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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB ANTENNA FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
PASUPULETI JAGADEESH (20JR1A04F8)

SHAIK KHAJA MOHIDDIN (20JR1A04G9)
VUYYALA PRAMOD (20JR1A04J0)
S.KRUSHIK REDDY (20JR1A04G4)
Under the Guidance of

Mrs.K.SOWJANYA M.Tech
Assistant Professor of ECE dept
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

KKR & KSR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
(Autonomous)
Vinjanampadu (V), Vatticherukuru(M), Guntur -522017
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA:: KAKINADA

APRIL-2024
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB
ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION” submitted by PASUPULETI
JAGADEESH (20JR1A04F8), SHAIK KHAJA MOHIDDIN (20JR1A04G9), VUYYALA
PRAMOD (20JR1A04J0), S.KRUSHIK REDDY (20JR1A04G4) to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Kakinada, through KKR & KSR Institute of Technology and Sciences
(Autonomous) for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering is a bonafide record of project work carried out by him/her under my
supervision during the year 2023-24.
Mrs.K.Sowjanya M.Tech Dr. N. Adi Narayana Ph.D.
SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project ”DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB

MIMO ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION” has been carried out
by me and this work has been submitted to KKR & KSR Institute of Technology and
Sciences (A), Vinjanampadu, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Kakinada in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.
We further declare that this project work has not been submitted in full or part for
the award of any other degree in any other educational institutions.
1. 20JR1A04F8 PASUPULETI JAGADEESH P.JAGADEESH
2. 20JR1A04G9 SHAIK KHAJA MOHIDDIN SK.KHAJA MOHIDDIN
3.20JR1A04J0 VUYYALA PRAMOD V.PRAMOD
4.20JR1A04G4 S.KRUSHIK REDDY S.KRUSHIK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our profound gratitude towards K.Sowjanya, Department of

Electronics and communication Engineering, who played a supervisory role to utmost
perfection, enabling us to seek through our IV-II B.Tech project and for guidance as an
internal guide methodically and meticulously.
We express our gratitude towards all the faculty members and non-teaching
faculty members, the Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION.
We are highly indebted to Prof. N.Adi Narayana Head of the Department,

Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing us with all the necessary support.
We render our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. P. BABU, Principal and Dr.K.Hari
Babu, Director Academics for permitting us to carry out our main project works. We
would like to express our sincere thanks to the Electronics and Communication
Engineering staff for lending us their time to help us complete the work successfully.
We are very much thankful to the (college management) Chairman sir and
Secretary sir names for their continuous support and the facilities provided. We would
also like to thank our staff, parents, and friends for their enduring encouragement and
assistance whenever required.
INSTITUTION VISION
To produce eminent and ethical Engineers and Managers for society by imparting quality professional
education with emphasis on human values and holistic excellence.
INSTITUTION MISSION
● To incorporate bench marked teaching and learning pedagogies in curriculum.

● To ensure all round development of students through judicious blend of
curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities.
● To support cross-cultural exchange of knowledge between industry and academia.
● To provide higher/confined education and research opportunities to the employees

of the institution.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT
To be a quality education provider for technically competent and socially responsible engineers.
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

● Enriched curriculum for addressing the needs of Industry and society.
● Effective teaching learning processes through a congenial environment for lifelong learning.
● Promote contemporary knowledge through research and development, innovation
and incubation.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’S)
PSO1: Professional Skills:

Apply Electronics, Communications, VLSI, Embedded systems knowledge to arrive cost
effective and appropriate solutions.
PSO2: Problem-solving skills:

Able to provide solutions and design Semiconductor Devices, Digital Systems,
Microprocessor and Signal processing for the fields of Consumer Electronics, Medical,
Defense and Spacecraft Electronics industry.
PSO3: Successful career:

Able to use latest hardware and software tools like VHDL, MATLAB, MULTISIM,
MENTOR GRAPHICS along with analytical skills.
PSO4: Exposure for research and development:

To analyze latest trends in Communication and apply the knowledge for the improvement in
the present technology by doing research through higher education.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’S)
PEO1:
Develop a strong background in basic science and mathematics and ability to use these tools in
their chosen fields of specialization.
PEO2:
Have the ability to demonstrate technical competence in the fields of electronics and
communication engineering and develop solutions to the problems.
PEO3:
Attain professional competence through life-long learning such as advanced degrees,
professional registration, and other professional activities.
PEO4:
Function effectively in a multi-disciplinary environment and individually, within a global,
societal, and environmental context.
PEO5:
Take individual responsibility and to work as a part of a team towards the fulfillment of both
individual and organizational goals.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’S):
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and engineering specializations to the solution of complexing engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature and complex engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions using 1st principles of mathematics natural
sciences & engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complexing engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental conditions.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, Select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environmental and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one one’s work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadcast context of technological
change.
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO421.1: Perform a system of examinations to identify problems.
CO421.2: Review the literature/Related work.
CO421.3: Defining the problem & its area of domain.
CO421.4: Proposal of solution for the selected area/methodology.
CO421.5: Analysis of the proposed work & documentation.
CO421.6: Acquire collaborative learning, leadership qualities & presentation skills

Course Outcomes - Co-Po Mapping
PO PO PO3 PO PO PO P0 PO PO PO1 PO11 PO1 PSO1 PSO2 PSO PSO

