversy beforehand mental attitude. Learn to accept things; fighting against the
than the Mexico Games. The major problem was the high unavoidable or the inevitable is useless. Learn to take one
altitude of Mexico City- over 2^134 m. above sea level— thing at a time. Rather than trying to do everything at once,
which meant that no middle-or long-distance runner from a deal with more important problems first, and leave the rest
low- altitude country had any real chance of beating the to another day. Learn to take your mind off yourself. Since
'men of the mountains'. Australia's Ron Clarke, for stress is self-centered, doing something for others helps
example, went to Mexico as a multiple record-breaker but reduce it.
came close to collapse during the final stages of the 10.000
meters and had to be revived afterwards with an oxygen VOCABULARY
mask. On the other hand, the thin air was an advantage in to deal with = to manage, to tackle, to attend to
events like the short sprints and hurdles and the long and to combat = to struggle with: to prevent
triple jumps. to get rid of = to become free of, to discard
to jog = to run
 to relieve = to lessen or to end sorrow, pain etc. to occupy = have
attitude = manner, feelings to misjudge = to underestimate
inevitable = that cannot be escaped from, in a sense = partly
unavoidable = inescapable, inevitable bachelor = an unmarried man
self, centered = Interested chiefly in oneself intimate = very close
to discover = to learn
 EXERCISE embarrassment = shame
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to fit = to be suitable or proper
words defined above judge = a public official with authority to hear
1. Vitamin C helps ....... stress either from worry or from inmate = a person confined with others in a prison
intense physical exercise. 2. As well as relaxing the feet, a janitor = a doorkeeper and decide a case in a court of
foot massage ...... the posture and back. 3. The general ...... law
towards individuals with a mental handicap is gradually senior citizen = an elderly, ebb one who is retired
changing. 4. If the glider is very low and there is not a
clear area immediately ahead and below, a stalling type tiff  EXERCISE
crash will be....... . 5. ........what you don't need, he wrote. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above.
READING COMPREHENSION 1. He sees himself as ...... a position at the bottom of an
1. The writer points out that doing physical activities … organization which heavily emphasizes hierarchy.
A) may weakens one's health and lead to stress. 2. If you have large amounts of data to back up (more than
B) not only helps you get over stress but also make you will ......... .... on the six diskettes), consider installing a
energetic. tape streamer. 3. He completely ....... the question, and his
C) is only limited to jogging around the neighborhood. translation was ignored by the editor of the influential
D) is very surprising if it is done on the dance floor. Monthly Review. 4. Read newspapers, and don't......... that
E) does not help one relieve stress. the whole world is as interested in acting as you are.
5. Jack ........ from his letter the appalling living conditions,
2. It is pointed in the passage that there is no point in … including a water shortage and diseases
A) insisting on escaping the things which are sure to
happen. B) accepting things as they are. READING COMPREHENSION
C) getting away from the events which please you. 1. Status is the evidence of ............
D) wasting one's energy doing unnecessary activities. A) the fact that a person is very famous and important.
E) fighting against stress as it is difficult to get rid of. B) a person's behavior which causes embarrassment.
C)the place a person holds in a society in relation to others.
3. Stress results from D) a position that does *^i. m a ^nison inmate.
A) putting the things that you will do in order of E) the address where an individual lives.
importance.
B) dealing with more important things first and leaving the 2. Knowing a person's position in a society ............
rest to another day. A) means knowing his address and where he lives.
C) always helping the other and not thinking of oneself. B) does not tell us where that person fits in the society.
D) trying to control and change your mental attitude. C) is unnecessary as we can adjust our behavior easily
E) both trying to do too many things at one time and being according to people.
interested only in oneself. D) determines the way we should behave towards him..
E) helps us to be good citizens and respect each other.
PASSAGE 58 3. If we have a wrong opinion of a person's status ........
SOCIAL STATUS A) he doesn't behave respectfully towards us.
A status is a position an individual occupies in a social B) that person may get embarrassed and not talk to us.
structure. In a sense, a status is a social address. It tells C) we should be careless with our words and behavior to
people where the individual "fits" in a society -as a mother, him. E) we may get into difficult situations.
college professor, senior citizen, or prison inmate. D) we can assume that he is either bachelor or married.
Knowing a person's status — knowing that you are going
to meet a judge or a janitor, a ten-year-old or a fifty-year- PASSAGE 59
old - tells you something about how that person will ALCOHOLISM
behave toward you and how you are expected to behave An alcoholic is someone who has become dependent on
toward him or her. Misjudging status is a frequent cause of alcohol. Though he may never be actually drunk, he
embarrassment as when a woman invites a man she becomes progressively poisoned by it, and is physically,
assumes is a bachelor to an intimate dinner and discovers mentally and sometimes morally affected. At first-he loses
he is married. his appetite and feels sick, he grows irritable, disregards
his responsibilities, and becomes unpunctual and
VOCABULARY untruthful. Gradually he loses his sense of adaptability to
to assume = to suppose
society, neglects his personal appearance, his judgment is age groups. Infants under eighteen months go through two
unrealistic and his intellect deteriorates. stages. Before they can sit up, they enjoy toys that appeal
to the senses, such as colorful mobiles, squeaky rubber
VOCABULARY toys or big chewable beads. After they can sit up, babies
dependent = reliant like "graspable" things like blocks, nesting and stacking
progressively = increasingly toys, and cloth picture books. Children from eighteen
to poison = to kill with a substance causing death months to three years (toddlers) like toys that move (as
morally = ethically they are learning to do). Toddlers also like to use their
appetite = desire for food hands.
irritable = ill-tempered VOCABULARY
to disregard = to ignore somewhat = to some extent
unpunctual = late confusing = puzzling
gradually = slowly, little by little frustrating = causing danger
to neglect = to ignore, to overlook preference = choice
judgment = opinion, decision bead = a round object
to deteriorate = to get worse, to decline to stack = to pile
intellect = mind rubber = an elastic substance
infant = baby
 EXERCISE unique = single
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to fall into = to be divided
words defined above. in = fashionable, popular
1. Her husband became ..... when he was not working. to match = to fit
2. A salesman who threatened ......food at Marks and to go through = to experience
Spencer stores unless his demands for Ј140,000 were met squeaky = high-pitched, noisy
was jailed yesterday for five years. 3. So long as the graspable = that can be held
system remains as it is, those who choose …. their to appeal to = to attract, to fascinate
obligations may face a fine. 4. Every statement is based on chewable =that can be bitten and crushed with the teeth
observation; every conclusion is supported by evidence; nesting = a set of things each fitting within the one
every.....is carefully weighed. 5. While in hospital, because next larger
of the long-term nature of the disorder, patients' morale ..... dilemma = a difficult situation in which one has to
and normality is lost. choose between two or more alternatives
toddler = young child who has only just learnt to walk
READING COMPREHENSION
1. Although alcoholics don't get drunk ……  EXERCISES
A) they are only mentally affected. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
B) their health gets worse and worse words defined above.
C) they like being dependent on alcohol. 1. The more you try to decipher the more ........it becomes.
P) they feel like eating more. E) alcohol calms them. 2. Top 20 games are now almost never converted to run on
it, which purchasers would find very ..............
2. It is quite clear that alcoholics ................ 3. His ..... continues to be one of deciding whether to attack
A) are good at making friends with other-people. or to stay back..
B) always tell the truth and carry out their responsibilities. 4. Books that ........... adults too are just as important; we
C) are not easily annoyed because they are drunk. are, after all, the ones who have to do the reading. 5. The
D) would rather drink than face up to their responsibilities. gendarme ordered the students ........ their belongings in a
E) sometimes affect his friends morally. tidy pile against the wall.

3. One of the effects of alcohol is that it READING COMPREHENSION

A) adapts a person to society. 1. Sometimes children surprise their parents ............
B) helps an alcoholic to make good judgments. A) and always want them buy their favorite toys.
C) makes one tidy. D) improves a person intellectually. B) by choosing cheap and ordinary toys.
E) weakens one's mental ability. C) when they get frustrated while choosing a gift.
D) cannot decide what to pick up when buying a toy.
PASSAGE 60 E) because they only want to buy expensive toys.
BUYING TOYS
Buying toys for children can be somewhat confusing and 2. It is obvious in the passage that children of different
frustrating for parents as well as for gift givers. Children ages ….
can show surprising preferences in toys; a favorite is not A) don't prefer the same toys.
necessarily expensive or unique or "in". Matching toys B) are fond of the toys that make sounds.
carefully to a child's age, however, can help this dilemma. C) don't discriminate between the toys because anything
Children usually fall into several different "toy-preference" will make them happy.
D) want to buy toys that appeal to their parents. available and accessible, there are often barriers
E) always sit up when they are playing with their toys. confronting the individuals. 4. Workers planning to go on
strike .... to paralyze certain sectors of the economy.
3. While a two-year-old child likes toys that move 5. The government is expected to take a more .... approach
A) a-three-year old one chooses colorful toys. to economic matters
B) an eighteen-year-old-child doesn't like to use his hands.
C) a baby wants to .create things with his hand. READING COMPREHENSION
D) a one-month-old babies prefers toys that will attract his 1. The more educated a person is .............
attention. A) he will only have three rewards in return for his
E) a twenty-month-old client of toys that he can chew schooling
B) the more opportunities and freedom he will have
PASSAGE 61 C) the higher the chance of unemployment is
SCHOOLING D) the more equal he should be to get a job.
In strictly practical terms, schooling yields three rewards, E) the better the chances to earn little.
and the amount of each reward increases in proportion to
the amount of schooling. First the individual who is well 2. Good educational background ............
schooled stands the best chance of getting any job, other A) takes a long time to gain.
things being equal. Thus, the chance of unemployment is B) does not mean that the person will have freedom.
reduced. Second, the individual with a good background is C) provides fewer job opportunities to choose from.
the one chosen for advancement and promotion, thus D) helps one to obtain higher positions where one works.
enabling him or her to earn more over the long run. Third, E) decreases the amount of each reward one can get.
because of rewards one and two, the educated individual
has more personal freedom. Such a person will have more 3. If the pragmatic reasons are not one's goals
job opportunities from which to choose, is less threatened A) one should be encouraged to go on one's education.
with unemployment, and can be freer economically B) it is not necessary for further education.
because of his or her higher earning power. The decision in C) he can be freer economically.
favor of further schooling needs to be encouraged if only D) one is less threatened with unemployment.
for the above listed pragmatic reasons. E) earning power of a person will rise.

