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Microprocessors & Microcontrollers: Lecture 16 (3 Hour) 08/03/2022

The document discusses different types of multiprocessor configurations including coprocessor, closely coupled, and loosely coupled configurations. It describes the advantages of multiprocessor systems and provides examples of connections and architectures for coprocessor configurations using the 8086 and 8087 chips.

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26 views31 pages

Microprocessors & Microcontrollers: Lecture 16 (3 Hour) 08/03/2022

The document discusses different types of multiprocessor configurations including coprocessor, closely coupled, and loosely coupled configurations. It describes the advantages of multiprocessor systems and provides examples of connections and architectures for coprocessor configurations using the 8086 and 8087 chips.

Uploaded by

itsaartihere001
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microprocessors &

Microcontrollers
Lecture 16(3 hour)
08/03/2022
Multiprocessor Configuration
• Refers to the use of multiple processors that executes
instructions simultaneously and communicate with each
other.
• Each processor shares its own cache memory and registers for
processing of data.
• Maximum mode of 8086 is designed to implement three basic
multiprocessor configuration:
1. Coprocessor configuration
2. Closely coupled configuration
3. Loosely coupled configuration
Advantages of Multiprocessor
Configuration

• Several low cost processor may be combined

• Easy to add more processor for expansion

• During failure, easier to replace the faulty processor.

• High system throughput

• System can be expanded in modular form


Coprocessor Configuration
• A coprocessor is a special designed circuit on micro-
processor chip which can perform some task very quickly.
• Reduces the workload of the main processor.
• Coprocessor handles specialized tasks like mathematical
calculations, graphical display on screen etc.
• These external processor shares the:
1. Memory
2. I/O system
3. Bus control logic
4. Clock generator
Coprocessor Configuration
8086 & 8087 Connections
8086 8087
Coprocessor Flow Chart
Architecture of 8087
Closely Coupled Configuration
• It will take care of I/O activity's of processor
Closely Coupled Configuration Flow
Chart
8086 & 8089 Connections
Architecture of 8089
Loosely Coupled Configuration
• Consist of number of modules which are
connected through a common bus
• Each module consist of its own clock
generator, memory, I/O devices and are
connected through a local bus
Loosely Coupled Configuration
Advantages
• Having more than one processor results in
increased efficiency.
• Each of the processors have their own local bus
to access the local memory, I/O devices. This
makes it easy to achieve parallel processing.
• The system structure is flexible, i.e. the failure of
one module doesn’t affect the whole system
failure; faulty module can be replaced late
Bus Allocation Scheme (Bus
Arbitration)
• By using this scheme we allocate buses to
processor and for external I/O devices.
1. Daisy chaining method
2. Polling method
3. Independent request method
Daisy Chaining Method

BBY
Daisy Chaining Method
• Advantages:
1. Requires least number of lines
2. Very simple and cheaper method

• Disadvantages:’
1. Failure of master causes whole system failure
2. Priority of master is fixed
Polling Method
Polling Method
• Advantages:
1. If one system fail, no problem will be in other
devices

• Disadvantages:
1. Due to polling lines, polling delay occurs.
Independent Request Method
Independent Request Method
• Advantage: Fastest method
• Disadvantage: Complex system
Multi-programming
• A multiprogramming is a parallel processing in which the multiple
programs can run simultaneously
• Multiprogramming is the allocation of more than one concurrent
program on a computer system and its resources
• Works on time-multiplexed fashion

• Advantages:
 Increases CPU utilization
 Maximizes total job throughput
• Disadvantages:
 More complex
 OS must keep track of all kind of jobs running parallely
Multi-programming
Multi-programming
• Process Management
1. Ready
2. Blocked
3. Running
Input Output Programming:8086
• The I/O operation is defined as the transfer of
data between microprocessor and the
external world.

• Three ways of transferring data:


1. Programmed I/O
2. Interrupt I/O
3. Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Input Output Programming:8086
• Programmed I/O: The microprocessor executes a
program to perform all data transfer between the
microprocessor and the external devices via one or
more register called I/O ports.
• Interrupt I/O: An external device can force the
microprocessor to stop executing the current program
temporarily so that it can execute another program
known as interrupt service routine.
• Direct Memory Access (DMA): An interface chip called
DMA controller chip is used with the microprocessor
for transferring data via
DMA.(8257controller)(architecture of 8257)
Input Output Programming:8086
• Two instructions: “OUT” and “IN” send data from the accumulator (AL or
AX) to ports or bring data from ports into the accumulator.
• I/O instructions are used in programming 8- and 16-bit peripheral devices.
– Printers, hard disks, and keyboards.
• 16-bit port address instruction using register indirect addressing mode
with register DX.
• Only DX can be used for 16-bit I/O addresses.
• – Use register AL for 8-bit data.
Input Output Programming:8086
• Example. Write a sequence of instructions
that will output the data FF H to a byte wide
output at address AB Hof the I/O address
space
• MOV AL,0FFh
• OUT 0ABh, AL
Input Output Programming:8086
• Example. Data is to be read from two byte wide
input ports at addresses AA Hand A9 H and then
this data will then be output to a word wide
output port at address B000H
• IN AL, 0AAH
• MOV AH,AL
• IN AL, 0A9H
• MOV DX,0B00H
• OUT DX,AX
THANK YOU

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