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4
CO421.1 2 3 2 2 3 3
CO421.2 3 2 2 2
CO421.3 3 2 2 1
CO421.4 2 2 2 3 2
CO421.5 2 2 2 2 2
CO421.6 1 2 2 3
3: High 2: Medium 1: Low
Program Educational Objectives – Program Specific Outcomes

correlation
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
PEO1 2 1 3 2
PEO2 3 2 2
PEO3 1 2 3 3
PEO4 3 2 2
PEO5 1 3 2
3: High 2: Medium 1: Low

CO-POs Mapping with Reasons
1. CO421.1 is mapped with PO1, PO4, PO6 and PO10 as basic knowledge of
Engineering and problem Analysis activities are highly essential to conduct examinations
on existing systems which have been used in industries as a part of and to define the
problem of the proposed system.
2. CO421.2 is mapped with PO3, PO7 and PO9 for identification, gathering analysis,
and classification of requirements for the proposed system, basic knowledge of
engineering and Analysis steps along with complex problem analysis through the efforts
of teamwork in order to meet the specific needs of the customer.
3. CO421.3 is mapped with PO5, PO10 and PO12 as to conduct the literature review
and to examine the relevant systems to understand and identify the merits and demerits of
each to enhance and develop the proposed as per the need.
4. CO421.4 is mapped with PO3, PO8 and PO11 because modularization and design
of the project are needed after requirements elicitation. For modularization and design of
the project, Basic knowledge of Engineering, Analysis capabilities, Design skills, and
communication is needed between team members as different modules are designed
individually before integration.
5. CO421.5 is mapped with PO2, PO9, and PO12 as to construct the project the
latest technologies are needed. The development of the project is done individually and in
groups with well-defined communication by using engineering and management
principles.
6. CO421.6 is mapped with PO1, PO6, and PO11 because during and after
completion of the project, documentation is needed along with proper methods of
presentation through understanding and application of engineering and management
principles, which in turn needs well-defined communication between the team members
with all the ethical values. Even the project development team defines future
enhancements asa part of the project development after identifying the scope of the
project.
CO-PSOs Mapping with Reasons
1. CO421.1 is mapped with PSO1 and PSO4 as examining existing systems and
identification of the problem is a part of Application Development activity and identification
of evolutionary changes in the latest technologies.
2. CO421.2 is mapped with PSO3 as identifying and classifying the requirements is a
part of Application development and evolutionary computing changes and also follows
ethical principles.
3. CO421.3 is mapped with PSO3 as a review of literature is a part of application
development activity by recognizing the computing technologies and their evolutionary
changes.
4. CO421.4 is mapped with PSO1 and PSO3 because modularization and logical design
is also a part of Application development and follows computing changes using Deep
learning technology.
5. CO421.5 is mapped with PSO2 and PSO4 as Testing, Development, and Integration
of project activities are part of Application development and follow ethical principles.
6. CO421.6 is mapped with PSO2 for project documentation and presentation the
project team members apply the professional and leadership quality.
S.No Name of the Content page no
1 I INTRODUCTION 2
1.0 Existing System 3
1.0.0 Proposed System 4
1.1 Antenna 5
1.1.0 need of antenna 6
1.1.1 types of antenna 7
1.2 Micro strip antenna 8
1.2.0 advantages & disadvantages 10
1.3 Feeding techniques 10
1.4 Technology 12
1.5 UWB 14
1.5 HFSS software 15
1.7 Summary 16
2 II LITERATURE SURVEY 18
3 III PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA 37
2.0 VSWR 37
2.1 Wave Length 38
2.2 frequency bands 39
2.3 band width 40

2.4 Return loss 40
2.5 Gain 41
2.6 Radiation pattern 42
2.7 types of radiation patterns 43
2.8 Antenna polarization 44
2.9 Summary 45
4 IV DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 46
3.0 Calculations 47
3.1 Substrate 49
3.2 Patch 49
3.3 Ground 50
10
3.4 Summary 51
5 V ANTENNA DESIGN 52
4.0 Software introduction 53
4.1 Design procedure 53
4.1.1 How to open a New Project? 54
4.1.2 Save the Project 54
4.1.3 Insert an HFSS Design 55
4.1.4 Select a solution type 55
4.1.5 Creating the Model 56
4.1.6 Drawing the Method 56
4.1.7 Assign Boundary 57
4.1.8 Assign Excitation 57
4.1.9 Analysis Setup 58
4.1.10 Add Frequency Sweep 58
4.1.11 Model Validation 58
4.1.12 Save the Project 59
4.2 Summary 59
6 VI RESULT 60
5.0 S-Parameter(Return Loss) 61
5.1 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR) 62
5.2 Radiation Pattern 63
5.3 Gain 64
5.4 Summary 64
7 VII ADVANTAGES 66
8 VIII APPLICATIONS 69
9 IX CONCLUSION 72
10 X REFERENCES 75
11
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO
1.1 Antenna 5
1.2 Micro strip patch antenna 8
1.3 Different forms of micro strip antenna 9
1.4 Coaxial feed 10
1.5 Micro strip feed 11
1.6 Aperture coupled feed 11
1.7 Proximity coupled feed 12
1.8 12
1.8.1 UWB 14
1.9 HFSS icon 15