VOCABULARY PASSAGE 62
strictly = precisely PRIMING METHOD
to school = to educate Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your
further = more, additional tongue, and yet you were unable to recall it? When this
unemployment = joblessness happens again, don't try to recall it. Do something else for
background = personal history a few minutes, and the name may pop into your head. The
in favor of = in support of name is there, since you have met this person and learned
the long run = a long period his or her name. It only has to be dug out. The initial effort
the long run = a long period to recall primes the mind, but it is the subconscious
to threaten = to be likely to harm activities that go to work to pry up a dim memory. Forcing
promotion = advancement, raise yourself to recall almost never helps because it doesn't
to encourage = to give confidence to loosen your memory; it only tightens it. Students find the
to stand a chance = to have a chance priming method helpful on examinations. They read over
in proportion to = compared with the questions before trying to answer any of them. Then
pragmatic = practical rather than theoretical they answer first the ones of which they are most
to yield = to give confident. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the
reward = benefit subconscious mind are taking place; work is being done on
equal = the same the more difficult questions. By the time the easier
to reduce = to decrease questions are answered, answers to the more difficult ones
advancement = progress will usually begin to come into consciousness. It is often
to enable = to allow just a question of waiting for recall to be loosened up.
opportunity = chance
VOCABULARY
 EXERCISES to loosen = to become free.
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to tighten = to squeeze
words defined above. consciousness = awareness, perception
1. ...... a child should be excluded from a pub garden if it is dim = dark
used principally as a drinking area. 2. Jobs under the new to pry = to poke one's nose in, to find out
scheme will command a salary .... time worked. 3. Even in initial = first
the more developed countries where the structures to dig out = to find
necessary for educational and career .... are more widely to prime = to prepare
 to be confident = to be certain periodic visits, or they dissolve. Several researchers
to pop into = to go very quickly decided to investigate the effects of proximity on
to recall = to remember friendships. They chose an apartment complex made up of
on the tip of one's tongue = (be) just going to say (it) two-story buildings with five apartments to a floor. People
subconscious = (of) mental activities that one is not moved into the project at random, so previous social
aware attachments did not influence the results of the study. In
interviewing the residents of the apartment complex, the
 EXERCISES researchers found that 44 percent said they were most
Complete the sentences with a suitable form- of the friendly with their next-door neighbors, 22 percent saw the
words defined above. people who lived two doors away the most often socially,
1. "My father ran a pretty tidy ship," he .... in wistful and only 10 percent said that their best friends lived as far
recollection. 2. It was a day to remember; we were all quite away as down the hall. People were even less likely to be
taken by Fair Isle and I took the opportunity .... a few facts friendly with those who lived upstairs or downstairs from
and iigui about this remote island. 3. It later came out, he them.
and other contestants were being .... with the answers
beforehand 4. You are .... into my affairs, the next you say VOCABULARY
you hate people poking their noses into other's affairs. sheer = pure, absolute
5. The same song repeated over and over again, throbbing decisive = critical/important
in my head, making my chest..... absence = not being present
to fade = to die away,
READING COMPREHENSION attachment = connection
1. It is suggested that if a person does not remember a to reinforce = to strengthen
name or something else ....... to dissolve = to weaken
A) it will pop into his head immediately, to investigate = to examine
B) that name is always on the tip of his tongue. proximity = closeness, nearness
C) he shouldn't let the subconscious activities prime the at random = without purpose
mind. D) the mind should only be forced and the name fond = loving, affectionate
must be found. to maintain = to continue
E) he should not force himself to remember it. correspondence = mail, letters
resident = inhabitant
2. The best way to loosen our memory when we fail to previous = earlier, before
recall something is ........... absentia = not being
A) to meet that person and learn his or her name.
B) that we should read over the questions before answering  EXERCISE
the easy questions. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
C) to deal with something else for a while. words defined above.
D) related to being confident of oneself. 1. It was going to be .......... pain to say it, but acid agony to
E) struggling to recall what we want to. hold it in. 2. Martin Puryear received a.......... award for
sculpture that evokes the human struggle. 3. This sort of
3. If students skip the difficult questions without living of course .... the sense of isolation and loneliness
forcing themselves and work on easier ones ............ 4. Before the summer .... it was time, once more, for us to
A) mental activities in the subconscious mind will succeed get together. 5. Oxygen ........ more freely in cold water
in answering the easy questions. than in warav
B) they won't be able to do more difficult ones and not try READING COMPREHENSION
to answer all of them. 1. The writer points out that friendships will not last
C) priming method won't help them at all and they will be long ...
unsuccessful. A) if relationships are maintained by correspondence
D) subconscious activities in the mind will work on when people are not together.
difficult questions and make the students ready for them. B) as long as they are not reinforced by periodic visits.
E) answers to more difficult questions will only remain in C) because nearness makes the heart grow fonder.
the subconscious mind and the result will be failure. D) unless people are close to each other.
E) when people get along well with each other.
PASSAGE 63
FRIENDSHIP 2. The reason why investigators chose an apartment
Sheer proximity is perhaps the most decisive in complex was to find out .........
determining who will become friends. Our friends are A) whether closeness was a determining factor in
likely to live nearby. Although it is said that absence friendships. B) how previous friendships affected, the
makes the heart grow fonder, it also causes friendships to relationships of people living together. C) how friendly
fade. While relationships may be maintained in absentia by people were with their next door neighbors. D) why
correspondence, they usually have to be reinforced by people were less friendly with those who lived upstairs.
E) an effective interviewing method so that they could A) is uniting yourself only with the person you love.
carry out their investigator. B) causes one to lose one's individuality and integrity.
C) does not permit the experience of sharing.
3. People living downstairs .......... D) is not restricted to one person or a thing.
A) were most friendly with those living as far as down the E) is the union in one's own inner activities.
corridor.
B) made only friends with their neighbors two doors away. 2. The writer emphasizes that a person must
C) didn't find their next door neighbors friendly A) experience sharing and communion in his life
D) were less friendly than those who lived upstairs. B) maintain his sense of independence when uniting with
E) were found to have almost no friends upstairs. another person or anything. C) bear in mind the necessity
of illusion when falling in love. D) not have a sense of
PASSAGE 64 integrity and individuality. E) give more importance to the
LOVE image of the person he loves.
There is only one passion which satisfies man's need to
unite himself with the world, and to acquire at the same 3. What is more important for the writer is ........
time a sense of integrity and individuality, and this is love. A) the nature of loving rather than what it is directed at.
Love is union with somebody, or something, outside B) his ability, to unite a person with another.
oneself, under the condition of keeping the separateness C) the person he feels affection towards.
and integrity of one's own self. It is an experience of D) to instill active sharing and loving in other people.
sharing, of communion, which permits the full opening of E) the things or people that he directs his love towards.
one's own inner activity. The experience of love does away
with the necessity of illusion. There is no need to inflate PASSAGE 65
the image of the other person, or of myself, since the RAILWAYS
reality of active sharing and loving permits me to go Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a
beyond my individualized existence, and at the same time rapid and comfortable means of transit. They actually saw
to experience myself as the bearer of the active powers it as a factor in world peace. They did not foresee that the
which constitute the act of loving. What matters is the railway would be just one more means for the rapid
particular quality of loving not the object movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw
that the more we are together, the more chances there are
VOCABULARY of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows
passion = enthusiasm, excitement that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for
to satisfy = to please it and those against it can always find medical men to
to unite = to join, to bring together approve or condemn. The anti- railway group produced
to acquire = to get, to obtain doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to
integrity = honor, honesty, reliability public health; they would produce colds, catarrhs and
separateness = being apart consumptions. But the pro-railway groups were of course
communion = unity, relationship. able to produce equally eminent medical men to say just
to permit = to allow the opposite.
illusion = false idea or belief
to inflate = to increase VOCABULARY
image = impression to put forward = to present
existence = survival means = ways
bearer = owner, possessor' against = in opposition to
inner = inside pro = for, in favor of
to constitute = to form, to make up to condemn = to criticize
to do away with = to get rid of, to dispose of aggressive = violent
consumption = tuberculosis
 EXERCISE for = in favor of
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to foresee = to predict, to anticipate
words defined above. eminent = famous
1. She had a ... for fine music and fine art. to welcome = to accept, to approve
2. Yet no-one could ever have doubted either his sincerity catarrh = flow of liquid of the nose and throat
or .... in fighting for what he always felt was right.
3. My father had bought the farm at an auction, at what  EXERCISES
turned out to be an .... price. 4. The belief that this can Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
continue is an .... . 5. His courage and nobility are innate words defined above.
rather than .... through circumstances 1. Their ten years of marriage have been fraught with
difficulties, that neither coxild have ...... 2. I stated that I
READING COMPREHENSION would not Hesitate .... and punish unacceptable behavior.
1. We can infer that the love that the writer talks about 3. That this person should harbor .... feelings towards you
is unimaginable, but then suddenly, she goes to poke you 1. I would be very pleased to hear from anyone .... to
in the eye — and' you blink. 4. Tass quoted .... local accept this invitation.
scientists as confirming the incident. 5. Since she had taken 2. While provision for his guests is more than adequate, his
the trouble to travel all this way , we should find some .... bedroom .... a single bed with a small television at its foot,
of coercing her to stay. remotely controlled. 3. Low income, poor quality housing
with little or no insulation, and reliance on expensive and
READING COMPREHENSION inefficient' heating systems fuel ..... 4. With the rise of
1. Those who welcomed the railway did so because ..... modernism, Rodin's .... fell; with the decline of modernism
A) it was a convenient way of making a change. Rodin's fame is growing again. 5. Iris is totally dependent
B) they realized it would not get faster or more on Donald who retired early his wife.
comfortable for a very long time.
C) they thought it would enable armies to be moved READING COMPREHENSION
rapidly. 1. Most people think that poor people
D) they knew people's would fight with each other when A) can't work. B) don't like working,
they were together. C) consists of children under fourteen.
E) they expected more than just a quicker way of traveling. D) earns enough money for a decent life.
E) are willing to work but can't find work.
2. All boys and girls in large families know that ......
A) there are always people to condemn a new invention 2. The majority of the poor
B) we are together more than we used to be. A) are not able to work for various reasons.
C) a lot of people being together makes fighting. B) commonly believe that they are lazy.
D) the faster aggressive armies are moved the more C) are children and they are too ill to work.
chances there are of war. D) prefer caring for children to work.
E) it was a rapid and comfortable means of transportation. E) are not willing to go over the poverty line,

3. The anti-railway group ..... 3. The biggest part of the poor of the working age who
A) tried to show that tunnels were certain to cause colds. don't work is ……
B) said that tunnels would be cold. A) elderly people over age sixty-four.
C) produced doctors who would show the colds they had B) children under age of fourteen.
caught in tunnels. D) would show people the colds and C) the mother of young children.
catarrhs they had got in tunnels. E) were not against an D) people who are ill or in school.
invention which would facilitate their lives. E) people too young to work.

PASSAGE 66 PASSAGE 67
THEPOOK HOMES
It is commonly assumed that poor are lazy people who The institutional care we provide to our older people is a
could work if they were willing. In fact, over 60 percent of good reflection of the overall attitude of our society toward
the poor consist of children under age fourteen, elderly the aged. In the past few years, nursing homes have
people over age sixty-four, and people sof working age received wide attention as boring, meaningless places
who are ill or in school. Another quarter work but do not where people often have little else to do but wait for the
earn enough to rise above the poverty line. This leaves less end of their lives. Senile wards in mental hospitals are even
than 15 percent of the poor of working age who do not worse. One of the appalling things about nursing homes
work, and the vast majority of those are the mother of has been the unwillingness of people on the outside to
young children. When it comes to work, the poor do not show real concern for what happens in these institutions.
look as bad as their reputation, for most of them are too Even people who are entrusting a parent to the care of a
old, too young, too sick, or too busy caring for children to home rarely ask about the nurse-patient ratio, about the
work. kind of creative facilities or physical therapy equipment
available, or even about the frequency of doctor's visits.
VOCABULARY
quarter = one of four equal parts VOCABULARY
willing = eager, keen institutional = related to the (building of) organization
to consist of = to be made up of for social welfare
poverty = neediness reflection = thought
vast = huge, enormous - attitude = feeling, manner
reputation = being favorably known nursing homes = attention, treatment places for old
to care for = to be concerned about people
senile ward = division for the old people in a hospital
 EXERCISE appalling = shocking
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to entrust = to trust somebody to safeguard somebody
words defined above. or something
 ratio = proportion, percentage to regress = to go back,
available = on hand, obtainable to burst into = to break into
affection = love, care
 EXERCISE to pout = to show displeasure
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the rejected = abandoned
words defined above. to handle = to deal with, to cope with,
1. I am to carry on with the exhausting task of caring for an to cape = to handle
old and ... woman. 2. This arrangement left her with the to suck = to draw into the mouth by the use of lips
responsibility of her younger son's education, which she parental = related to parents
decided .... to a private tutor. 3. I believe the .... of men's
jobs to women's is 8 to 1. 4. Your course leader will be ....  EXERCISES
to help you. 5. We cannot accept the .... housing conditions Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
and will take whatever action is necessary words defined above.
1. Some broken bones are enough to cause your ......... from
READING COMPREHENSION competition, regardless of the stage you are at.
1. It is obvious in the passage that the writer criticizes 2. She sees nothing wrong in smacking a toddler who is
A) the situation of the institutions which provide care to having a ..... 3. When he is asked what he will do after his
the old people. own group splits he usually .... humor. 4. We are satisfied
B) the mental hospitals where the aged are treated. with the way in which our complaints were ..... 5. I.... him
C) the boring and meaningless nursing homes. to an earlier period in this life to find the roots of his fear.
D) people who have little to do but wait for their deaths.
E) the wide attention that nursing homes receive. READING COMPREHENSION
1. If a person cannot find the love and care he expects,
2. The writer points out that no one .......... he .......
A) shows unwillingness to concern for the institutions. A) only cries to get help for his problem.
B) asks about the facilities for old people. B) does the things that are not suited to an adult.
C) places a parent in an institution. C) wishes to handle his problems in a mature way.
D) is happy about the therapy equipment available. D) must behave as a child and suck his thumb.
E) is interested in what is going on in the institutions. E) should turn back to earlier ways of solving problems.

