Heath Optimizing Physical Education 12

Quarter 4 Module 3

Observes Personal Safety Protocol to Avoid

Dehydration, Overexertion, Hypothermia
and Hyperthermia During MVPA
Participation.
Health Optimizing Physical Education 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 Module 5: Observes Personal Safety Protocol to Avoid
Dehydration, Overexertion, Hypothermia and Hyperthermia During
MVPA Participation

First Edition, 2020

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Physical Education and Health 12

Quarter 4 Module 3

Observes Personal Safety Protocol

to Avoid Dehydration,
Overexertion, Hypothermia and
Hyperthermia During MVPA
Participation.
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Health Optimizing Physical Education 12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Observes Personal Safety Protocol to Avoid
Dehydration, Overexertion, Hypothermia and Hyperthermia During MVPA
Participation

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Health Optimizing Physical Education 12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Observes Personal Safety Protocol to Avoid
Dehydration, Overexertion, Hypothermia and Hyperthermia During MVPA
Participation.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know
competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you
link the current lesson with the previous
one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

iii
 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which
will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities
given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

iv
 WEEKS 9-10

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to trace back history of

mountaineering in the Philippines. It also provides information on

mountaineering awareness, planning on expedition, surviving an outdoor

recreation and preventive measures.

The module includes:

Lesson 1 Mountaineering Activities (Hiking and Trekking)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Recognize the history of Mountaineering in the Philippines

2. Identify the equipment used in Mountaineering

3. List down essential things needed in Mountaineering

4. Recognize health risk which may occur during mountaineering

5. Identify preventive measures on incidents such as dehydration,

hyperthermia and hypothermia and overexertion.

1
 What I Know

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

______1. The earliest history in the Rock climbing in the Philippines.

a. 1980 b. 1981 c. 1985 d. 1990

______2. The pioneer of the rock climbing in the country.

a. UP mountaineers b. PUP mountaineers

c. UST mountaineers d. DLSAU mountaineers

______3. The year when SCAPI was formed.

a. 1989 b. 1998 c. 1995 d. 1988

______4. Province where the first generation of rock climbers were born.

a. Rizal b. Cebu c. Davao d. Pangasinan

______5. Fitness center which was set up after the closure of UP Wall.

a. The Bouldering Hive b. Climb Central

c. Power Up Gym d. None of the above

______6. It is an outdoor recreation and an activity of walking, hiking,

backpacking and climbing.

a. Camping b. Trekking c. Mountaineering d. Trailing

______7. The following statements are true except:

a. Mountaineering is the most challenging than trekking and hiking.

b. Trekking is more challenging than hiking.
c. Hiking is easier than mountaineering and trekking.

2
 d. Mountaineering, hiking and trekking are different in nature.

______8. Inclusion in the first aid kit that is use for minor cuts.

a. Bandage b. Band-aids c.Moleskin d. Roller gauze

______9. This is use for closing small wounds.

a. Butterfly bandage b. Band-aids c. Roller gauze d. Moleskin

______10. Mountaineering equipment that is use for reading and rummaging

through gear during the night.

a. Lamp b. Flash light c. Headlamp d. Candle

______11. The loss of body fluids is a condition known as ________.

a. Diarrhea b. Dehydration c. Hypothermia d. Hyperthermia

______12. The following are signs and symptoms of Hyperthermia except:

a. Headache b. dizziness c. shivering d. nausea

_______13. It is the condition when a body loses more heat.

a. Dehydration b. Hypothermia c. Hyperthermia d. Overexertion

_______14. The following are signs and symptoms of hypothermia except:

a. Nausea b. confusion c. rapid heart rate d. clammy skin

______15. The condition in which the body is being over heated.

a. Hyperthermia b. Hypothermia c. Dehydration d. Overexertion

3
Lesson Mountaineering Activities-
1 Hiking/Trekking

Choose at least 3 activities (1 light, 1 moderate and 1 vigorous intensity)

that tend to increase your heart rate. Have an interval of 5 minutes after
performing one activity. Fill in the table below:

Activities Heart Remarks

rate/minute

2.

3.