2.1 VSWR 37
2.2 Return loss 41
2.3 Radiation pattern 43
3.1 Top View of Micro strip patch antenna 47
3.2 Schematic view of orthogonal-Shaped patch antenna 49
3.3 Partially stepped ground 50
4.1 HFSS Window 54
4.2 Validation check window 58
4.3 Octogonal Microstrip UWB Antenna 59
5.1 S-Parameters 62
5.2 VSWR graph 62
5.3 Radiation Patterns 63
5.4 Simulation result of Gain 64
12
ABSTRACT
The demand for high data rates and reliable wireless communication has led to the
evolution of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) antenna systems. In the analysis phase, the antenna system is
evaluated for key performance parameters such as Return loss,VSWR, bandwidth, radiation
pattern, gain, and isolation between antenna elements.
The antenna is comprised of four octagonal-shaped radiators with several slots loaded
into them, and it offers a frequency range of 2.9–12 GHz.The proposed antenna will have a Return
loss that is more than existing antenna(greater than -10dB). The VSWR must be in the range of 1
to 2 dB.The VSWR of proposed antenna must be less than the existing antenna.The Gain of the
proposed antenna must be greater than 2 dB(>2dB)
Key words: , UWB, HFSS, Microstrip octogonal shape patch antenna,VSWR, Return Loss,
Gain , Radiation Pattern.
13
CHAPTER-I
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A compact antenna is indispensable in modern wireless applications. This paper

proposed an octagonal shaped micro strip patch antenna for military(X Band) and 5G
technology applications in wireless communications. The antenna is designed on Cotton
fabric material with dielectric constant 1.6.The Micro strip patch antenna is designed over
a substrate size of 27 x 17 mm2. The antenna consists of a micro strip and octogonal
shaped patch antenna. The proposed antenna covers Wi-Max, WLAN and X band
applications. The proposed antenna operates at a frequency of 3.8Ghz . The Ansoft
HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) Software is used to inspect the results. The
parameters of the designed antenna exhibit the results like Return loss, VSWR, Radiation
pattern, Gain, Directivity and surface current distribution that are optimized within the
band of operation.
In recent years, the demand for high-speed and reliable wireless communication
systems has increased significantly. Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology has emerged as a
promising solution due to its ability to transmit data over a wide frequency band with low
power consumption and high data rates. technology further enhances wireless
communication by utilizing multiple antennas for transmitting and receiving signals
simultaneously, thereby improving data throughput and reliability.
The design and analysis of an octagonal-shaped UWB antenna involve several

key aspects. Firstly, the antenna's geometry, such as the octagonal shape, plays a crucial
role in determining its radiation characteristics, impedance matching, and bandwidth. The
octagonal shape offers advantages such as compactness, reduced mutual coupling
between antenna elements, and improved radiation pattern diversity.
2
1
1.0.0 EXISTING SYSTEM:
This paper presents a flexible multiple input multiple output antenna with ultra
wideband (UWB) performance for smart clothing applications. The antenna consists of
four octagonal-shaped radiators with several slots loaded into them, and it offers a
frequency range of 2.9–12 GHz. The unit cell has a size of 0.26λ0 × 0.164λ0 × 0.014λ0 and
the antenna has a size of 0.48λ0 × 0.48λ0 × 0.014λ0, where λ0 corresponds to the lowest
operating frequency. The radiation and diversity performances of the antenna are
evaluated, and the obtained metrics are envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) <0.045,
diversity gain (DG) >9.9 dB, total active reflection coefficient (TARC) <−14 dB, and
channel capacity loss (CCL) <0.13 bits/s/Hz. The bending analysis of the antenna is
performed. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the antenna is also investigated, and
the obtained values are 0.229 W/Kg (4 GHz), 0.253 W/Kg (7 GHz), and 0.463 W/Kg
(10 GHz).
This paper presents a flexible antenna designed for smart fabric applications. The
antenna uses four octagonal-shaped radiators made of cotton fabric to operate in the 2.9
GHz to 12 GHz frequency range. The antenna achieves good isolation between the
elements without the use of decoupling structures. The antenna demonstrates good
diversity performance with an envelope correlation coefficient below 0.045 and a
diversity gain above 9.9 dB. The antenna can bend up to a radius of 15 mm without
significantly degrading performance. SAR analysis shows that the radiation exposure
from the antenna is well below safety limits. The key advantages of the proposed antenna
are its wide bandwidth of 9.1 GHz, high gain of 4.84 dBi, and suitability for wearable
applications due to its flexible cotton substrate. The designed antenna has potential
applications in patient monitoring and healthcare due to its flexible nature and low SAR
values.
3
1.0.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In the proposed system we try to introduce new frequencies in the range of