3. The same lack of interest in the institutions for the 2. Young children often regress because ......
old people A) they have been toilet-trained by their parents.
A) are not true for the mental hospitals. B) the arrival of the new baby makes them so happy that
B) is only the characteristic of people on the outside. they forget all they learnt. C) the older child does not let
C) has nothing to do with the attitude of society. them win the parents' affection.
D) is considered to be boring and meaningless. D) the attention and love towards them decrease.
E) can be seen in the relatives of those placed in these E) they are taught to drink from cups in the new situation.
institutions.
3. From the passage we understand that regression ......
PASSAGE 68 A) occurs when one can not cope with problems maturely.
Regression, one of the defense mechanisms, is withdrawal B) is becoming deeply upset and not knowing what to do.
into the past. If the rejected fellow regressed in a childlike C) means the end of parental affection towards adults.
way, he would behave as a child. He might burst into tears, D) is resorting to mature ways of overcoming problems.
or pout, suck his thumb, throw things, scream, and have a E) results from forgetting the things a person learnt when
tantrum. Regression calls for a return to earlier ways of he was a child.
handling problems. It is generally used when a person is
deeply upset and cannot cope in a mature manner. Young PASSAGE 69
children who have been toilet-trained and taught to drink HOW TO-LODGE A COMPLAINT
from cups often regress and forget their training when a One of the greatest frustrations in complaining is talking to
new baby arrives in their home. The older child does not a clerk or receptionist who can't solve your problem and
know how to win parental affection in the new situation. whose only purpose seems to be to drive you crazy.
Consequently the child must resort to previous methods for Getting mad doesn't help, for the person you're mad at
gaming attention and love. The result is regression. probably had nothing to do with your actual problem.
When complaining in person, ask for the manager or
VOCABULARY supervisor. When complaining by letter, get the name of
defense = protection the store manager or company president. (A librarian can
to call for = to require help you find this information.) If you are complaining
withdrawal = departure, retreat over the phone, ask for the customer-relations department.
to resort to = to turn to If there is none, then ask for the manager or appropriate
tantrum = fit, fit of temper supervisor. Or talk to the head telephone operator, who
will probably know who is responsible for solving PASSAGE 70
problems. Be persistent. One complaint may not get DRUNK DRIVING
results. In that case, it may work to simply keep on The majority of automobile accidents result from alcohol.
complaining. This will "wear down" resistance on the other A person who has drunk too much beer gets into a strange
side. If you have a problem with a store, call the store two state called drunkenness. This state is marked either by an
or three times every day. Chances are someone there will unpleasant feeling of loss of balance, or by falling asleep.
become fed up with you and take care of your complaint in Either of these problems is dangerous for drivers. On the
order to be rid of you. road, a drunk driver is too dizzy to pay attention to traffic
signs, and his lack of control may lead him to run a stop
VOCABULARY sign, exceed the speed limit, or swerve his car. As a result,
complaint = complaining he may either hit another car or a person. It is very likely
to drive crazy = to make crazy that he will crash his car and often he will kill or injure
appropriate = suitable, proper himself or others. Therefore, the government has
to rid = to do away with established stricter laws against drunk drivers.
to take care of = to deal with
to complain = to say that one is not satisfied VOCABULARY
to lodge a complaint = to make a complaint to result from = to be caused by
frustration = disappointment, dissatisfaction drunk = under the influence of alcohol
supervisor = person who watches or directs drunkenness = state of being drunk
persistent = insistent, not giving up to mark = to indicate, to be a sign of
to keep on = to continue, to carry on dizzy = to feel as if everything were turning around
to wear down = to make gradually weak to pay attention to = to watch, to be cautious about
resistance = power of opposing (using force against) to exceed = to go beyond, to surpass
to establish = to set up, to start
 EXERCISE to lead = to direct
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to swerve = to change direction suddenly
words defined above. strict = demanding, obedience
1. For many a stay in hospital is .... but they are often too
weak or ill to care for themselves properly 2. He is  EXEKCI5E
suffering from ...., irritable cough 3. Most governments are Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
.... by failures (particularly economic), scandals, lack of words defined above.
purpose, and electoral boredom. 4. "No, no," the Finnish 1. I have to sit down because I feel all .....
detective said, shaking his head as if .... himself ... the last 2. Classes are .... by experienced staff, and at the end of the
remnants of misunderstanding. 5. Far from being grateful, five weeks groups will usually be given a certificate for
she .... the smell within and declared that sleeping in the having attended the course.
open air had its merits. 3. Single rooms, and twin bedded rooms with extra beds
are available at most hotels although the demand for single
READING COMPREHENSION rooms always .... availability. 4. The coroner may also
1. A clerk or a receptionist fails to provide solutions to our order an inquest.... the circumstances of the death.
problem because ....... 5. The robbers' car,.... wildly, disappeared round a corner.
A) their job is to make people mad.
B) they are not the right people to make complaints to. READING COMPREHENSION
C) clerks are frustrated by complaints. 1. Drunkenness occurs when a person ……..
D) they have nothing to do with customers. A) takes excessive alcohol. B) gets into a strange state.
E) their only purpose is to drive. C) loses his balance. D) has an unpleasant feeling.
E) falls asleep when driving.
2. The effective way to solve one's problem is ……
A) to give the name of the store manager to the company 2. Drunk drivers are liable to
president. A) pay attention to traffic rules. B) drink too much beer.
B) that one should ask librarians for their problems. C) observe the speed limit. E) slow down at a stop sign.
C) to complain over the phone. D) violate traffic rules and have accidents.
D) to make operators responsible for solving problems.
E) to ask for the manager or supervisor. 3. The laws established by the government ......
A) are not approved by drivers.
3. The writer suggests that if one complaint does not B) were not so strict in the past as they are now.
work, the person should ..... C) lead the drivers to run a stop sign.
A) make simple complains. B) take care of one's problem. D) cause the drivers to injure themselves or others.
C) not give up. D) be lucky. E) get tired of complaining. E) were always strict and effective.
 PASSAGE 71 PASSAGE 72
RAISING HOUSEPLANTS CLASS ACTIVITIES
Raising houseplants involves nearly as much care and Through the class activities the teacher can develop
knowledge as raising children. First, both plants and creativity in the preschool child by giving importance and
children are sensitive to their environments. For example/ a value to what the child has made and by encouraging him
plant will grow faster and 'be much healthier if it is raised to develop his own ideas and thoughts. For example, when
in an environment of tender, loving care. The same is true the child paints a boat on the sea, the teacher could ask him
for a child, who will be happier and healthier if his parents what he had painted, what colors he had used and why he
love and nurture him. Similarly, proper care of houseplants had painted it. In this way, not only the teacher, but also
requires a basic knowledge of plants on the part of the the child is evaluating and describing the product.
owner. He must know, for example, which of his plants Furthermore, if the teacher ascertains that a child is not
need direct sunlight and which need to be kept in shady happy with the task he has accomplished, the teacher
places, and how much water each plant requires for the should show him the value of the task. This will give the
best growth and appearance. Parents, too, must have a child security in his work and will allow him to further
basic knowledge of their children's needs in order to develop his creativity.
provide what is necessary for the best physical and mental
development. VOCABULARY
through = by means of
VOCABULARY to encourage = to give courage to, to support
to involve = to require, to necessitate, to mean. to evaluate = to find out or decide the value of, to
to raise = to grow assess
to require = to necessitate, to call for furthermore = moreover, in addition
tender = loving, caring, affectionate to ascertain = to learn, to find out, to discover
to nurture = to care for, to look after task = piece of work to be done
proper = suitable, appropriate to accomplish = to achieve, to carry out, to do
shady = protected or free from sun security = protection, safety
appearance = look further = more, in addition
creativity = inventiveness, imagination
 EXERCISE
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the  EXERCISE
words defined above. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
1. The Group will be .... in the development of human words defined above.
rights awareness. 2. A small per cent of children .... in rural 1. If there is confusion between goals and methods, explain
areas used to experience schooling. 3. For years, she had that any one goal may be achieved .... several different
.... an ambition to set up her own business. 4. The global methods. 2. Above all, the child's wishes and feelings must
dimension of AIDS .... individual organizations and be .... and taken into account in all decisions that are made.
communities to rapidly develop their own local approaches 3. In the final discussion stage, the students will.... their
and responses to the problem. 5. Sun-loving plants must work. 4. We set ourselves the .... of raising money for the
not be planted in .... parts of the garden. needy students on the campus 5. The committee members
will begin the discussion upon the best method of ..... the
READING COMPREHENSION task in hand.
1. The writer argues that environment .........
A) plays an important role in the development of both
children and plants. B) has no effect on plants. READING COMPREHENSION
C) has nothing to do with child raising. 1. The children mentioned in the passage ..........
D) is important if the plants are sensitive. A) don't have their own ideas.
E) children are in does not concern parents. B) haven't started school yet,
C) aren't interested in class activities.
2. If a person doesn't have enough knowledge of plants D) are first year students in the primary school.
A) he can't raise a child. E) dislike drawing pictures.
B) plants should be kept in shady places.
C) their growth will be affected negatively. 2. The child can evaluate and describe what he has
D) they grow faster. E) his plants need direct sunlight. done ........
A) by learning the teacher's idea about it.
3. Love and care B) after he developed his own ideas.
A) should only be given to children. C) when they are allowed to paint pictures.
B) are not so essential for children as for plants. D) providing he knows what colors he used.
C) requires basic knowledge of plants. E) if he is asked questions about his product.
D) will only help raise happier and healthier children.
E) are necessary not only for children but also plants.
3. Telling the child how valuable and important his task 3. The writer is happy so long as .........
is …… A) there is no disagreement among family members.
A) encourages a child to participate in activities. B) he communicates with his children.
B) won't make him happy with his task. C) he has enough money to live with his family.
C) will encourage him to produce new and original things. D) his health is good.
D) allows the teacher to increase his creativity. E) his family has good and bad times.
E) develop the teacher's creativity.
PASSAGE 74
PASSAGE 73 If recycling of the rubbish is too complicated, then the
HAPPINESS government should consider other ways of salvaging raw
Happiness means different things to different people. For materials from our rubbish, or at least putting it to better
example, some people believe that if they have much use. At the moment 90 % of our rubbish is dumped,
money or many things, they will be happy. They believe sometimes near well-known beauty spots. In Japan they
that if they are wealthy, they will be able to do everything crush their rubbish, coat it in concrete and use it for
they want, and so they will be happy. On the other hand, making roads. In Sweden whole blocks of flats are heated
some people believe that money is not the only happiness. by burning domestic rubbish in special incinerators, and in
These people value their religion, or their intelligence, or America they've found a way of obtaining oil and gas from
their health; these make them happy. For me, happiness is rubbish. They do not waste their waste but are finding new
closely tied to my family. I am happy if my wife, my fuels. It is time we started to think seriously about the
children and I live in harmony. When all members of my growing shortage of raw materials in the world today and
family share good and sad times, and when my wife and I stopped this mad destruction of our environment by our
communicate with each other and work together, I am throw-away society.
happy. Although the definition of happiness depends on
each individual, my "wealth" of happiness is in my family. VOCABULARY
to recycle = to reuse, to iv
VOCABULARY complicated = complex
wealthy = rich, well off to consider = to think about
to value = to give importance to salvage = to save, to recover
to be tied to = to be joined, to be attached raw = unprocessed, untreated
in harmony = in agreement rubbish = waste
to share = to divide and distribute at least = no less than
to communicate with = to talk with to dump = to throw, to get rid of
to depend on = to be affected or determined by spot = place, site, location
to crush = to squeeze, to compress
 EXERCISE to coat = to cover
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the incinerator = closed fireplace for burning rubbish etc.
words defined above. growing = rising, increasing
1. Gardeners know the .... of a really sharp knife for throw-away = in the habit of throwing away .
pruning as well as propagating. 2. They uphold the
feasibility of two billion people, diverse in language, color,  EXERCISE
nationality and religion, living together in …. 3. These Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
programs are part of the operating system — the set of words defined above.
commands which come with the computer and allow you 1. We should praise the efforts being made to-extract
.... with it. 4. The novelist threw himself down the staircase energy from waste and .... paper, glass, plastics and steel
of the house he .... with his wife and mother. 5. Cool or cans. 2. In 1972 the diver Robert Marx, who has
warm, vivacious or romantic, a garden design .... on the specialized in the .... of treasure from wrecks around the
color mix world, located the "Maravillas" from nautical charts,
3. Either .... or boiled oil may be used to make this salad.
READING COMPREHENSION 4. If people begin ..... sewage in the sea, it will be
1. It is clear in the passage that the definition of impossible to swim here. 5. I must stress that only
happiness .... aluminum cans are acceptable and, if possible, they should
A) is quite impossible. D) changes from person to person. be .... as they take up less room.
B) satisfies no one. C) is the same for all people.
E) is being rich and doing anything one wants. READING COMPREHENSION
1. The writer urges authorities to make good use of
2. According to some people happiness means rubbish....
A) sad times. B) good health. A) because we not only pollute our environment with
C) being unable to do everything. our rubbish but also rapidly run out of raw material.
D) having no religion. E) nothing. B) by just throwing it away
C) although he knows that it can not be recycled
D) and destroy the beautiful natural spots
E) by getting rid of it 2. The reason why we hold our breath is ..........
A) to dream better B) to watch the fight better
2. We understand from the passage that C) to avoid feeling pain D) driving fast
A) ten percent of our rubbish is dumped E) to express fear
B) the government can do nothing to recycle rubbish
C) rubbish can be used as a source of raw material 3. In some cases, breath holding
D) authorities are not willing to reuse the waste materials A) helps its to overcome tension B) make cause death
E) rubbish is burnt out in Japan C) helps us drive more carefully
D) increases the pain in your tooth
3. It is clear in the passage that ........ E) increases nervous strain.
A) in no part of the world can rubbish be cycled
B) there is no way to make use of rubbish PASSAGE 76
C) rubbish is used for making roads in America TATTY
D) some countries make use of rubbish in various ways. Fats are high in calories and should only be eaten in small
E) They use rubbish to obtain gas in Sweden. amounts, but they do slow down the speed at which food
passes out of the stomach into the small intestine and so
PASSAGE 75 play an important part in staving off hunger. Truly,
With some practice and self-awareness you can catch satisfying meals contain at least one slow-release food and
yourself unconsciously holding your breath. The reason for some fat. But don't be tempted to eat, say, a large chunk of
the breath holding is to minimize pain, whether real or cheese or half an avocado pear at one sitting. Fatty foods
imagined. For example, when the dentist's drill bites into should always be combined with carbohydrate. Potatoes
your tooth you almost instinctively hold your breath. Or, if are nutritious, and a valuable sources of high quality
you witness an accident or see a fight, you will very likely protein and fiber. They are a fast-release food, and should
find yourself holding your breath. With self-observation be eaten with some fat to slow them down. Baked jacket
you might find that you add to your own tension by potatoes are best eaten with a modest put of butter or
holding your breath while driving, taking tests, arguing, or melted cheese. You can even eat a few roast potatoes or
simply talking to someone you fear. chips, provided they are cut fairly large to soak up less fat.

VOCABULARY VOCABULARY
self-awareness = being aware of oneself to stave off = to stop
unconsciously = instinctively, without thinking satisfying = pleasing, enjoyable
to minimize = to reduce chunk = portion, piece
to bite into = to cut into fatty = food containing fat
instinctively = automatically, unconsciously nutritious = healthy
to witness = to see, to observe modest = plain and simple
self-observation = watching oneself carefully put = addition
to add to = to put in, to include fairly = quite, moderately
tension = stress, anxiety, pressure to soak up = to take in, to absorb
to satisfy = to be enough for
 EXFRCISE fast-release food = food digested fast
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the fat = oily or greasy matter in animal meat
words defined above. slow-release food = food digested slowly
1. It was also noticed that he ceased to whistle .... as he to tempt = to attract, to appeal to, to persuade
walked up the aisle from the vestry. 2. When bargaining to combine = to join, to bring together
each person takes the course of action which seems ..... the intestine = tubes in the body through which food
disadvantages, rather than to maximize the gains. passes when it has left the stomach
3. Yesterday when a shot was fired, everybody .... ducked
and looked to where they thought the shot had come from.  EXERCISES
4. The last decade has .... a real growth in public spending, Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
particularly on health and society security, coupled with words defined above.
an increase in overall taxation. 5. Although the increase in 1. Despite the labor shortage, employers have skillfully ....
rainfall would aid irrigation, it would …. the problems of demands for big wage increases. 2. Just eat in quantities
soil erosion and nutrient leaching. that.... you, and avoid putting on unnecessary weight by
cutting down on sweet things like cakes, biscuits and sweet
READING COMPREHENSION drinks. 3. I was very .... to gamble the little money I had
1. It is pointed out that in some situations we …… left in order to try and accumulate some more,
A) hold our breath unconsciously 4. Rain in August tends to be .... by dehydrated plants and
B) breathe more frequently. C) become unconscious trees or sits on dry, baking former water courses waiting to
D) start dreaming E) talk faster than usual
evaporate. 5. ....... mayonnaise and yogurt and mix with by the powers of aromatic plants. 5. You may also have a
salad. It will be very delicious. dry .... cough, a sore throat and a runny itchy nose.