1. What made your heart rate increase?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. How do you describe your breathing in each activity?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. How do you describe your level of tiredness in each activity?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4
 What

http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2018/07/letter-to-a-young-mountaineer-xiii-never-let-go-of-the-mountains-
of-your-life.html

PHILIPPINE CLIMBING HISTORY: The Rocky beginnings

The earliest history of Rock Climbing in the Philippines was

roots. Mountaineers attempted more challenging climbs and terrains as an

incidental activity.
The pioneer of rock climbing in the country is the University of the
Philippine Mountaineers. They developed Basic Mountaineering Course
based on a 1966 handbook by Alan Blackshaw which served as their
manual for ascending the Matutungil rock of Anilao.
In the UPM history, the first rock climbing team as a group used car
parts and polyeurethane ropes as their makeshift gear. They started
establishing rock climbing routes at the municipality of Rodriguez, Rizal
(formerly known as Montalban) along with other members of the
Mountaineering Association of the Philippines (MAP, now defunct)

climbers were born, and established the first routes (all traditional style

5
climbs) in Cantabaco. Spelunkers and mountaineers were also exploring the
caves and cliffs of Barangay Cantabaco, Toledo City. Following the natural
progression towards advanced forms of mountaineering,
The artificial climbing facilities were first setup in the Philippines in
1993
In Metro Manila, UPM members bolted hand-made foot holds and
hand holds onto the surface of the 70-feet high university library where a
group of mountaineers from the Habagat Outdoor Shop in Cebu City built a
und the place at
the same time.
Since artificial climbing was setup outdoors, the use of facilities was
dependent on good weather. No time was wasted by the University
administration for the UP Main Library wall in closing the facility for
security and safety issues.
After the UP , the Power Up Center for Climbing and

climbing facility. away from the University of the Philippines.

The opening of the Power Up gym in an indoor and controlled
environment set -up became a turning point in the Philippine climbing
history and made climbing accessible to the general public where curious
and eager Filipinos had a ready place to try climbing for the first time and a
variety of wall angles became a playground to explore for the more familiar
mountaineers.
Climbing facilities spread all throughout the country- in schools,
malls, and commercial establishments there came the need for a national
s in
check.
The Sport Climbing Association of the Philippines, Inc. (SCAPI) was
formed in September of 1998, linking climbing communities across the
Philippine islands.

6
 What is It

Outdoor recreation provides opportunities for people to be active,

relax, develop friendships, spend time as a family, be challenged and
develop new skills and abilities both physical and mental. Active outdoor
recreation provides an alternative option for people who do not want to
participate in organized traditional sport.

Some of the recreational activities that you can do are

mountaineering, hiking and trekking.

Difference of Mountaineering from Hiking and Trekking

Many people tend to use mountaineering, hiking and trekking
synonymously because they are similar in nature. However, there are also
significant distinctions between them.
The easiest way to explain the difference of these three activities is to
by the difficulty of these activities.

Hiking
Hiking is a challenging recreational activity but easier than trekking
and mountaineering. It can be from easy to moderate difficulty depending on
where you re hiking. It usually ends in the same way but some can have
different starting and end points.
Physically hiking is tough ranging between 2 to 8 hours so you need
to be in good health condition before this kind of recreational activity. Aside
from the length of time, the difficulty of this activity can be determined by
the elevation gained The general rule of thumb is that you can hike 400 m
(~1312 ft) of elevation gain per hour depending on the steepness of the slope
and the difficulty of the terrain.

7
Trekking

Regarding difficulty, trekking is between hiking and mountaineering

ar to hiking, treks are longer than hikes. These trips
usually take two or more days.
Trekking is more challenging than hiking because you will be walking
for multiple days in a row.
Treks usually start in one place and end in a different one. The
distance can vary anywhere from ~40 km to several hundred kilometers
away. Some of the most popular treks can take a couple of weeks to
complete.

Mountaineering
Mountaineering as an outdoor recreation is an activity of walking,
hiking, backpacking and climbing mountains.
Mountaineering is the most challenging and a more technical
variation of trekking to higher peak often over 5000 meters above sea level.
These require a lot of previous physical and technical with more
equipment that you need to know the proper use.

The Mountaineering First Aid Kit

Although a first aid kit can be shared among 2-3 people, each should
have a basic emergency kit to ensure safety. This kit includes pain killer,
band-aids, gauze bandage, antiseptic wipes, antibiotic, anti-itch cream, ace
bandage and moleskin.