2-12GHz to improve the signal strength and speed ,return loss,etc…in our project we are
getting signals at the 3.8 GHz. We are introducing slots in ground that reduces the loss of
signal these can be done by using some bandwidth enhancement techniques
There are different shapes of antenna depending on its application. In general, the
microstrip antenna has many unique and attractive properties. There seems to be little
doubt that it will continue to find many applications. These properties include low
profile, light weight, being compact and conformable to mounting structure, easy
fabrication and integration with solid-state devices. These properties contribute to the
successful application of microstrip antennas not only in the military, such as aircraft,
missiles, space craft, but also in the commercial areas, such as mobile satellite system,
terrestrial cellular communications, broadcast satellite system, and global positioning
systems. Recently, technology advances have improved its bandwidth from a few percent
to tens of percent . There are numerous and well-known methods to increase the
bandwidth of antennas, including increase of the substrate thickness, the use of a low
dielectric substrate, and the use of multiple resonators .Therefore, the interest in
multiband antenna is increasing, especially in order to reduce the number of antenna
embedded in combining multiple application on a single antenna. The multiple input
multiple output wireless technology has been shown to be one of the methods to improve
the spectral efficiency. In this project, researchers propose an antenna designed with
Cotton fabric dielectric substrate, which has the width and length of W=-25mm and
L=17mm respectively. Moreover, the design has been simulated by using high frequency
structure simulator software (HFSS) . The operating bands are evaluated by using the
software with the criterion of return loss S11 is -22dB and VSWR is 1.3db. The proposed
antenna with octagonal shape works in S-band frequencies operating at 2.9GHz and
3.8GHz.
patch antenna to produce radiation pattern. While designing antennas the gain and
bandwidth are taken as major constraints so that antennas are designed specially like a
stacked dielectric patch resonator with broad bandwidth and constant gain, is reached due
to the ceramic sheets integrated with ground plane and two resonant types attain the
better outcome with high permittivity.
4
1.1 ANTENNA
Antennas are the means for coupling the transmitter to the medium, in wireless
communication we are using the medium as free space. An antenna is an electromagnetic
radiator; it creates an electromagnetic field that proceeds out from the transmitting
antenna to the receiver’s antenna, which then converts the electromagnetic wave into
electrical signals that are applied to the receiver’s input stages.There are several different
types of antennas in three broad categories: omni-directional, directional, and
semi-directional.
● Omni-directional antennas propagate in all directions.
● Semi-directional antennas propagate in a constricted fashion, defined by a
specific angle.
● Directional antennas have a narrow “beam” that allows highly directional
propagation; familiar types are the parabolic and Yagi. Each has unique
characteristics and applications.
1.1.0 Need of Antenna
In the field of communication systems, whenever the need for wireless

communication arises, there occurs the necessity of an antenna. Antenna has the
capability of sending or receiving the electromagnetic waves for the sake of
communication, where you cannot expect to lay down a wiring system.
Figure 1.1 Antenna

In the above image, the antennas help the communication to be established in the whole
area, including the valleys and mountains. This process would obviously be easier than
laying a wiring system throughout the area.After an rf signal has been generated in a
transmitter, some means must be used to radiate this signal through space to a receiver.
5
The device that does this job is the antenna. The transmitter signal energy is sent into
space by a transmitting antenna; the rf signal is then picked up from space by a receiving
antenna.Therf energy is transmitted into space in the form of an electromagnetic field. As
the traveling electromagnetic field arrives at the receiving antenna, a voltage is induced
into the antenna(a conductor).The rf voltages induced into the receiving antenna are then
passed into the receiver and converted back into the transmitted rf information.The
design of the antenna system is very important in a transmitting station. The antenna must
be able to radiate efficiently so the power supplied by the transmitter is not wasted. An
efficient transmitting antenna must have exact dimensions. The dimensions are
determined by the transmitting frequencies. The Dimensions of the receiving antenna are
not critical for relatively low radio frequencies. However, as the frequency of the signal
being received increases, the design and installation of the receiving antenna become
more critical. An example of this is a television receiving antenna. If you raise it a few
more inches from the ground or give a slight turn in direction, you can change a snowy
blur into a clear picture.
1.1.1 Types of antenna:
Types Examples Applications
of antenna
Wire Antennas Dipole antenna, Personal applications,

Monopole antenna, buildings, ships,
Helix antenna, Loop automobiles, space
antenna crafts
Aperture Waveguide (opening), Flush-mounted

Antennas Horn antenna applications, air-craft,
space craft
Reflector Parabolic reflectors, Microwave

Antennas Corner reflectors communication,
6
satellite tracking,
radio astronomy
Lens Antennas Convex-plane, Used for very high

Concave-plane, frequency
Convex-convex, applications
Concave Concave lenses
Micro strip Circular-shaped, Used for very high

Antennas Rectangularshaped frequency
metallic patch above the applications
ground plane
Micro strip Yagi-Uda antenna, Used for very high

Antennas Micro strip patch array, gain applications,
Aperture array, Slotted mostly when needs to
waveguide array control the radiation
pattern
1.2 Microstrip Antenna

The micro-strip antenna is the widely used antenna and it also defined as printed
antenna. It comprises a metallic patch, a ground plane and a substrate. The patch is kept
above the ground plane and substrate is placed in between ground plane and patch. The
feeding is given to the patch by utilizing micro-strip line feed technique . The major
advantages of micro-strip antennas like low cost, ease of fabrication, easy integration
with circuit components and less fabrication cost using modern printed circuit boards,
make these antennas most used ones . Moreover these antennas can be easily mounted on
the surface of satellites, aircrafts, space crafts, missiles and on handheld devices.micro
strip antenna contains 3 sections
1. Ground
2. patch and
3. Substrate
7
Figure 1.2 microstrip patch antenna
These microstrip antennas are easy to fabricate and comfortable on curved surface the
directivity is fairly curved to the dielectric substrate and thickness. This antennas are
mostly used in mobile and satellite communication. Antenna can be define as the device
which convert electric wave into electromagnetic wave to transmit signal from transmit
end to receiver end and vice versa.The IEEE standard definition of an antenna-
According to Stutz man and Theiele antenna is defined as the part of transmitting or
receiving device which is design to radiate the electromagnetic signal or wave. The basic
principle of the antenna, electrical waves are converted into electromagnetic waves then
transmitted while passing energy or signals are extracted from electromagnetic waves and
then sent to the desired direction of propagation.
The antenna act as the connecting device between the guided device. There are
many types of antenna such as wire antenna,reflector antenna,aperture antenna,log
periodic antenna,reflector antenna, traveling wave antenna , microstrip patch antenna etc.
Here, our focus only on microstrip and conformal antenna. Microstrip patch antenna
patches are various shapes such as rectangular,square, triangle and circular etc...Some
representative shapes of microstrip patch structure are as shown in below figures.
8
Figure 1.3 Different basic form of micro strip antenna
The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch which