READING COMPREHENSION READING COMPREHENSION

1. Fats ……. 1. To the writer's surprise ..........
A) delays the release of food from the body. A) got very nervous during holidays
B) should not be included in a healthy diet. B) were not able to understand his dreams
C) get out of the body quickly. C) grownups were not so excited about dreams
D) might damage the small intestine. D) were interested in hearing about his dreams
E) speeds up the passage of the food out the stomach. E) wished they could see more dreams

2. Fats, unless eaten much ........ 2. Most people that the writer knows .......
A) cause a person to be hungry quickly. A) are bored by his dreams B) do not enjoy their dreams
B) make you feel full for a longer time. C) find his dreams irritating D) wish they didn't dream
C) do not make satisfying meals. E) get worried when they don't see dreams
D) slow down the action of a person.
E) have no benefit whatsoever to the body. 3. The writer considers dreaming .........
A) a part of one's life B) an irritating event
3. If not eaten with some fat, potatoes ........ C) a meaningless activity D) an unusual habit
A) are thrown out of body quickly B) do not taste delicious E) the most nonsense thing
C) do not satisfy a person D) can not be cooked well
E) are very valuable PASSAGE 78
FEAR OF TOUCH
PASSAGE 77
VREAMS All the distance, which men create, round himself or
Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough herself are dictated by fear of the touch of the unknown.
of them to make me lose my delight in dreams. I like the They shut themselves in houses, which no one may enter,
idea of dreaming, of going to bed and lying still and then, and only there they feel some measure of security. The fear
by some queer magic, wandering into another kind of of burglars is not only the fear of being robbed, but also the
existence. As a child I could never understand why fear of a sudden and unexpected clutch out of the darkness.
grownups took dreaming so calmly when they could make The dislike to being touched remains with us when we go
such a fuss about any holiday. I am mystified by people about among people; the way we move in a busy street, in
who say they never dream and appear to have no interest in restaurants, trains or busses, is governed by it. Even when
the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said we are standing next to them and are able to watch and
they never went out for a walk. Most people do not seem to examine them closely, we avoid actual contact if we can.
accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it The promptness with which apology is offered for an
as an irritating habit. I have never understood this. unintentional contact, the tension with which it is awaited,
our violent and sometimes even physical reaction when it
VOCABULARY is not forthcoming, the antipathy and hatred we feel for the
horrible = awful, terrible offender proves that we are dealing with a deep seated
to lose delight in = not to enjoy anymore human propensity.
still = motionless, unmoving
queer = surprising, funny, unexpected VOCABULARY
to wander = to walk clutch = grasp, hold
grownup = adult to remain = to remain
to take sth lightly = to consider sth to be unimportant to govern = to rule
to make a fuss = to be anxious, to get worried to avoid = to stay away from
to be mystified = to be puzzled, to be confused promptness = speed, pace
astonishing = amazing, to be beyond belief unintentional = accidental, unplanned
irritating = frustrating, annoying to be awaited = to be accepted, to be looked for
forthcoming = about to come out
 EXEKCI5E offender = person who does wrong
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the deep-seated = innate, deep-rooted, subconscious
words defined above. propensity = tendency
1. Here the sun, if you stand .... all day, will just circle the
sky around you. 2. In spare half-hours he would .... in the  EXERCISE
market-place and streets and shops of Bishop Auckland Complete the sentences with a suitable- form of the
and talk with the people. 3. I.... about being first in the words defined above.
queue going down to the car-decks. 4. Since the dawning 1. Britain had .... Hong Kong for at least the past 25 years
of history, people have been fascinated, intoxicated and ....
only because China allowed it. 2. "It's for you!" he said by and large = on the whole, taking everything into
smartly and handed the phone over to her with such .... that consideration
she knew whoever was on the other end was someone ill-treated = badly treated, harmed, neglected
important. 3. Some of the things are done to us deliberately rolling vistas = progressing/ continuing view
while others are the .... actions of others or unavoidable obliterate = wiping out, destroying
events. 4. She has strong views on most issues and her ....
to express her views boldly makes her colleagues envy her.  EXERCISE
5. They harbor a .... but unspoken grudge against us. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above.
READING COMPREHENSION 1. The project will lead to the further restoration and .... of
1. One of the reasons why people fear burglars is that the best historic sites. 2. I discovered from his letter the ....
burglars living conditions at Shalla, including a water shortage and
A) arrive suddenly and unexpectedly. rampant diseases. 3. Let us calm down now, and resume
B) attack people in the safety of their homes. our .... and the scarcely broken thread of our argument.
C) might suddenly seize them 4. They will advocate the deregulation of broadcasting and
D) steal your previous possessions. the .... of channels. 5. Ruth's motto is that in order to enjoy
E) always do their job in the dark. life one must often help others and .... situations that make
people unhappy.
2. According to the writer, in public we .......
A) do not object to someone attractive touching us. READING COMPREHENSION
B) feel most vulnerable to attacks. 1. The value of a zoo depends on .........
C) always desire contact with people. A) the premises it occupies in a given area.
D) expect others to apologize to us. B) the value of its premises for the government.
E) try not to be touched. C) the number of visitors who come daily.
P) its being much more than a place of entertainment.
3. If someone touches us accidentally we feel E) the variety of animals kept in,
A) hostile to them. B) shocked by this.
C) disgusted by this. D) surprised by this. 2. The writer points out that people who are anti-zoo ....
E) delighted by this A) are mad.
B) approve of safari parks.
PASSAGE 79 C) criticize safari parks.
ZOOS D) are probably right.
I must agree with you (if you are anti-zoo), that not all E) should be condemned.
zoos are perfect. Of the 500 or so zoological collections in
the world, a few are excellent, some are inferior and the 3. The reason why the criticisms against safari parks
rest are appalling. Given the premises that zoos can and are eliminated is .............
should be of value scientifically, educationally, and from a A) the pleasant scenery.
conservation point of view (this serving both us and other B) rolling animals in the grass,
animal life), then I feel very strongly that one should strive C) that animals are always happy.
to make them better. I have had, ironically enough, a great D) the ill-treated animals.
many rabid opponents of zoos tell me that they would like E) the zoos closing down.
all zoos closed down, yet the same people accept with
equanimity the proliferation of safari parks, where, by and PASSAGE 80
large, animals are far worse off than in the average zoo. An WHALING
animal can be just as happy, just as ill-treated, in a vast Man does not actually have to kill the last whales of a
area as in a small one, but the rolling vistas, the ancient species with his own hands, as it were, to cause its
tress, obliterate criticism, for this is the only things that disappearance. Biological extinction will quickly follow
these critics think the animals want. the end of commercial whaling, should that end be due to a
shortage of raw material, that is, of whales. Whalers have
VOCABULARY long sought to defend their wretched trade by insisting that
inferior = poorer whales are automatically protected: as soon as they become
premises = places, buildings rare, and therefore uneconomic to pursue, man will have
appalling = awful, terrible, disgusting no choice but to stop the hunting. That is a very nice
conservation = protection, saving, preservation theory, but it is the theory of an accountant and not of a
to strive = to struggle, to do one's best biologist; only an accountant could apply commercial
ironically = funnily enough, sarcastically economics to complex biological systems. The reasons for
rabid = narrow-minded, fanatical, extreme its absurdity are many and varied. When the stock has been
opponents = enemy, challenger, rival reduced below a critical level, a natural, possibly
equanimity = calmness, self-control unstoppable downward spiral begins because of three main
proliferation = production, increase factors. Just to mention one of them, the animals lucky
enough to survive the slaughter will be too scattered to glanced round in the dim light and saw Cuthbert sitting on
locate one another in the vastness of the oceans. a tier of cages managing to look mentally defective and
indignant at the same time.
VOCABULARY
to seek = to look for, to try to find VOCABULARY
species = class, type weird = strange, odd
absurdity = illogicality, silliness to scrunch = to crush, to crunch
extinction = death, loss to intersperse = to scatter, to spread
to whale = to hunt whales to hiss = to make the sound /s/
to pursue = to hunt indignant = angry
accountant = secretarial anaconda = large snake of tropical South America
varied = diverse, different hastily = quickly, hurriedly
to slaughter = to kill hurricane = storm
to scatter = to spread anemic=suffering from anemia (lack of enough blood)
wretched = shameful, worthless glowworm = a type of insect, the female of which
vastness = bigness, hugeness, immensity produces a greenish light
commercial = profitable, saleable, moneymaking to arm = to give arms (weapons) to
trade = buying and selling of goods; deal to glance = to take a quick look at
dim = not bright
 EXERCISE tier = row, shelf
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the mentally defective = mentally subnormal
words defined above.
1. The large numbers of wild orchids being traded  EXERCISE
threatens some species with ...... 2. My records were Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
frequently consulted, my opinion often 3. The amounts words defined above.
were changed because of the .... of the amount. 4. If 1. He was a good footballer and he always looked a bit....
salmonella is confirmed a flock has to be .... and the laying with his striking blond hair However, there was something
house cleansed and disinfected. 5. Some maniac must have of a monkey-like mischievousness about him. 2. ..... with
come roaring down here in the wet and skidded into Alice the lessons will be visits to historical sites in Britain and
Modes' dustbins,.... rubbish all over the road. abroad. 3. The weapon was originally designed ....
submarines; it is 53 cm in diameter, the dimensions of
READING COMPREHENSION torpedo tubes. 4. 'Well, I've got to go home soon," said
1. Whalers argue that whales will not become extinct Henry, .... up at the mantelpiece clock. 5. We all feel....
because ........... about the insult to the respected old gentleman.
A) there is much less hunting now than there used to be
B) whaling is now more strictly controlled internationally READING COMPREHENSION
C) there are plenty of whales in the oceans 1. The author's early awakening was due to ..........
D) the hunting will stop when whales become rare A) the dawn chorus of birds in the animal room
E) they don't suffer from shortage of raw material. B) a crunching noise coming from Cuthbert
C) a hissing sound from a snake
2. The writer believes that the whalers' argument is ...... D) somebody dropping tools in the next room
A) ridiculous B) nice C) economic E) an odd assortment of sounds in the animal room
D) biological E) reasonable
2. The thought that first went through the author's
3. One reason why the number of whales could never mind was that
recover is that surviving whales will be ........... A) Cuthbert was uttering indignant sounds
A) killed B)isolated C)lucky D) frightened E) reproductive B) one of the bigger snakes got free
C) the biggest anaconda had escaped
PASSAGE 81 D) the large one of the snakes got into his bed
A MEMORY E) the snakes killed Cuthbert
I awoke at two o'clock in the morning and heard weird
noises coming from the animal room, scrunching sounds, 3. Before the hurricane lamp was lit, the author
interspersed with hissings and indignant sounds from A) fired a shot from his hammock
Cuthbert. My first thought was that one of the larger B) was shot at from bed
anacondas had escaped and was making a meal off some of C) quickly let his hammock down
the other specimens. I shot out of my hammock and hastily D) hastily left his hammock
lighted the tiny hurricane lamp, which I always kept by me E) thought whether he was dreaming
at night for just emergencies. It gave little more light than
an anemic glowworm, but it was better than nothing.
Arming myself with a stick, I went into the animal room, I
 PASSAGE 82 C) gaze at you, that means he's in love with you.
CHARM D) doesn't move his eyes away or stands still, that means
If you are fed up with people propositioning you, asking the woman an ordinary woman.
directions or even just bumping into you on the street/ E) stands there without moving, he does not want to make
don't call a policeman - brush your hair. Two American friends with you.
psychologists have discovered that people on the street
keep at least three inches farther away from an attractive PASSAGE 83
woman than from an ordinary-looking one and never TARZAN
mutter dirty things at her or ask for help. For those unsure Tarzan is one of the few characters in fiction to have
of their charm, the psychologists' research offers a further become a folk hero and although his popularity has fallen
test: move slowly and carefully closer to a man on a off since its peak in the 1920's, he is now said to be coming
crowded rush hour bus. If you are attractive, he'll look back into fashion. Yet no one anticipated that Tarzan
uneasily up, down and out of the window. But if he just would become a household word when the character was
stands there ... oh dear! first introduced to the public. His creator, Edgar Rice
Burroughs, had had a succession of jobs before turning to
VOCABULARY writing but they had fallen through. It was only when
charm = attraction everything else had failed and it seemed impossible that
to proposition = to make an immoral proposal to anyone would offer him further employment that he fell
to bump into = to meet by chance, to run into back on fiction as a last resort. He wrote some stories
to mutter = to speak in a low voice which he did not show his wife because he was ashamed of
rush hour = hurry hour (one of the periods of the day such an unmanly occupation but when he was paid 400
when crowds of people move to and from work) dollars for the stories, he could no longer withhold the
further = extra, additional good news. It was then that he hit on the idea of Tarzan
uneasily = nervously, restlessly and it was Tarzan who made him a millionaire.

 EXERCISE VOCABULARY
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the succession = series
words defined above. to hit on = to think of
1. Colorful narrow boats on the River Nene, beautiful to fall off = to decrease
parks and gardens, and peaceful riverside walks all add to to withhold = to keep back
the .... and character of a town that has welcomed visitors to anticipate = to predict
for centuries. 2. She had been .... at that last party by an occupation = profession, job
editor with bad breath, who seeing her drunk had been household = family, domestic
swift to seize the opportunity. 3. On the pavements, peak = hit the highest point, climax
pedestrians .... each other rather than step aside. 4. In one to turn to = to resort to, to fall back on
of the pews, a woman was fingering her beads, eyes to fall back on = to turn to
shut,...... 5. Liz is married, .... rather than unhappily, and as a last resort = as a last means
trying to make her way as a young mother without fiction = invented story, imaginary tale
impairing her friendship with Camilla. to come into fashion = to become popular
unmanly = womanly, feminine, effeminate
READING COMPREHENSION to fall through = to become unsuccessful, to fail
1. It is pointed out in the passage that if someone is to be ashamed of = feeling guilty; embarrassed
making an improper proposal to a woman ...........
A) She must ask directions.  EXERCISE
B) She needs to call a policeman. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
C) the best way of getting out of this situation is running words defined above.
away. D) ordinary clothes must be worn not to attract 1. He was on the verge of tears and did not wish to appear
attention. E) She is not attractive enough. 2. Boss David McErlain blames poor summer business and
2. It has been discovered that men usually .............. a vital deal that.... at the last minute for this latest crisis.
A) want to talk with-an ordinary - looking woman. 3. Since the funding ...., she was told to give up the project.
B) prefer to knock into an attractive woman. 4. The labels that have .... or become illegible makes it
C) say disgusting things when they see a charming woman. difficult who these two pieces of luggage belong to
D) don't look at an ordinary - looking woman. 5. What's .... fashion now are long woolen panties to wear
E) prefer to ask an attractive woman for help. underneath your trousers.