Item Quantity and Size Use

Aspirin/Ibuprofen/ 12 tablets/person Pain/fever relief
Acetaminophen
Antacid 6 tablets For indigestion or heartburn
Band-aids assorted Minor cuts
Butterfly bandage 6 various sizes Closing small wounds
Carlisle Battle 1.4 sanitary Large bleeding wounds
Dressing napkin)

8
Moleskin ½ package Padding blisters and hotspots
Needle 1 medium size Removing splinters, etc.
Tincture of Benzoin 1-oz. plastic bottle Painted on skin to make tape
adhere more firmly
Antibacterial soap 1-oz. plastic bottle Washing abrasions and cuts
Razor blade, single 1 Cutting tape, moleskin, etc.
edge
Roller gauze Holding gauze flats in place
Tape, non- ll Securing dressings, etc.
waterproof
Triangular bandage 2 Supporting arm, dressing,
splinting
Wire mesh splint 1 Splinting
Oral Thermometer 1 Measure body temperature
Tweezers 1 Removing splinters
Prescription As prescribed As prescribed
medicine

Mountaineering Equipment and Essentials Checklist

1. Bible Having the word of GOD for

our journey in life is an
absolute must for us.

https://www.thephilippinemountainee
ring.com/2012/04/individual-
equipment-list.html
2. Hiking Lightweight hiking shoes
are advisable. Your shoes
Shoes
should fit very well with a
pair of heavy wool socks.

https://www.rei.com/product/
127770/salomon-quest-4d-3-
gtx-hiking-boots-mens

9
3. Fleece A good and wind resistant
fleece jacket is required,
jacket
can be pullover but a
zippered jacket allows more
versatility for controlling
body temperature.

https://www.pecheur.com/en/i
e/buy-fleece-jacket-savage-gear-
simply-high-loft-183039.html
4. Pants A pair of fleece pants, wool
pants and soft-shell pants
that are roomy and allow
freedom of movement are
recommended

https://www.fieldmag.com/a
rticles/best-fleece-pants-for-
camping

5. First Aid Kit Each person should bring

any special medications
(Please table for
Mountaineering First Aid
Kit

https://www.thephilippinemountainee
ring.com/2012/04/individual-
equipment-list.html
6. Sleeping Your sleeping bag should be
a mummy bag with
Bag
synthetic fill or down fill
with a dry loft shell. If using
a down fill bag on a High -
Altitude climb, you may
want to consider a vapor
barrier liner https://www.istockphoto.com/
photos/sleeping-bag

10
7. Assorted This should be waterproof
and assorted sizes
Stuff Bags (3 or
4)

https://www.rei.com/product/
118509/rei-co-op-durable-stuff-
sack

8. Expedition Size and style of pack

depends on the adventure
Pack
that you will be going on.
Your pack comfortable,
durable and roomy.

https://expertworldtravel.com/
best-expedition-backpack/

9. Toiletry kit Toothpaste, toothbrush or

personal medications and
other personal items such
as dental floss, wet wipes, a
small container of waterless
hand sanitizer and lotion.

https://www.thebrokebackpacker.com
/best-travel-toiletry-bag/

10. Cup, Bowl A plastic insulated mug is

best along with a bowl with
and Spoon
lid or large Nalgene jar with
lead and a lexan spoon. No
metal

https://www.diegeoartf.com/in
dex.php?main_page=product_inf
o&products_id=156412

11
11. Pocket The Victorinox knives are
the tested most specially
knife
the scissors and also the
Leatherman multipurpose
tool.

https://shopee.ph/Victorino
x-Swiss-Army-Knife-Cadet-
Pocket-Knife

12. Headlamp Good for reading and

rummaging through gear
during the night. A small
LED head lamp is fine.

https://www.amazon.com/Coast-HL7-
Focusing-Lumen-Headlamp/

13. Cameras This item is a must!

Pictures are the only way to
describe what you have
seen or done. forget
extra batteries for digital
camera.

https://www.dpreview.com/pro
ducts/canon/slrs/canon_eos400
0d

Other essential things to bring:

Journal with pen/pencil- Scrawl down a few thoughts each evening
so that you can go back and relive your adventure later.
Water Bottles (2)- Nalgene wide mouth one quart.

Sun glasses (two pairs- High quality polarized lenses with UVA and
UVB protection. Wraparound sunglasses work well also. A nose guard

12
 is recommended. Bring at least two pairs of sunglasses in case of loss
or breakage.
Sun Screen and Lip Balm- Both with SPF

Bandanas (2) - Colorful silk or cotton kind.