looks like a truncated microstrip transmission line. It is approximately one-half
wavelength long. When air is used as the dielectric substrate, the length of the rectangular
microstrip antenna is approximately one-half of a free-space wavelength. As the antenna
is loaded with a dielectric as its substrate, the length of the antenna decreases as the
relative dielectric constant of the substrate increases. The resonant length of the antenna
is slightly shorter because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which increase the
electrical length of the antenna slightly. An early model of the microstrip antenna is a
section of microstrip transmission line with equivalent loads on either end to represent
the radiation loss.
1.2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of microstrip patch antenna:

Advantages :
● Low weight
● Capable of dual and triple frequency operation
● Linear and circulation polarization
● Less noise effects
● Feed lines and matching networks can be fabricated simultaneously.
9
Draw backs:
● Applicable for narrow frequency applications
● Low power handling capabilities
● Low efficiency
1.3 Feeding techniques
A feedline is used to excite to radiate by direct or indirect contact. There are many
different techniques of feeding and four most popular techniques are coaxial probe feed,
microstrip line, aperture coupling and proximity coupling.
1. Coaxial probe feeding is a feeding method in which the inner conductor of the coaxial is
attached to the radiation patch of the fabrication, easy to match, low spurious radiation
and its disadvantages is narrow bandwidth, Difficult to model specially for thick
substrate. antenna while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane.
Advantages of coaxial feeding is easy
Figure 1.4 coaxial feed

2. Microstrip line feed is one of the easier methods to fabricate as it is a just conducting
strip connecting to the patch and therefore can be considered as extension of patch. It is
simple to model and easy to match by controlling the inset position. However the
disadvantage of this method is that as substrate thickness increases, surface wave and
spurious feed radiation increases which limit the bandwidth.
10
Figure 1.5 Microstrip feed
3. Aperture coupled feed consists of two different substrates separated by a ground plane.
On the bottom side of the lower substrate there is a microstrip feed line whose energy is
coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane separating two substrates. This
arrangement allows independent optimization of the feed mechanism and the radiating
element. Normally the top substrate uses a thick low dielectric constant substrate while
for the bottom substrate; it is the high dielectric substrate. The ground plane, which is in
the middle, isolates the feed from the radiation element and minimizes interference of
spurious radiation for pattern formation and polarization purity. Advantages allows
independent optimization of the feed mechanism element.Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images
of the organs and tissues within your body.
Figure 1.6 Aperture coupled feed
11
4. Proximity coupling has the largest bandwidth, has low spurious radiation. However, it is
difficult. Length of feeding stub and width-to-length ratio of patch is used to control the
match. Its coupling mechanism is capacitive in nature.
Figure 1.7 Proximity coupled feed
1.4 Technology:
or Multiple-Input Multiple-Output can be referred to as the communication channel
created with multiple transmitters and receivers of an antenna to improve
communication’s performance. Since their initial development in the year 1990, Wireless
Communications have become integral part of the most forthcoming commercial and
next generation wireless data communication systems. is one among the several types of
Smart Antenna Technologies. Nowadays techniques are used in different technologies
such as WI-FI and LTE (long term evolution).
Figure 1.8 Technology