3. Psychologists claim that in a crowded rush hour bus READING COMPREHENSION

if a man .......... 1. It is understood from the passage that Tarzan ..........
A) looks around when you get closer to him that means A) is more popular than ever.
you are an ordinary-woman. B) has less popularity than he did ten year ago.
B)stares at you, that shows that you're an attractive woman. C) enjoyed his greatest period of success in the 1920's.
D) always attracted children's attention. B) likes tickling someone in the ribs.
E) helped him make 400 dollars a month. C) would like to see research done into tickling.
D) knows the answer to the question.
2. Edgar Rice Burroughs began writing because he ....... E) always laughs when someone tickles him.
A) was out of work.
B) thought Tarzan would make him a millionaire 2. According to passage, it is known that ........
C) was ashamed of his job. A) you always laugh if you tickle yourself.
D) was fond of fiction. B) if you tickle someone else they laugh.
E) got bored with other jobs. C) only children are tickled in the ribs but not the adults.
D) you don't laugh when someone else is tickled.
3. It is clear that till he made a good amount of money E) there is no difference in response between tickling
A) the stories of Tarzan supported his family well. yourself and someone tickling you.
B) his wife didn't know what he was dealing with.
C) he didn't tell the good news to his publisher. 3. It is clear in the passage that Dr Freedman ........
D) Tarzan began to lose its popularity. A) is confused about this subject.
E) his wife always encouraged him. B) has suggested some answers to his own comments.
C) can't remember being tickled as a child.
PASSAGE 84 D) cannot tickle himself. E) is an expert on tickling.
'Why can't people tickle themselves1?" Dr. Bernard
Freedman says. It is a question that's had him stumped all PASSAGE 86
his career. And now he has called on his colleagues to VIOLANCE ON TV
initiate serious research into the ticklish topic. Dr. A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect
Freedman, 77, a London physician specializing in lung on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were
diseases and allergies, written in the British Medical made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have
Journal: "Everyone knows that if children are tickled in the spent a great deal of studying this problem, there is not
ribs they are reduced to helpless screaming laughter. Those much evidence that television brings about juvenile
who can recall being tickled in the ribs will know that by delinquency. Few people in the modern world share the
an identical action you cannot tickle yourself in the ribs. I views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days,
have no idea why there is this difference in response writers for children carefully shunned any reference to sex
between someone tickling you and trying to tickle yourself. in their books but had no inhibitions about including
I don't suppose doctors have ever seriously thought about it scenes of violence. These days, children are often brought
before. However, I hope that neurologists will read my up to think freely about sex but violence is discouraged.
comment and perhaps suggest some answers." Nevertheless, television companies receive a large number
of letters, every week complaining about programs with
VOCABULARY adult themes being shown at times when a few young
to tickle = to touch lightly, at sensitive parts of the children may be awake. Strangely enough, the parents who
body, often to cause laughter complain about these programs see no harm in cartoon
to stump = to leave at a loss, to puzzle, to baffle films for children in which the villain, usually either an
to call on = to visit animal or a monster, suffers one brutal punishment after
to initiate = to start another.
ticklish = needing delicate care or attention
identical = the same, equal VOCABULARY
response = answer to bring about = to cause
to comment = to give opinions briefly juvenile delinquency = the young's criminal behavior
to shun = to avoid
 EXERCISE reference = mention, suggestion
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the inhibition = embarrassment, shyness
words defined above. violence = hostility, aggression
1. He .... the successful architectural competition for the theme = topic, subject
regeneration of a run-down area of Worcester. 2. Love was villain = bad character
a .... thing, in whatever form it thrust its trouble-making monster = giant
spoke into the works. 3. She says she's .... you already and brutal = evil, cruel, wicked
she's helping you with your enquiries. 4. When other ....
examples exist, it is easy to establish what the value should  EXERCISES
be. 5 ..... the demand of the workers, the union is preparing Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
to have talks about pay rise with the government. words defined above.
1. Everybody seemed .... her but I felt sorry for her and we
READING COMPREHENSION became close friends. 2. It can be eaten without ..... , the
1. It is understood from the passage that Dr Freedman bowl raised to the lips and the chopsticks used to rake the
A) is trying to do a research on tickling. grains into the mouth. 3. Not only do women still earn less
than males in most societies, but they are kept to domestic world shaking = very important
..... , child cruelty and sexual crime. 4. A Distant Drummer, merely = only
with its horrific ...., reflects man's inhumanity to man. 5. sanity = wisdom, understanding
He is regarded as … in manners, crude or illogical in prospect = expectation, hope
thought. absentmindedness = forgetfulness
trivial = unimportant, minor, small
READING COMPREHENSION to stare = to watch, to look intently
1. Psychologists ........... to giggle = to laughing in silly way
A) believe that television caused juvenile delinquency. to clutch = to hang on to, hold, seize
B) couldn't find a direct connection between television and affliction = suffering, difficulty, problem
juvenile delinquency. to nod = to bow the head slightly to show agreement
C) think that television programs are harmless. constant = going on all the time, permanent
D) discourage television companies from showing
programs including violence.  EXERCISES
E) avoid using the word 'sex' in their speech. Complete the sentences • with a suitable form of the
words defined above.
2. Today's writers for children differ from those a 1. After a long treatment in the mental hospital, he finally
hundred year ago in that .......... recovered his...... 2. Don't be surprised if your grief ....
A) the latter saw no harm in including violence in their itself in unexpected ways. 3. God is both cause and cure
books B) writers in the past mentioned sex in their book of..... 4. But remember, if you have any query, no matter
C) today's writers encouraged violence in their illustrations how ...., please ask us — we're here to help you. 5. In
D) they approve of violence and see it harmless those fearful few moments, hands .... good-luck charms
E) they don't refer to sex in their books. and lips moved in unashamed prayer.

3. The writer emphasizes that cartoon films..... READING COMPREHENSION

A) are about monsters and animals children enjoy. 1. Except the two incidents the writer mentions ..........
B) should be broadcast when children are awake. A) his absentmindedness has always frustrated him.
C) do not contain adult themes at all. B) he has never experienced an embarrassing situation.
D) are as detrimental to children as the adult programs. C) the writer has always behaved reasonably.
E) entertain children more than other films. D) others were unimportant and not so serious.
E) he doesn't often suffer from absentmindedness.
PASSAGE 87
ABSENTMINDEDNESS 2. What the writer last did ……
My absentmindedness, though constant and long- standing, A) amused his friends a lot.
has usually manifested itself in trivial ways. However, B) made many people sure of his sanity.
there are two incidents, which though not world-shaking, C) shook everybody deeply.
may have caused certain people to doubt my sanity. The D) was not significant but was funny.
first was when my wife asked me to take the sitting room E) possibly raised some uncertainty about his sanity.
clock to be repaired. With my two children in the car I
drove into the marketplace of our little town and, clock 3. We understand that the butcher's is …..
under arm, entered the shop. Only it wasn't the right shop: A) the shop at which the writer has done shopping for a
it was the butcher's. My children, who always delighted in long time. B) the place he frequently got embarrassed in.
their father's affliction, watched giggling as, with my C) where he stopped to buy sausages for his wife.
thoughts far away, I stood staring into the butcher's eyes. I D) the place that his children first witnessed his
had been a customer for a long time and the good man absentmindedness in.
smiled in anticipation as he twirled his cleaver in his hand E) where sitting room clocks are also repaired.
and I clutched my clock. This went on for several very PASSAGE 88
long seconds before I realized where I was. There is no ROCK MUSIC
doubt I should have calmly purchased a pound of sausages, In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming
but my return to the world was too sudden, the prospect of beat. No single beat is characteristic of the music today.
explanation too unthinkable. I merely nodded briefly and Yet each song has an easily recognizable rhythm: As you
left. listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.
Before long, your entire body seems to be moving with it.
VOCABULARY Your head pounds with the beat, and there is no room for
to twirl = to turn round, to circle thought. Only the surge of the music is important. In its
cleaver = ax, chopper own way, rock music is as dominant as the Rock of
incidents = events, happenings Gibraltar. Its message is an overpowering emotional one.
to manifest = to show
anticipation = expectation, hope VOCABULARY
to purchase = to buy distinct = different
 overwhelming = irresistible, great fixed = permanent, unchanging
beat = rhythm to reproduce = to have children
to pick up = to go with, to accompany solid = lasting, endurable, fixed
to pound = to beat, to hit, to strike exception = omission, leaving out
room = place vocational = occupational, employment, job
the surge of = the flow of
dominant = mast important or influential  EXERCISES
overpowering = intense, uncontrollable Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above.
 EXEKCISE 1.You will have to make a hole in the .... wall to put this
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the safe in. 2. The ornate mirror was firmly .... on the wall
words defined above. opposite the fireplace. 3. Proceedings will be taken against
1. A .... in the crowd behind him jolted him forwards and the police officer who has broken an internal discipline ....
he saved himself, and the woman, by setting his feet wide which prohibits improper disclosure of information.
and holding onto her shoulders. 2. In theory there are two 4. If the conditions of the 1930s can be ...., the same effects
.... versions of the disease. 3. We knew that he had started will follow from the same causes.
to undress; the smell from his feet and his socks was 5. Some colleges have developed mainly for providing ....
almost ...... 4. His feet and his heart.... faster and faster on opportunities to young people beyond the age of 16.
the pavement. 5. There is no .... for doubt he will bring the
money he promised. READING COMPREHENSION
1. The type of maturity needed for marriage ..............
READING COMPREHENSION A) doesn't change till one dies.
1. Beats in rock music B) continues all one's life.
A) are not different from other music. C) is not necessary for a person.
B) are quite difficult to recognize. D) becomes a fixed state later.
C) give unbearable pains to your head. E) is only the physical maturity.
D) can't be found in any other music today.
E) can't be appreciated in a room. 2. Having the work in which one is regularly employed
is necessary for .........
2. When you are listening to rock music you A) physical maturity B) emotional maturity
A) don't think about anything else. B) should move with it C) moral maturity D) vocational maturity
C) must accompany it with your foot. E) social maturity
D) ought to be thoughtful. E) should think if is important.
3. If a person lacks the elements of maturity
3. The melodic subject of rock music is A) it is not always possible to have a good marriage
A) not dominant. B) unrelated to emotions. B) solid marriages can not be built C) he is an exception
C) strong feelings. D) insignificant. E) not distinct. D) it will be difficult for him to control his feelings
E) his life becomes intolerable
PASSAGE 89
MATURITY PASSAGE 90
A type of maturity is needed before a person enters TELEVISION
marriage. This type of maturity, however, is not Dazzled by the magic of television, we tend to forget what
necessarily a fixed state, but an ongoing process that may we might have been doing without television. We might
last throughout the person's life. The question of maturity have read more, thought more, written more. We might
contains a number of subparts: physical maturity (the have played more musical instruments, spent more time
ability to reproduce), moral maturity (a code of life that outdoors, embroidered, knitted, whittled. We might also
gives guidance and direction to one's life) emotional have consumed more spirits and drugs, to relieve boredom.
maturity (the ability to control one's emotions), social What is certain is that we would have spent more time
maturity (the ability to play a part within the society), and relating and learning to relate to other people. We would
vocational maturity (the ability to support one's family). have felt more urgency about creating a more sociable
Without these elements of maturity, it is doubtful that a environment for ourselves, and we would have worked
solid marriage can be built, although there are always harder to achieve it.
exceptions.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY to dazzle = to amaze, to astonish
code = rules to tend = to be apt to, to have a tendency
moral = ethical outdoor = open-air
to last = to endure to embroider = to sew, to decorate
ongoing = continuing to knit = to weave, to join, to unite
maturity = development, age to whittle = to cut, to shape
 to consume = to drink process = methods, practice
spirits = strong alcoholic drink to soften = to make softer
boredom = monotony, dullness to sweeten = to make sweeter
to relate to = to form a relationship, to interact to differ = to be different
urgency = importance, necessity
to achieve = to accomplish  EXERCISE
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
 EXERCISES words defined above.
Complete the sentences, with a suitable form of the 1. 28,000 pieces of Chinese export porcelain were .... from
words defined above. a trading junk sunk off the coast of Vietnam in 1690.
1. Plants .... to grow big and lush on heavy soils. 2. We live 2. In the 16th century, Elizabethans rarely cleaned their
in a world in which one third of the population .... two teeth but instead gargled with sugar water .... the breath.
thirds of the world's resources. 3. Remember not to spend 3. Planning colour schemes .... choosing and balancing
too much time on one particular drill, since .....can easily colours which will contrast or harmonize in a pleasing
set in and have a disruptive influence. 4. Exhibitions are way. 4. To make an aluminum can from......material uses
major arenas for spectators of art, as well as for artists' only 5% of the energy required to make a new. 5. Situated
struggles .... reputations and recognition. 5. Far below the within the everyday, television ... quite fundamentally from
windows of the suite, the jungle exhaled mists of early cinema which is still, characteristically, a 'specialized
morning .... the eye as the sun brightened. activity".