Socks- Outer socks should be high- quality wool or a synthetic blend.
Bringing at least two pairs that you will be active in, and a third pair
to wear while sleeping is an advice to consider. Remember wearing
anything too tight reduces blood flow and therefore your ability to stay
warm
T-shirt- Polypro or some other synthetic
Lightweight underwear (2 sets)- This includes long underwear tops and
bottoms. All underwear must be polypropylene or wool. Two sets of
long underwear, one set to be active in and one for sleeping.
Watch- For synchronizing all activities and items on the itinerary.

Risks, Safety and Emergency Procedures

Mountaineering can be both rewarding and thrilling activity but can
also face health and physical challenges especially when climbing high
altitudes.
Since mountaineering requires long hours of walking and climbing, it
may produce threats to personal safety, this may lead to incidents such as
dehydration, hyperthermia, hypothermia and overexertion
Dehydration is a state that happens when the loss of body fluids
mostly water exceeds the amount that is taken in. Long hours of walking
may lead to excessive sweating that will also result to rapid evaporation of
water from our body especially when walking under the heat of the sun. Our
body becomes dehydrated when we lose too much water. Dehydration signs
and symptoms may include increased thirst, dry mouth and swollen tongue,
weakness, dizziness, palpitation or the feeling that the heart is jumping or
pounding, confusion, slowness, fainting, incapability in sweat and decreased
urine excretion.
The amount of water needed by the body varies with temperature and
weather conditions, clothes worn and the length of walking or climbing time.

13
About 75% of the human body consists of water. Water is lost from the body
through sweating and urination and therefore it must be replaced regularly
to avoid dehydration. Drinking plenty of water is a necessity out on the trail.
Dehydration can lead to poor decision-making, heat exhaustion, cramps and
heat stroke.

To avoid dehydration the following practices must be done:

Avoid overexertion under extreme heat of the sun.

Rest in a shaded area as often if available. Drink water. Wet bandana
with water and cover it into your head. Increase intake of fluids
during very hot weather and periods of physical exertion by drinking
at least 250ml (one cup) of water every hour. Ensuring to have enough
water with you can often be safer to trip and will prevent you from
dangerous situation.
It is best to do mountaineering in the cool morning and late afternoon.
Rest in the shaded area during the day.
Wear wide brim hat to protect ears, face, scalp and back of neck.
Wear clothing with cool natural fiber or cotton type.

Hyperthermia is a condition of the body being over heated. A body

temperature can rise up to 46 degrees when experiencing hyperthermia.
Symptoms may include: headache, dizziness, exhaustion, muscle
cramps, dark urine, nausea or abdominal cramps, rapid heart rate,
excessive sweating, clammy skin and fainting. The condition if not
treated right away can lead into heat stroke with symptoms of confusion,
coordination, no sweat despite being very hot, vomiting, seizures and
unconsciousness. It can be life threatening and fatal.

Some of the sensible practices to avoid hyperthermia are:

Avoid overexertion on hot days.

Rest often in a shaded area if available and drink water as often as
you can.
Wet bandana with water and cover it into your head

14
 Look for potable sources
only seasonal so you have to bring your own bottle of water.
Eating regularly throughout mountaineering
Consider mountaineering early in the morning on less arduous and
less strenuous trails.
Consider a safest weather if you choose to hike or climb.

Hypothermia is the condition when a body loses more heat than it

produces causing your temperature to drop below 95 o F (35 o C). This can be
life threatening condition. Exposure to extreme cold weather are the most
common causes which often afflicts hikers, climbers or mountaineers
without adequate protection.

Early warning signs include: shivering, dizziness, feeling hungry, rapid

heart rate, feeling tired, nausea, confusion, rapid breathing, trouble forming
words and lack of coordination.

To avoid hypothermia, some of the sensible practices must be done:

Keep your body warm by wearing in layers to adjust temperature as

needed. Wear

a warm cap, carry hand warmers and energy bars in your pack to avoid heat
loss.