With these advantages, technology has been introduced to portable terminals such as
laptops, mobile phones, USB dongles and others to realize high-speed data
12
transmission . In the design process of the antennas for WLAN/WiMAX, the main
challenge is to ensure sufficiently wide bandwidth to support WLAN/WiMAX
application while maintaining high isolation between the antenna elements within a
compact size. Three operating bands are achieved by inserting a pair of octagonal shapes
into a wide rectangular slot . The design of antenna for communication systems
application is a challenging task to the researchers which involves many points to be
taken into consideration. Another point related to the elements located close to each other
may increase correlation coefficient related to the mutual coupling . To enhance the
isolation so many techniques like inserting additional parasitic structures, loading slots
and radiating ground layers etc are used. In an antenna system with closely packed
elements, the high mutual coupling can lead to large impedance mismatches. Also some
techniques have been presented for communication applications recently, including steps,
slots on the ground plane and orthogonal placement of radiating elements with respect to
each otherSeveral different diversity modes are available and provide a number of
advantages:
● Time diversity: Using time diversity, a message may be transmitted at different times, e.g.
using different time slots and channel coding.
● Frequency diversity: This form of diversity uses different frequencies. It may be in the form
of using different channels, or technologies such as spread spectrum / OFDM.
● Space diversity : Space diversity used in the broadest sense of the definition is used as the
basis for . It uses antennas located in different positions to take advantage of the different
radio paths that exist in a typical terrestrial environment
The dual element antenna of polarization diversity technique with Cotton fabric dielectric
substrate size of 70*70mm2.The permittivity of this Cotton fabric substrate is 4.3 and thickness is
1.524mm. antenna design is fabricated with G shaped patch antenna with partially stepped ground
(PSG) structure of 50 ohm impedance and also one vertical slot inserted in each ground
plane.PSG means geometrical slots entrenched on the ground plane’s has been incorporated on
the ground plane with micro strip line. The projected 2×2 Triple frequency G-shaped patch
antenna
13
1.5 UWB
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) refers to a wireless communication technology that
utilizes a very large portion of the radio spectrum to transmit data over short distances.
Unlike traditional narrowband communication technologies that use specific frequency
bands, UWB operates across a wide range of frequencies, typically spanning several
gigahertz (GHz) or more.
Wide Frequency Range: UWB devices transmit data using extremely short and
low-power pulses spread across a wide range of frequencies, often from below 1 GHz to
several GHz.High Data Rates: Due to its wide bandwidth, UWB can achieve very high
data transfer rates, making it suitable for applications requiring fast data transmission.
We can clearly see from the name ultra-wideband is a radio technology used
for a wide range of frequency channels and having low energy short-range. It is
used for short-range wireless communication protocols like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
It can work on a wide range of frequencies in which we can send short pulses of
information at a moment. It is used to send information over a large range of
bandwidth approximately 500MHz. It transmits information by generating radio
energy for a span of time over a large bandwidth. Lower energy consumption
allows transferring a large amount of data.
14
1.6 HFSS Software
HFSS was introduced in the 90's. It stands for High Frequency Structure
simulator ANSOFT HFSS is an industry standard simulation tool for 3D full wave
electromagnetic field simulation. The acronym HFSS originally stood for high frequency
structural simulator. It is commercial finite element method solver for
electromagneticstructuresfromANSYSCorporation. It was originally developed by
Professor ZoltanCendes and his students at Carnegie Mellon University. Prof.Cendes and
his brother Nicholas Cendes founded Ansoft and sold HFSS stand-alone under a 1989
marketing relationship with Hewlett-Packard, and bundled into Ansoftproducts.In
1997 Hewlett-Packard acquired Optimization Systems Associates Inc. (OSA), a
company John Bandler founded in 1983. HP's acquisition was driven by the HP's need for
an optimization capability for HFSS. :Agilent with the critically acclaimedFEM
Element and Ansoft with their HFSS products, respectively.
.
Figure 1.9 HFSS ICON
Antennas are virtually everywhere. From commercial applications such as smartphones,
RFID tags, and wireless printers, to defense applications such as phased array antennas
for aircraft radar systems or satellite-based, to provide integrated ground based
communication systems. Electromagnetic simulation is a valuable tool in antenna design
and platform integration providing the designer the ability to virtually design and
evaluate what if scenarios as well as verify the final manufactured design. ANSYS®
HFSS™ excels at a wide variety of high frequency, full-wave, electromagnetic
applications including antenna design and placement since it uses multiple advanced
solver techniques to simulate not just the antenna but also the effects of its interaction
with the entire system, including the feeding system as well as the platform.
15
1.7 SUMMARY
In this chapter, we discuss the basics of antenna,types of antenna,introduction to
technology and introduction to software for designing an antenna.
16
CHAPTER-2
17
Literature survey
This paper proposes a compact multiple-input multiple-output () antenna for ultrawideband
applications. The antenna has a small size of 30 by 30 mm and consists of two planar monopole
antenna elements placed perpendicularly to achieve good isolation. Two long ground stubs and a
short ground strip are used to enhance isolation and bandwidth. Simulation and measurement
results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, low mutual
coupling of less than -15 dB, and a low envelope correlation coefficient below 0.2 across the
frequency band. This makes it suitable for portable ultrawideband applications.The long ground
stubs act as parasitic monopoles and generate resonances that extend the bandwidth toward the
low and high frequencies. The short ground strip connecting the two ground planes also helps
generate additional resonances. Current distributions show that the ground stubs and strip help
reduce currents coupled between the antenna elements, leading to lower mutual coupling.The
antenna achieves pattern diversity due to the perpendicular placement of the antenna elements,
resulting in different radiation patterns. This leads to an envelope correlation coefficient below
0.2, indicating good diversity performance.In summary, the proposed compact antenna with its
small size, wide bandwidth, low mutual coupling, and good pattern diversity is well suited for
portable ultrawideband applications[1].
This paper describes the design of a wideband multiple-input multiple-output () antenna for
wireless applications. The antenna has a single radiating element with four ports to provide wide
bandwidth. It consists of a symmetrical four-port microstrip feedline monopole patch antenna and
a frame-shaped partial ground plane. The antenna was designed and simulated using CST
software. Then a prototype was fabricated and measured to verify the simulation results. The
measurements show reasonable agreement with the simulations.The antenna achieved a bandwidth
of 2-3 GHz with reflection coefficients below -10 dB and isolation below -12 dB. This covers LTE
bands at 2.1, 2.3 and 2.6 GHz as well as the 2.4 GHz WiFi band.The envelope correlation
coefficient was kept below 0.2 and a diversity gain of about 10 dB was achieved. This indicates
good isolation and independence between the antenna ports, making it suitable for applications.In
conclusion, the designed wideband antenna with its compact size, good performance and
coverage of multiple frequency bands is a good candidate for wireless devices requiring LTE and
WiFi connectivity.This research paper discusses the design of a wideband antenna for wireless
applications. The researchers designed a antenna with a single radiating element and four ports to
18
provide a wide bandwidth. The antenna consists of a symmetrical four port microstrip feedline, a
monopole patch antenna with square steps, and a frame-shaped partial ground plane. The antenna
was simulated using CST software and then a prototype was fabricated and measured. The
measurement results matched reasonably well with the simulation results. The antenna's
performance was evaluated based on parameters like reflection coefficient, isolation, envelope
correlation coefficient, and diversity gain.The antenna operates in the 2 to 3 GHz band with
reflection coefficients below -10 dB and isolation below -12 dB. This bandwidth covers LTE
bands at 2.1, 2.3, and 2.6 GHz as well as the 2.4 GHz WiFi band. The envelope correlation
coefficient was below 0.2, indicating good isolation between the ports. The low correlation
coefficient resulted in a high diversity gain of around 10 dB.In conclusion, the designed antenna
is suitable for applications that use LTE and WiFi systems due to its wide bandwidth, good