READING COMPREHENSION READING COMPREHENSION

1. If we didn't watch so much TV, we would ............. 1. In England, the paper that several newspapers use ....
A) spend less time thinking. B) be dazzled by its magic. A) is simple and interesting process
C) forget to read more. D) buy more musical instruments B) is taken from the cows' boxes
E) be doing many other things instead. C) can be eaten at breakfast.
D) can be used as creamy milk
2. When we are bored/ we watch TV and this ...... E) is made of used and thrown out paper
A) doesn't let us knit more.
B) makes us spend more time outdoors. 2. Milk obtained from cows eating processed paper
C) prevents us from buying and drinking more alcoholic A) is better quality B) smells cardboard boxes
drinks. D) causes us to play musical instruments at home. C) tastes sweet D) is softer E) is mixed with cream
E) leads to the consumption of more drugs.
3. It is impossible for human to eat paper because
3. As we spend most of our time watching TV, we don't A) we should first read the newspaper
try as hard as we should ......... B) not all of us like the taste of paper
A) to establish more relationships with other people. C) our stomach is not like the cows'
B) because we are bored with programs. D) cows don't let us do that
C) not to have a more sociable environment. E) paper to be eaten is only enough for cows
D) so as not to waste time talking to other people.
E) that's why we work and earn less. PASSAGE 92
AN UNLUCKY NIGHT
PASSAGE 91 I'll never forget the night our car broke down. We were on
RECYCLING our way home after a marvelous evening out with mom's
Several British papers are printed on recycled paper, and friends. It was well after midnight and we were still miles
salvaged paper has long been used for making cardboard from home. We tried to start the engine, but in vain. There
boxes. The technology involved in this is fairly simple, but was no traffic on the road at all, so we couldn't get a lift
some interesting new processes have been developed and had to walk all the way home. To make matters worse,
recently. Paper can be eaten; it is softened and sweetened it started to rain. But worse was yet to come. When we
in a special machine and then fed to cows. In fact, it has arrived home we discovered that we'd left our front door
been found that cows fed on cardboard boxes give key in the car. We had no choice but to break a window to
particularly creamy milk. Unfortunately the human climb in. By the time we got to bed, it was past three
stomach differs from a cow's, so it seems unlikely that we o'clock and we were cold, wet, miserable and absolutely
shall ever be able to read the Times at breakfast one day exhausted.
and eat it for breakfast the next day, but stranger things are
possible. VOCABULARY
to break down = to stop working
VOCABULARY marvelous = wonderful
recycled = second hand, used well = considerably, extremely
salvaged = saved, recovered in vain = uselessly, hopelessly
to involve = to concern lift = ride in a car
 to make matters worse = In addition, to top it all off Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
but = except, other than words defined above.
miserable = unhappy, depressed 1. Clarke .... politics, but found public sympathy running
exhausted = tired against him. 2. Women in Islam are held in very high......,
which Westerners don't seem to realize. 3. Since vitamin C
 EXERCISE is water-soluble any .... is excreted and so you don't have to
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the worry about taking too much. 4. The problems of .....
words defined above. aggression, destructiveness and vandalism have been the
1. These efforts proved to be .... for the most part. subject of extensive psychological research.
2. I was ...., as I had no sleep last night, and very little the 5. It will cost you an ..... Ј10 per week to feed one dog.
previous nights. 3. We have "a .... collection of birds in our
garden, such as thrushes and blackbirds. 4. 'Once I got on READING COMPREHENSION
to a main road I wouldn't have any trouble … 1. According to the passage, the use of alcohol by
5. His name was .... up in the list of nominees. students
A) worries authorities B) is not considered as important
READING COMPREHENSION C) is limited within the high school
1. We can infer that before their car broke down D) has never caused serious problems
A) they were a few miles away from their house E) has nothing to do with drinking
B) they hadn't realized that it was midnight
C) the writer and his friends started their engine 2. The behaviors of problem drinkers are different
D) the writer and his friends enjoyed themselves a lot from nondrinkers in that they .......
E) they were cold and miserable. A) are usually younger
B) are growing to the use of alcohol
2. What disappointed them most when they C) don't attach much importance to success
arrived home was .......... D) are valuable and successful
A) that there was no traffic on the road E) don't want to be independent
B) their leaving the front door key in the car
C) they couldn't get a lift on the way home • 3. Girls who have drinking problems
D) the rain which started while they were .walking A) don't like to be alone
E) that their bed was cold and wet B) prefer to live with their parents rather than alone
C) may not be getting along with their parents
3. When they finally got home, they were D) usually don't have any problems
A) very tired B) enjoying themselves a lot E) want their parents drink with them
C) breaking the window of their house
D) leaving the front door open E) climbing in PASSAGE 94
BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
PASSAGE 93 'It was long ago noted that different plants open and close
DRINKING at different times of the day. In fact, in the 19th century
Drinking patterns are often set in high school. Thus the they used to make gardens in the shape of a clock face with
growing use of alcohol by adolescents and even different times. It was possible to tell the time just by
preadolescents are of increasing concern. An estimated 1.3 looking at this 'flower clock'. No one really understands
million teenagers and preteens drink to excess. Though why flowers open and close at particular times, but
casual drinking is found among all groups of teenagers, recently some interesting experiments have been done. In
problem drinking is found more often among students who one, flowers were placed in a laboratory in constant
also engage in other types of deviant behavior, who value darkness. One might predict that those flowers, not having
and expect achievement less and esteem independence any information about the day, would not open, as they
more than nondrinkers, and who are more tolerant of usually do. But in fact they continue to open as if they
deviant behavior in others. Girls with drinking problems were in a normal garden. This suggests that they have
are likely to have parent problems. some mysterious way of keeping time. They have, in other
words, a kind of 'biological clock'
VOCABULARY
adolescent = teenager, young person VOCABULARY
estimated = probable, likely, expected to note = to notice, to comment on
to excess = to an extreme degree constant = continuous
casual = informal mysterious = strange, puzzling
to engage in = to take part in to place = to put
deviant = abnormal, unusual, out of ordinary to predict = to guess
to esteem = to value, to appreciate to suggest = to imply
to keep time = to know time
 EXERCISE
  EXERCISES to strike = to hit
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to annoy = to upset, to irritate
words defined above. to wire = to telegraph
1. There is also something about him which .... that he is impatiently = intolerantly
not unacquainted with evil." 2. Sara .... her knife and fork explicit = open, clear
neatly on her plate and turned to Peter. 3. If your weight iceberg = mass of ice moving in the sea
remains .... you must be using up all your calories, but if wireless = radio
you are gaming weight then some of the calories you to be awakened = to wake up, to get up
consume are being stored as fat. 4. A minute later I looked to flood = to cover with water, to inundate
at my watch and .,'.. the time. 5. He ..... that, within two insignificant = not important, irrelevant, minor
years or so, people will be able to buy computers for the
price of a cheap radio.  EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
READING COMPREHENSION words defined above.
1. In the 19th century/ gardens in the shape of a clock 1. Then a thought .... him; he did have a whole three hours
face ..... before school started. 2. Their understanding of political
A) were usually watered at different times of the day power is formal and ...., not mysterious and implicit.
B) had only one kind of flower each 3. He got up abruptly and walked ..... about the room.
C) had flowers which used to open and close all together 4. The street-lamps were glittering in the waters .below the
D) gave the impression of darkness bridge where a flotilla of ghostly swans .... in the current.
E) helped the owners of them to know what time it was 5. There will be some differences, but they may be too ....
to be noticed.
2. The reason why the flowers were put in a laboratory
in constant darkness was ...... READING COMPREHENSION
A) to confuse the owner of the gardens in the 19th century 1. The Titanic would not have sunk if ……
B) to find out whether they will confuse the time and open A) only two compartments had been filled with water
at different times B) the crew had been trained well enough to help the
C) to learn the exact time of the day passengers C) it had been smaller
D) to have information about the time D) it had a wireless to send messages
E) to examine the clock types E) the Californian had warned it

3. The experiment showed that ............. 2. We understand from the passage that the Californian
A) darkness affects the way the plants open and close A) didn't have a wireless B) had also struck an iceberg
B) the flowers can only open in the garden C) was too far from the Titanic to warn
C) don't have any Information about the day so they don't D) warned all the ships but the Titanic
open E) sent the Titanic messages about the iceberg
D) plants have an unknown mechanism to know the time
E) plants can only open and close when they have daylight 3. Since the Titanic's operator was exhausted, he
A) shut up and switched off the wireless
PASSAGE 95 B) was busy sending unimportant messages
TITANIC C) ignored the warnings
On April 14, many of the sleeping passengers were D) didn't want to work long hours
awakened by a slight jolt. The ship had struck an iceberg, E) had no idea how to use the new invention
causing a 300-foot cut in her side, and five compartments
were flooded. "Unsinkable", however, meant the ship PASSAGE 96
could float if two, not five compartments were flooded COUNTRYSIDE
with water. Ten miles away from the Titanic was another Luckily I don't live in Bath but nearly ten miles away in a
ship, the Californian, which had stopped because of ice village called Limpley Stroke in the Avon Valley. It seems
fields and which had wired six explicit warnings to nearby to be normal in the countryside these days for professional
ships. Unfortunately, the Titanic's wireless, a new people who work in the town to prefer to live in the
invention on shipboard, was being employed for villages; this makes the housing so expensive that the
insignificant messages to and from the passengers. The villagers and agricultural workers have to live in the
tired wireless operator had worked long hours and cheaper accommodation in town, with the result that the
impatiently told the Californian's operator to shut up and farmers commute out to the farm and everyone else
stop annoying him. commutes in. Certainly there is no one in the village who
could be called an old style villager. The people nearest to
VOCABULARY me include a pilot, an accountant, a British Rail manager, a
slight = unimportant, trivial retired French teacher... not a farm worker amongst them.
jolt = bump, shake But 1 don't think there is anything wrong with that - it is
to float = to drift on water
just that the nature of villages is changing and there is still appeared. Next developed the amphibians, descendants of
quite a strong sense of community here. fish that had crawled out of fresh water.

VOCABULARY VOCABULARY
countryside = rural area creature = being, living thing
accommodation = housing, lodging to elapse = to pass
to commute = to travel vertebrate = having a backbone
to retire = to give up work, to stop working to recognize = to know
nature = characteristics crust = outer layer, top coating
community = condition of sharing; all the people living to occur = to happen
in an area upheaval = disturbance, disorder
to nourish = to feed
 EXERCISES in the aftermath = as a result
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to result in = to cause
words defined above. shelled = having a hard outer covering
1. It is vital that we should provide care in the .... to people to crawl = to creep
with all kinds of disabilities. 2. Will you live with your descendant = offspring, children, young
parents during term time, or in rented ..… ? 3. As you'd the ebb and flow=the receding and surging (of the tide)
expect in this part of the world, the route passes through
spectacular ..... 4. His home is presently in Kidderminster  EXERCISES
from where he weekly .... while he looks for a new house Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
in the local area. 5. Being told when you have just turned words defined above.
fifty that it's time you .... does rather hurt. 1. Occasionally we all suffer from influenza or about of
sickness, which naturally .... a drop in weight. 2. As soon
READING COMPREHENSION as the 15 seconds' rest has ...., you must start the next
1. The people who live in the village ..... exercise. 3. The cream contains active liposome’s .... the
A) tend to work on the farms skin — and keep her youthful! 4. For Mary it resulted not
B) are mostly professionals who work in the town only in domestic ...., leading to the beginning of the break-
C) are unable to afford houses in the town up of her marriage, but to her early death. 5. Clouds of flies
D) don't like the old-style villagers were .... over the faces of the dead soldiers.
E) commute to the farms.
READING COMPREHENSION
2. Housing is expensive because of 1. Before the first signs of life appeared ......
A) its being old style A) creatures had become complex.
B) the professionals working in the village B) about a billion year had to pass.
C) those with professions preferring to live in the villages C) three billion years passed.
D) the shortage of housing in the town D) the earth hadn't formed yet.
E) the agricultural workers working on the farms E) there were fossils to learn from.

3. Despite the change in the basic quality of the villages, 2. We can deduce from the passage that the earliest
the writer thinks that .......... living beings ...........
A) it is a good place for farm workers to make money A) can be called vertebrates.
B) living there is not enjoyable B) caused great upheavals on earth.
C) the neighbors are too near to him C) had lived in mud.
D) there should also be a farm worker among them D) were not developed enough to leave fossils.
E) people still share the common values and have close ties E) were not easy for our descendants to recognize.