Consider weather in mountaineering. Bring with you your sleeping

bag that can provide warmth in case temperature shoot up at night.
You ll get wet from crossing rivers and streams in cool weather. Be
sure to have warm sweater and windbreaker to protect your body from
cold temperature and prevent your body from losing heat as well. Keep
your gear dry.
Drink plenty of fluids, eat many small meals throughout the day in
order to maintain a steady intake of food as this will ensure constant
production of body heat and avoid alcohol and caffeine.
Do not start out for a hike in the face of obviously deteriorating
weather

15
 If caught in bad weather seek shelter early while you still have energy,
and in particular, get out of the wind before chill and exhaustion take
their toll however, try to stay near the designated path.

s More

MOUNTAINEERING, MOUNTAIN-PAIRING!

Matching type: Match column A (names of first aid kit, items used in
mountaineering and risks incidents in mountaineering) to Column B (uses
and signs and symptoms of risk incidents in mountaineering)

COLUMN A COLUMN B

______1. Hiking shoes a. For synchronizing activities

______2. Watch b. Supporting arm, dressing,
splinting
______3. c. Must be lightweight and will
Aspirin/Ibuprofen/Acetaminophen fit well with a pair of heavy
wool socks
_______4. Triangular bandage d. Pain/fever relief
_______5. Stuff bags e. Must be good and wind
resistant
_______6. Fleece jacket f. This should be waterproof
and assorted sizes
_______7. Carlisle Battle Dressing g. Heat stroke
_______8. Hyperthermia h. Shivering
_______9. Hypothermia i. Increased thirst
_______10. Dehydration j. For large bleeding wounds

16
 What I Have Learned

SUMMIT UP, SUM IT UP!

Directions: In this activity, summarize the learnings that you had about
mountaineering. Define mountaineering, trace back history, enumerate the
essential needs and equipment used in mountaineering, risks and prevention.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper using graphic organizer.

What I Can Do

Directions: In this activity, you have two options. Choose one from the given two
options below:

Option 1: Watch Biyahe ni Drew: Revisiting Mount Pulag (Full Episode) by

following the link below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KeJcH9rtLQ
Make a reaction paper out of the video. Describe how mountaineers surpassed
different challenges while on their trail. Maximum of 150 words minimum of 100.

Option 2: As a student, what do you think are the health benefits of

mountaineering. Explain your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

17
 Assessment

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

______1. The condition in which the body is being over heated.

a. Hyperthermia b. Hypothermia c. Dehydration d. Overexertion

_______2. The following are signs and symptoms of hypothermia except:

a. Nausea b. confusion c. rapid heart rate d. clammy skin

_______3. It is the condition when a body loses more heat.

a. Dehydration b. Hypothermia c. Hyperthermia d. Overexertion

______4. The earliest history in the Rock climbing in the Philippines.

b. 1980 b. 1981 c. 1985 d. 1990

______5. The pioneer of the rock climbing in the country.

b. UP mountaineers b. PUP mountaineers

c. UST mountaineers d. DLSAU mountaineers

______6. The year when SCAPI was formed.

b. 1989 b. 1998 c. 1995 d. 1988

______7. Province where the first generation of rock climbers were born.

b. Rizal b. Cebu c. Davao d. Batangas

______8. Fitness center which was set up after the closure of UP Wall.

a. The Bouldering Hive b. Climb Central

c. Power Up Gym c. None of the above

______9. It is an outdoor recreation and an activity of walking, hiking,

backpacking and climbing.

18
 b. Camping b. Trekking c. Mountaineering d. Trailing

______10. The following statements are true except:

a. Mountaineering is the most challenging than trekking and hiking.

b. Trekking is more challenging than hiking.
c. Hiking is easier than mountaineering and trekking.
d. Mountaineering, hiking and trekking are different in nature.

______11. Inclusion in the first aid kit that is use for minor cuts.

b. Bandage b. Band-aids Moleskin d. Roller gauze

______12. This is use for closing small wounds.

b. Butterfly bandage b. Band-aids c. Roller gauze d. Moleskin

______13. Mountaineering equipment that is use for reading and rummaging

through gear during the night.

b. Lamp b. Flash light c. Headlamp d. Candle

______14. The loss of body fluids is a condition known as ________.

b. Diarrhea b. Dehydration c. Hypothermia d.

Hyperthermia

______15. The following are signs and symptoms of Hyperthermia except:

b. Headache b. dizziness c. shivering d. nausea

Additional Activities

What are other things that you want to discover in mountaineering.

Explain in five sentences in a separate sheet of paper.

19