isolation, low correlation, and high diversity gain. The single radiating element and four port
design makes it compact and wideband over the printed circuit board[2].
wireless applications. The antenna has a single radiating element with four ports to provide wide
bandwidth. It consists of a symmetrical four-port microstrip feedline monopole patch antenna and
a frame-shaped partial ground plane. The antenna was designed and simulated using CST
software. Then a prototype was fabricated and measured to verify the simulation results. The
measurements show reasonable agreement with the simulations.The antenna achieved a bandwidth
of 2-3 GHz with reflection coefficients below -10 dB and isolation below -12 dB. This covers LTE
bands at 2.1, 2.3 and 2.6 GHz as well as the 2.4 GHz WiFi band.The envelope correlation
coefficient was kept below 0.2 and a diversity gain of about 10 dB was achieved. This indicates
good isolation and independence between the antenna ports, making it suitable for applications.In
conclusion, the designed wideband antenna with its compact size, good performance and
coverage of multiple frequency bands is a good candidate for wireless devices requiring LTE and
WiFi connectivity.This research paper discusses the design of a wideband antenna for wireless
applications. The researchers designed a antenna with a single radiating element and four ports to
provide a wide bandwidth. The antenna consists of a symmetrical four port microstrip feedline, a
monopole patch antenna with square steps, and a frame-shaped partial ground plane. The antenna
was simulated using CST software and then a prototype was fabricated and measured. The
measurement results matched reasonably well with the simulation results[3].
19
wireless applications. The antenna has a single radiating element with four ports to provide
wide bandwidth. It consists of a symmetrical four-port microstrip feedline monopole patch
antenna and a frame-shaped partial ground plane. The antenna was designed and simulated
using CST software. Then a prototype was fabricated and measured to verify the simulation
results. The measurements show reasonable agreement with the simulations.The antenna
achieved a bandwidth of 2-3 GHz with reflection coefficients below -10 dB and isolation below
-12 dB. This covers LTE bands at 2.1, 2.3 and 2.6 GHz as well as the 2.4 GHz WiFi band.The
envelope correlation coefficient was kept below 0.2 and a diversity gain of about 10 dB was
achieved. This indicates good isolation and independence between the antenna ports, making it
suitable for applications.In conclusion, the designed wideband antenna with its compact size,
good performance and coverage of multiple frequency bands is a good candidate for wireless
devices requiring LTE and WiFi connectivity.This research paper discusses the design of a
wideband antenna for wireless applications. The researchers designed a antenna with a single
radiating element and four ports to provide a wide bandwidth. The antenna consists of a
symmetrical four port microstrip feedline, a monopole patch antenna with square steps, and a
frame-shaped partial ground plane. The antenna was simulated using CST software and then a
prototype was fabricated and measured. The measurement results matched reasonably well
with the simulation results. The antenna's performance was evaluated based on parameters like
reflection coefficient, isolation, envelope correlation coefficient, and diversity gain.The antenna
operates in the 2 to 3 GHz band with reflection coefficients below -10 dB and isolation below
-12 dB. This bandwidth covers LTE bands at 2.1, 2.3, and 2.6 GHz as well as the 2.4 GHz WiFi
band. The envelope correlation coefficient was below 0.2, indicating good isolation between
the ports. The low correlation coefficient resulted in a high diversity gain of around 10 dB.In
conclusion, the designed antenna is suitable for applications that use LTE and WiFi systems
due to its wide bandwidth, good isolation, low correlation, and high diversity gain. The single
radiating element and four port design makes it compact and wideband over the printed circuit
board.This research paper describes the design of a wideband multiple-input multiple-output ()
antenna for wireless applications at operating frequencies of 2.1/2.3/2.6 GHz for LTE and 2.4
GHz for WiFi. The antenna has a single radiating element with four ports to provide wide
20
bandwidth for portable devices. The antenna consists of a symmetrical four-port microstrip
feedline monopole patch antenna and a frame-shaped partial ground plane. The antenna was
modeled and simulated using CST software and then a prototype was fabricated and measured.
The measurement and simulation results were found to be in reasonably good agreement. The
results show that the antenna operates from 2 to 3 GHz with reflection coefficients below -10
dB and isolation below -12 dB. An envelope correlation coefficient smaller than 0.2 and a
diversity gain of about 10 dB were achieved.Overall, the techniques used in previous
narrowband antennas have drawbacks like narrow bandwidth, complex design, and fabrication
challenges. The proposed wideband antenna design uses steps on the patch and slots on the
ground plane edges to reduce coupling between the feedline ports, improving performance. The
fabricated antenna achieved the desired wideband operation covering LTE and WiFi
frequencies while maintaining good isolation, correlation, and gain.This paper proposes a
compact ultra wideband (UWB) multiple input multiple output () antenna array that requires no
isolation or decoupling circuits.
The key points are:
• The antenna array consists of a novel miniaturized slotted annular ring monopole antenna.
Each antenna element in the array is placed orthogonal to the adjacent elements to provide
good isolation.
• The proposed design provides good impedance matching and high isolation between elements
over the 3 to 15 GHz frequency range. The absence of a decoupling circuit results in a compact
size.
• The proposed antenna structure supports scaling up the array easily by adding more antenna
elements without requiring any decoupling circuits. Examples of a four element and eight
element array are presented.
• The four element array has a size of 38x38 mm2 and provides return loss less than -10 dB and
isolation better than -20 dB over most of the band. The envelope correlation coefficient and
channel capacity loss are within acceptable limits.
21
• The eight element array has a size of 38x90 mm2 and also provides good impedance
matching and isolation over the 3 to 15 GHz range.
In summary, the proposed antenna array design achieves a compact size, good isolation, and
easy scalability - making it suitable for next generation wireless communication systems[4].
The paper presents a very compact and small sized 2-element Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna
with high isolation and band rejection capability. The antenna is designed on a Cotton fabric
substrate of size 23 × 26 × 0.8 mm3. Each antenna element has a rectangular stepped-slot and a
z-shaped slot etched in the ground plane. The rectangular slot acts as the main radiator while
the z-shaped slot acts as a filter to reject the full WLAN band (5.15-5.85 GHz). The inverted
T-shaped slot near the top end of the ground plane improves isolation by more than 24.5 dB in
the lower UWB band (3–5 GHz), while the rectangular vertical slot in the center of the ground
plane reduces mutual coupling in the lower and higher UWB band (5 - 10.6 GHz). Both
simulated and measured results show good agreement.The proposed compact antenna achieves
isolation better than 24.5 dB at lower UWB bands and better than 20 dB at higher UWB bands.
It also has a very low envelope correlation coefficient and stable radiation patterns across the
entire UWB. The band-notched z-shaped slot effectively filters out the WLAN band with very
low efficiency. The proposed antenna design is thus suitable for UWB applications requiring
high isolation.The paper presents a very compact ultra wideband (UWB) multiple input
multiple output () antenna with high isolation and band rejection capability. The antenna is
designed on a Cotton fabric substrate measuring 23 × 26 × 0.8 mm3. Each antenna element has
a rectangular stepped-slot and a z-shaped slot etched in the ground plane. The rectangular slot
fed by a 50 ohm microstrip line acts as the main radiator while the z-shaped slot acts as a filter
to reject the 5.15-5.85 GHz WiFi band. An inverted T-shaped slot near the top edge of the
ground plane improves isolation by more than 24.5 dB in the lower UWB band of 3-5 GHz. A
rectangular vertical slot etched in the center of the ground plane near the bottom edge reduces
mutual coupling in the lower and higher UWB bands. Both simulated and measured results
show good agreement. The proposed antenna achieves the following:
- Very compact size of 23 × 26 mm2 (0.39λ × 0.44λ)
- High isolation above 24.5 dB in the lower UWB band and above 20 dB in the higher UWB
band
- Low envelope correlation coefficient indicating low correlation between antenna elements
22
- Stable radiation patterns across the UWB band except in the notched WiFi band
- Low efficiency of 7% in the notched WiFi band, making the antenna non-responsive in that
band
In summary, the proposed antenna design fulfills the requirements of a UWB- antenna with
good isolation, compact size, and band rejection capability, making it suitable for UWB
applications.
• The paper presents a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output () antenna