PASSAGE 97
THE FIRST SIGNS OF LIFE 3. As a result of the great changes in the earth's crust
About a billion years after the earth had formed, the first A) other creatures came into being.
signs of life appeared. Three billion years elapsed before B) insects and vegetation turned into organic matter.
creatures became complex enough to leave fossils their C) creatures had to crawl out of water.
descendants could recognize and learn from. These were D) shelled creatures followed jawless fish.
shelled creatures called trilobites, followed by jawless fish, E) fossils were too damaged to recognize.
the first vertebrates. During the Devonian period, great
upheavals occurred in the earth's crust, resulting in the PASSAGE 98
formation of mountains and in the ebb and flow of oceans. ACID RAIN
In the aftermath, beds of mud rich in organic matter Acid rain is now a familiar problem in the industrialized
nourished vegetation, and insects, scorpions, and spiders countries in Europe. Gasses like sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide are produced by power stations and cars.
The gasses dissolve in rainwater, and this makes the acid and minute radio transmitters, attached to the bird's body,
rain, which damages trees, rivers and streams. Acid rain is do not interrupt or influence migration. Radar beams
also capable of dissolving some rocks and buildings made bombarding the bird invisibly have no known effect.
of soft rock, such as limestone, are particularly affected. Rotation of migrants in covered cages during transport by
The acid rain attacks the rock, and so carvings and statues car or plane does not confuse them on release. One look at
are eroded much more quickly. Scientists estimate the rate the celestial clues, their sky compass, and the really expert
of wear to be about a millimeter of stone every twelve long-distance birds are away in the correct direction. Birds
years. That's enough to have caused some of the ancient are not proved to carry a magnetic compass.
carvings to become seriously damaged already.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY attempts = effort, endeavor
to dissolve = to melt cage = barred enclosure
to damage = to harm celestial = relating to space/sky
to affect = to influence rotation = regular change
to erode = to wear minute = little, small, tiny
to estimate = to guess invisibly = unnoticeable
wear = erosion, friction to influence = to have an effect on
carving = statue, monument beam = ray
statue = figure in wood, stone, bronze, etc to bombard = to attack
clue = hint, evidence
 EXEKCI5E5 release = freeing, letting go
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the compass = device that shows the north
words defined above. navigational = related to the act of determining the
1. By the year 2010 the World Health Organisation .... that course or route of
up to 100 million people will be infected with HIV .
2. For a long time it has been known that heavy drinking  EXERCISES
during pregnancy can badly .... a baby's development. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
3. Put in remaining ingredients and gently cook, stirring words defined above.
until sugar ...... 4. These bricks are generally thicker and 1.Sadly, the thief who leaves no .... and is careful disposing
harder-fired than wall tiles, to enable them to stand up to of his ill-gotten gains is unlikely to be caught. 2. There is a
heavy ... without cracking. 5. 'Nearer the top, all the soil belief that.... bodies in some way influence our planet and
and loose stones had been completely .... away, leaving a ourselves. 3. Work out a sound crop .... for vegetables to
huge dome of smooth gray rock. deny pests a continuous supply of particular host plants. 4.
Benny made a .... adjustment to configure the goggles to
READING COMPREHENSION her own eyesight, and frowned ... in the darkness.
1. It is obvious in the passage that acid rains
A) not only damage nature but also buildings. READING COMPREHENSION
B) are only made up of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, 1. The main topic of the passage is ....
C) even dissolve rainwater. A) the navigational ability of birds throughout the ages.
D) are affected by some rocks such as limestone B) how electric forces and magnets do not affect a bird's
E) lead to problems all over the world, orientation. C) the bombardment of radar beams
D) the way the birds look at the celestial clues,
2. Acid rain E) radio transmitters and compasses.
A) erodes Europe. B) produces sulphur and nitrogen.
C) wears out rocks D) becomes seriously damaged. 2. The magnets placed on birds ......
E) is affected by carvings. A) interrupt- the migration of birds. B) act as a compass.
C) have no effect at all. D) act as transmitters.
3. The wear about a millimeter of stone every 20 years E) confuse the birds.
shows that 3. The assumptions about birds' navigational ability
A) it is too early to take actions against acid rains. have failed because ........
B) serious harm had already been done to some ancient A) radar beams affected the rotation of migrants.
carvings. B) they can only be confused if they are kept in a car or
C) acid rain is not a problem to be taken seriously. plane. C) they are not affected by outside influence in
D) there is still time for ancient statues to be eroded. finding their way.
E) scientists should not be alarmed unnecessarily. D) radio transmitters show the birds how to find their way.
E) covered cages are not used for the rotation of migrants.
PASS AGE 99
BIRDS' NAVIGATIONAL ABILITY
So far all attempts to relate the bird's navigational ability to
electric forces and magnetic activity have failed. Magnets,
 PASSAGE 100 B) it is possible that we will feel lonely unless we take up
TOLERANCE social activities.
Lack of tolerance is an important problem of our age. C) social activities can contribute to forming a tolerant
People have been so intolerant of each other that even society.
trivial matters may spark serious arguments. Living D) it doesn't seem possible to form a tolerant" society
conditions can be said to compel people to spend most of owing to the problems in our age.
their time concentrating on their business or their personal E) intolerant people should spend most of their time on
affairs. This may deprive people of exchanging their ideas their own.
with others or trying to understand different people.
However, it doesn't seem impossible to form a tolerant PASSAGE 101
society. The thing we should do first is to take up social AN UNPLEASANT ENCOUNTER
activities to require that we share more with other people. Ten years before, Paul and I had been friends and allies,
but the friendship had somewhat soured and thinned since.
VOCABULARY Nor had either of us been best pleased when each had
tolerance = patience discovered that the other was planning a journey, and a
intolerant = impatient book, about the British coast. It was too close a
trivial = insignificant coincidence for comfort. Paul was working his way round
age = era, epoch clockwise by train and on foot, while I was going
to spark = to start, to kindle counterclockwise by sea. At Brighton the two plots
to compel = to force intersected briefly and uneasily aboard Gosfield Maid.
to share = to go halves, to portion
to exchange = to swap VOCABULARY
to deprive = to take away, to deny ally = friend, partner
to take up = to begin to sour = to spoil
to require = to necessitate, to involve coincidence = chance, luck
to thin = to weaken
 EXERCISES to intersect = to meet, to overlap
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the plot = plan, scheme
words defined above. aboard = on board, on (the ship, train, bus)
1. The real issues will be debated rather than the ... details. clockwise = (moving) in the direction taken by the
2. What .... the idea off, I really don't know. 3. He is not hands of a clock
subject to any action which could ..... him to change his counterclockwise = (moving) in the direction opposite
attitudes or behavior. 4. If the seller commits a breach of to that taken by the hands of a clock
condition or a breach of warranty, this will .... the buyer of
substantially the whole benefit of the contract.  EXERCISES
5. When she found she wals putting on some weight, she Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
...... swimming regularly. words defined above.
1. To his right the wood gave way to rolling cornfields ....
READING COMPREHENSION by a farm track that twisted between the crops. 2. I was
1. It is pointed out in the passage that happy and didn't want the pleasure of anticipation .... by a
A) intolerance has been a serious problem in our age. row with him. 3. Because of her illness, her eyes were
B) lacking tolerance doesn't make people quarrelsome. growing larger as her face .... with every day that passed. 4.
C) unimportant problems make people aggressive. We must establish at once what type of character each is to
D) living conditions prevent people from focusing on their play in the ...... 5. It was just a curious .... that Hatton had
work or their own problems. E) people should neglect been killed on the day following that of Mrs Fanshawe's
their individual interests to be tolerant. regaining consciousness.

2. It is implied in the passage that ....... READING COMPREHENSION

A) people have been intolerant of each other due to 1. It's quite clear in the passage that Paul and the
unimportant matters. B) trivial problems make our lives writer
unbearable C) we should concentrate on others' affairs A) are not good friends anymore.
rather than ours. B) are quarrelling all the time.
D) people's having to spend most of their time on their own C) were pleased with each other.
business prevent them sharing their thoughts with others. D) first met on a Journey.
E) people don't need to share anything with others unless E) have been friends for ten years.
they are tolerant.
2. They were unhappy when they learned that both …
3. We can infer from the passage that ....... A) had written a book. B) lived on the British coast.
A) it isn't easy to form a tolerant society as long as we C) were intending to do the same thing.
concentrate on our work. D) were going on foot.
E) had planned to go to different places.
2. The heroine in "A Passage to India"
3. Their destination was …… A) is Mrs. Moore's daughter.
A) a town called Gosfield Maid. B) is played by Peggy Ashcroft.
B) the same although the route was different. C) tells the truth to David Lean.
C) a ship called Brighten. D) is frightened by the Hindu statues.
D) different but the route was the same. E) is impressed by the heavy statues. -
E) an island off the British coast.
3. The most important part of the film is where
PASSAGE 102 A) the erotic Hindu statues are.
A PASSAGE TO INDIA B) the young Indian doctor disturbs her.
It's worth seeing "A Passage to India" for two reasons: the C) the hero is found guilty.
photography and the performance of Dame Peggy Ashcroft D) India is shown under British Colonial rule.
as Mrs. Moore, the wise, kind old lady who goes to India E) the heroine withdraws her accusation
to see her son. The heroine is the girl who travels with her
and accuses a young Indian doctor of rape. The climax of PASSAGE 103
the film is the court case where she finally admits that he is THE MAGIC OF TOUCH
innocent. If you are attracted by Indian history, then this Infants usually satisfy this very basic need in the course of
film is for you. It happens to give a good idea of what it an ordinary day spent with their parents. However, if a
was like under British colonial rule. But, above all, it is an baby is neglected or even mistreated by being deprived of
artistic film beautifully directed by David Lean, It is full of touch, his development will suffer on all levels-physical,
quiet imagery, best shown in the erotic Hindu statues that intellectual and emotional. Some children have even been
so frighten the heroine, as compared with the solid, heavy known to die from this lack of tactile stimulation; it is
sculpture of Queen Victoria outside the local court. thought by many doctors that many unexplained "deaths"
are directly related to lack of touch and its various
VOCABULARY consequences. Children given out for adoption at a tender
wise = intelligent, clever age and placed in poorly run orphanages, children brought
heroine = leading actress up by unaffectionate parents, and children whose parents
case = legal action, suit touch them only to beat them-all types of children run the
imagery = images risk of never reaching their potential as fully developed
sculpture = statue, monument adults.
solid = hard, concrete
climax = event of greatest interest VOCABULARY
court = place where law-cases are held infant = baby
to admit = to acknowledge, to confess to satisfy = to meet, to fulfill
above all = in particular, most of all in the course of = during, throughout
to rape = to Force sexual intercourse on to mistreat = to abuse, to maltreat
worth = giving a satisfactory, rewarding return for to be deprived of = to be without
tactile = related to the sense of touching, tangible
 EXERCISES stimulation = motivation
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the tender age = young age
words defined above. adoption=taking somebody to one's family as a relation
1. Meeting her was the turning point in my life," he .... to run the risk = to risk
2. We have read about their ...., that their trial was unfair orphanage = home for those who lost one or both of his
— even the Appeal Court agrees on this — and ask that parents
they are released immediately. 3. This aid money — .... to bring up = to raise, to educate
US$1 billion per annum — is crucial to the fulfillment of unaffectionate = not showing love
the government's economic policies. 4. She was nearing the
.... of her speech, eyes bright, cheeks flushed, voice rising:  EXERCISE
5. ..... despite frequent irritation with Helen over trivial Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
expenses, he relied heavily on her temper, 'her genius for words defined above.
joy", to help him break free of these moods. 1. He knows how it feels to lose a father at a ... age.
2. Kevin Costner's Dances With Wolves is a deeply
READING COMPREHENSION moving tale about how the white man ......American
1. A Passage to India is worth seeing because it is ........ Indians. 3. ........ exhibitions help blind people enjoy the
A) historically accurate. magic of sculpture, and theatres like Show of Hands
B) beautifully filmed and acted. encourage those who are deaf to enjoy live theatre like
C) full of action. everyone else. 4. ....... is pursued as an option for an
D) full of Indian works of art. increasing number of children in care. 5. There had been
E) about the Indian history. games, a lovely feed, gifts for children at the local ..... .
 bleeding under the skin. 3. Our difficulties ..... almost in
READING COMPREHENSION inverse proportion to our developing experience.
1. We can understand that physical contact ........... 4. Courtesy .... him from asking the reason for this
A) is an important factor in an infants' overall development unexpected visit. 5. Alcohol is a drink to be avoided in the
B) is necessary for the adults to feel better emotionally minds of the worshippers.
C) is not necessary provided that the infant is fed properly
D) can be an important factor in recovering from an illness READING COMPREHENSION
E) has nothing to do with the development of an infant 1. It is clear in the passage that the life style ...........
A) of a person deteriorates his friend's life
2. Children cannot become fully developed adults .......... B) is an important factor in polluting the environment
A) when they have psychological problems C) one chooses does not determine one's environmental
B) if they are devoid of parental love. impact D) contributes to the environment in a positive way
C) although they are given affection E) an individual chooses may not help him to improve his
D) in spite of the love their parents give them situation
E) unless they employ their potentials
2. The comparison of a Buddhist and a millionaire is
3. Babies suffering from the lack of parental touch intended to
A) may not show affection to their own children A) show how similar they are when the environment is
B) feel better than the ones who get it considered
C) could become successful adults B) draw attention to the peaceful life that a millionaire
D) need more toys than the other babies leads
E) might even lose their lives C) help them understand how each of them leads a
valuable life
PASSAGE 104 D) make them understand the value of money
THE ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIOTAION E) illustrate the degree of the environmental pollution that
The deterioration of the earth's environment is the result of individuals of different lifestyles might cause
the impact of each individual on the environment
multiplied by the number of individuals. Suppose you 3. The richer a person is ..........
could choose any lifestyle you wished, you could, for A) the less impact he has on the environment
example, choose to be a Buddhist monk or nun of certain B) the more he pollutes the environment
sects. You would be forbidden to have money and be C) he produces more thrash
pious. You could own your begging bowl, a razor, a needle D) his life becomes more luxurious
and thread, and that is all, your presence on earth would E) more parts of the earth are safe from pollution
cause very little deterioration of the environment. On the
other hand, you could choose to be an American PASSAGE 105
millionaire. You might own several polluting factories and THE BICYCLE
have a half dozen children-all eventually with their own My mother was a magician at making her money last
houses, cars, and polluting factories. It is obvious that then, longer. That December, with Christmas approaching, she
they would contribute much more to environmental was out to work and Doris was in the kitchen when I
deterioration than the Buddhist monk or nun. barged into her bedroom one afternoon in search of a
safety pin. Since her bedroom opened onto a community
VOCABULARY hallway, she kept the door locked, but needing the pin, I
deterioration = worsening, decline took the key from its hiding place, unlocked the door, and
monk = priest stepped in. Standing against the wall was a big, black
impact = effect, shock, blow bicycle with balloon tires. I recognized it instantly. It was
nun = holly woman the same second-hand bike I'd been admiring in a
to forbid = to ban, to prohibit Baltimore shop window. I'd even asked about the price. It
sect = cult was horrendous. Something like $15. Somehow my mother
to contribute = to add to had scraped together enough for a down payment and
pious = religious meant to surprise me with the bicycle on Christmas mornin
eventually = finally VOCABULARY
to beg = to ask magician = wizard, conjurer
to multiply = to increase, to reproduce to last = to survive, to endure
to barge into = to enter, to make one's way in
 EXERCISES in search of = looking for
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the instantly = at once, immediately
words defined above. second-hand = not new
1. He went to her and .... to be told the truth. horrendous = terrible, awful
2. A hard .... on an unprotected bone can result in severe to scrape together = to obtain with effort
down payment = first installment
 junk = litter
 EXERCISES deformity = abnormality, defect
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to moor = to make (a boat, ship etc) secure to
words defined above. (ground or buoys) by means of cables etc., to anchor
1. Hibernation ...... for between four and five months, from
October until March or a little later in the north of Britain.  EXERCISES
2. Having ......her way through the shopping crowds of Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
Greenwich, she emerged with great relief onto the A2. words defined above.
3. Mr. Suarez, who sold lottery tickets on the street to 1. John Mellancamp found a .... as an accomplished
support his family, died ….. 4. To avoid getting a ..... performer and composer of Mid-Western adult rock songs.
shock when you step on the scales, you should go on a diet. 2. There were always 25 or 30 ships ..... off the port
5. She ...... the money and went on the trip she was waiting to load. 3. She ..... of the hedge and reached the
dreaming of. roadside just as the bus rolled past. 4. The horizon cleared,
and the dark outline of an .... vessel developed into the
READING COMPREHENSION clear gray shape . 5. The game was barely 10 minutes old
1. The writer's mother ......... when Peter Wright .... off with knee-ligament damage.
A)was very careful with her money and would not waste it.
B) didn't like spending her money on presents. READING COMPREHENSION
C) worked as a magician. 1. It is obvious that the writer .......
D) enjoyed arranging surprise parties. A) walked with the fisher along the river many times
E) used to lock the door so that her son couldn't enter. B) made good friends when they met
C) hasn't been able to see the fisherman all winter long
2. The bicycle the writer found in the room by accident again D) was always jealous of the fisherman
A) was quite horrible. B) cost him a fortune. E) envied the fisherman fishing in the river happily.
C) didn't surprise him at all. E) was a brand-new bicycle.
D) was the one he had always wanted to own. 2. We can infer from the passage that the writer was
drawing the picture of ........
3. The writer's mother somehow bought the bicycle ...... A) an old boat B) the fisherman C) the river
A) as it was really cheap D) sloping floodwall E) deserted spots
B) although it was quite expensive for her
C) since she was also fond of cycling 3. We understand that the writer
D) because she was able to bring down the price A) caught fish with the fisherman.
E) she had just had her salary. B) wanted to learn who the fisherman was.
C) knew that he didn't walk properly.
PASSAGE 106 D) has only seen the fisherman in his boat out in the river
THE OLD FISHERMAN before.
I had walked along the river many times since meeting the E) waited for the fisherman all winter long
fisherman that day in winter, but I did not see him again
until spring. It was late afternoon, and I had bicycled to a PASS AGE 107
point along the river about a mile downstream from where The most frequent motive [for telling a white lie] was to
we had met hoping to find a deserted spot to draw a save face. Lying of this sort is often given the approving
picture. I found a niche in the sloping floodwall and started label of tact, and is used when it would be unkind to be
drawing a junk moored not far from me. Half an hour honest but dishonest to be kind. Sometimes a face-saving
passed, and just as I finished the drawing, I heard someone lie prevents embarrassment for the recipient. The second
calling my Chinese name. I looked down to see Old Ding most frequent motivation for lying was to avoid tension or
scrambling up the floodwall, his boat anchored behind him. conflict... Sometimes it seems worthwhile to tell a little lie
I noticed that he limped badly, and when he got up close I to prevent a large conflict. You might, for example,
could see that one of his legs was shorter than the other and compliment a friend's bad work, not so much for your
set at an odd angle. Such was his balance and skill in the friend's sake but to prevent the hassle that would result if
boats that I only saw his deformity when he came ashore. you told the truth. The fifth and last motive was to achieve
VOCABULARY personal power. Turning down a last-minute request for a
to desert = to leave, abandon date by claiming you're busy can be one way to put
spot = location yourself in a one-up position.
to scramble up = to climb
odd = strange VOCABULARY
angle = position, perspective worthwhile = meaningful, useful
niche = place motive = reason, drive
to limp = to walk lamely to turn down = to refuse, to reject
sloping = leaning tact = skill, delicacy
to anchor = to moor conflict = argument, quarrel
 recipient = receiver safely in their natural surroundings, the number in danger
to save face = to avoid losing one's dignity is still increasing.
to compliment = to praise, to flatter
to hassle = to annoy, to disturb, to pester VOCABULARY
sanctuary = place of safety; shelter
 EXERCISES even = equal
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the giant = huge, enormous, gigantic
words defined above. match = counterpart
1. Hiding from others may ...., but at the cost of an to take action = to take measures
increased weight of private guilt and doubt. 2. Defenseman fatal = deadly, lethal
Dixons is the seventh .... of the award. 3. There are many survival = continuing to live
less well known, but very .... places, which I suppose need to whale = to hunt whales
to be dealt with in another article. 4. Later, the doctor .... on the verge of = close to, on the brink of
the mother on the intelligence of her child. 5. I have been reserve = place or area for some special use or purpose
.... and discriminated against a number of times just to brood = (of a bird) to sit on eggs to hatch them
because of the way I look. harpoon = a sharp pointed weapon thrown by hand to
hunt whales and large fish
READING COMPREHENSION conservationist = person who dedicated himself to the
1. A white lie ......... prevention of loss, waste, damage of (nature)
A) is not often approved B) is considered to be unkind game = wild animals (hunted for sport or food)
C) does not prevent embarrassment
D) is as effective as a compliment  EXERCISES
E) can be resorted to safely and is harmless. Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
words defined above.
2.Telling a lie by complimenting a friend on his bad 1. Smoking is a cause of 1 in every 5 ... heart attacks.
work 2. The new legislation ensures that species on the .... of
A) causes us to hurt our friend's feelings. extinction are protected by law. 3. The duck marsh was
B) is a good way of irritating him. turned into a bird ....... 4. Poisonous waste from the
C) helps us avoid an argument with him. factories threaten the wild animals in the .... .
D) might show us as an insincere person. 5. If a bad decision is made, the vital thing is to recognise
E) causes a lot of Conflicts. . that, admit it and .... immediate ........

3. One of the benefits of telling a white lie is .......... READING COMPREHENSION

A) getting rid of people when you are busy 1. Hunting whales ...........
B) to make yourself appear important A) is not so dangerous today
C) to show your power to weak people B) has always been dangerous
D) telling the truth that might hurt others C) is only dangerous if the whales are very large
E) the rude way of rejecting requests. D) requires a lot of inexpensive equipment.
E) used to attract men, but it does not now.
PASSAGE 108
WHALE HUNTING 2. We understand from the passage that ..........
Over a hundred years ago, when Melville wrote his famous A) only a few countries still engage in whaling
novel 'Moby Dick', hunting whales was a dangerous and B) there is no international agreement forbidding whaling.
sometimes fatal business, now, in spite of their size, whales C) whale products are the only alternative to cosmetics.
are no longer an even match for men using helicopters, D) whaling has now been stopped by international
radar and explosive harpoons. As a result, some species, agreement.
such as the giant blue whale, are on the verge of becoming E) when confronted with hunters whales do not fight for
extinct. Although some countries gave up whaling several survival.
years ago, there was no international agreement forbidding
it until recently, in spite of the fact that alternatives to the 3. It is obvious that ……
whale products used in oils, cosmetics and candies were A) governments are not conscious of the dangers
already in existence. The whale is not the only species threatening certain species B) governments in many
fighting for survival. In the United States alone, countries were indifferent to the issue
conservationists have estimated that over a hundred kinds C) government action has reduced the number of species in
of animals, fish and birds will disappear before the end of danger of extinction
the century unless action is taken to protect them. Although D) the number of species in danger of extinction is
governments in many countries have done a great deal to increasing in spite of the governments' action
control hunting and fishing for sport and have set up game E) whales are now completely free from danger.
reserves and bird sanctuaries where the species can brood
 PASSAGE 109
THE CASTLE 3. A large number of works of art bought for the castle
On the coast of California, on top of a mountain, stands an were not used because ............
enormous castle which looks as if it has been lifted out of A) Hearst always changed his mind
the Middle Ages and laid on the site. In fact the castle, B) there was not enough room for them
called San Simeon, was built for the American newspaper C) they were stored in warehouses
proprietor, William Randolph Hearst but it is furnished D) they were not suitable to the design of the castle
with objects dating from different historical periods, which E) they arrived long after the castle completed
were transported from Europe. It took thirty years to build
the castle and even then it was not completed. Throughout PASSAGE 110
this time, over a hundred workmen were permanently BRAIN
employed on its site and the architect Julia Morgan, was The human brain contains, I am told, 10 thousand million
continually obliged to change its design, as often as Hearst cells and each of these may have a thousand connections.
changed his mind. Rooms and whole floors were Such enormous numbers used to daunt us and cause to
constructed but then had to be knocked down and rebuilt to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-
please him. Agents were set all over Europe to find works like ability, but now that we have grown accustomed to
of art to decorate the castle. Old ceilings and fireplaces, advancing at such a pace we can be less sure. Quite soon,
furniture, paintings and statues were purchased and in only 10 or 20 years perhaps we will be able to assemble
shipped to America. An enormous number of objects were a machine as complex as the human brain, and if we can
bought but many of them could not be used and had to be we will. It may then take us a long time to render it
stored in warehouses, some of them not even unpacked. intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering
the architecture but that too will happen. I think it certain
VOCABULARY that in decades, not centuries, machines of silicon will arise
to lay = to put first to rival and then surpass their human progenitors.
proprietor = owner
to furnish with = to put furniture in VOCABULARY
permanently = continuously, constantly to daunt = to scare, to intimidate
to oblige = to force pace = speed
to construct = to build to load = to put in, to fill, to pack
to knock down = to destroy, to pull down to rival = to compete, to vie
to ship = to transport decade = a period of ten years
warehouse = store, stockroom to alter = to change
to unpack = to take out, to empty ovit to surpass = to excel, to exceed
progenitors = ancestor
 EXERCISES to assemble = to put together
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the to render = to make, to cause to be
words defined above. to grow accustomed = to become used to
1. In that case, why do we kill the goose that.... the golden to advance = to move forward, to progress
eggs? 2. Mr. Osborne was the .... of the largest of the to dismiss = to set aside, to think no more of
fifteen woolen mills which wound their wheels in software = program essential to the operation of
Ozleworth Brook in the valley below. 3. His house is computers
sparsely, rather than modestly, ...... 4. Pepita bent back
down to her work and checked off another crate of bananas  EXERCISES
that would be .... to lands she had never seen and would Complete the sentences with a suitable form of the
never see. 5. Not only must the contestants behave, but words defined above.
their team-mates are also ... to conduct themselves properly 1. Many families who get into difficulties have been
struggling with problems that would .... the most energetic
READING COMPREHENSION and resourceful of people. 2. They said time had been
1. The Castle of San Simeon was needed ....evidence. 3. When Diana once asked him what
A) built by William Randolph Hearst the capital of Australia was, he was .... totally speechless.
B) transported from Europe 4. I began .... my standards of hospitality, offering them my
C) furnished with works of art from Europe pale, cold face when their music grew louder, when they
D) constructed in the Middle Ages began laughing among themselves and didn't take the
E) completed in 30 years trouble to explain their jokes to me. 5. His first formal
education was received in the reading school and at six
2. It took a long time to build the castle because ........ years old he progressed to his father's grammar school,
A) only a hundred workers then were employed on it where he quickly .... all his contemporaries.
B) it was badly designed. C) the architect was not skilled.
D) Julia Morgan frequently changed her mind.
E) the owner did not know what he wanted.
READING COMPREHENSION
1. Now the complexity of human brain ………
A) makes it impossible for us to create intelligent machines
B) causes us to dismiss the possibility of making intelligent
computers.
C) leads to our uncertainty about the ability of the
machines.
D) does not discourage us to make machines with human
like ability
E) frightens us and we feel we can't achieve such a thing.

2. It is pointed out in the passage that machines with

human-like ability ............
A) are likely to be made in the near future
B) have almost no possibility of being made
C) are very difficult to assemble
D) need complex software
E) move faster than human beings

3. It is suggested that in the long run human beings ......

A) can rival intelligent machines and defeat them
B) will be able to alter the appearance of the computers
C) will be beaten by the machines they create
D) should use silicon to make efficient machines
E) can put as many cells in the machines as there are in the
human brain.
 ANSWERS / READING

P 1 2 3 P 1 2 3 P 1 2 3
1 B B C 38 E C A 75 A C E
2 A E C 39 C E D 76 A B A
3 B E A 40 A E 77 C B A
4 D A A 41 C E B 78 A E C
5 E B D 42 E C B 79 B A
6 C B A 43 D D C 80 D A B
7 A D E 44 D C E 81 E B D
8 B B A 45 B E C 82 E A D
9 A D E 46 B E D 83 C A B
10 A E C 47 C A A 84 C B A
11 D B D 48 E C A 85 B A A
12 B A C 49 D D B 86 B A D
13 E A C 50 B A E 87 D E A
14 E A C 51 A B C 88 D A C
15 D E E 52 C A E 89 B D A
16 B D 53 B C C 90 E C A
17 C C B 54 C D A 91 E A C
18 B A A 55 D B A 92 D B A
19 C B E 56 C D A 93 A C C
20 B D E 57 B A E 94 E B D
21 D A C 58 C D E 95 A E C
22 A E C 59 B D E 96 B C E
23 E B D 60 B A D 97 B D A
24 B E C 61 B D B 98 A C B
25 D A B 62 E C D 99 A C C
26 D A C 63 B A E 100 A D C
27 C C A 64 D B A 101 A C B
28 A C B 65 C A 102 B D E
29 D C B 66 B A C 103 A B E
30 E E B 67 A E E 104 B E B
31 C D E 68 B D A 105 A D B
32 B D C 69 B E C 106 C A D
33 D E C 70 A D B 107 E C B
34 A B A 71 A C E 108 A D D
35 B C 72 B E C 109 C E A
36 E C 73 D B A 110 D A C
37 B E A 74 A C D