with low mutual coupling.
• The proposed antenna consists of two radiating elements with a shared ground plane of 50 ×
30 mm2.
• F-shaped stubs are introduced in the ground plane to reduce mutual coupling between the
antenna elements and produce high isolation.
• The antenna achieves very low mutual coupling (S21 < -20 dB), low envelop correlation
coefficient (ECC < 0.04), high diversity gain (DG > 7.4 dB), high multiplexing efficiency
(ηMux > -3.5), and high peak gain over the UWB frequencies.
• Good agreement is observed between the simulated and measured results, showing that the
proposed antenna is a good candidate for UWB- systems[5].
This paper proposes a compact ultra-wideband antenna with a half-slot structure for UWB
applications. The proposed antenna consists of two symmetrical half-slot antenna elements fed
by coplanar waveguides and a Y-shaped slot in the common ground plane. The slot helps
prevent currents from directly flowing between the two ports at low frequencies, improving
isolation. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22 is from 3 to 12.4 GHz, meeting
UWB requirements. The mutual coupling is below -15 dB from 3 to 4 GHz and below -20 dB
from 4 to 12.4 GHz, indicating good isolation across the band. The antenna also exhibits stable
radiation patterns and gains.The half-slot structure provides a compact size of only 23x18
mm2, which is smaller than most other published UWB antennas. The ground plane acts as
both a radiator around 3 GHz and a reflector at higher frequencies. The Y-shaped slot and
quadrate patches further improve the isolation performance. In summary, the proposed compact
23
UWB antenna shows good impedance bandwidth, isolation, radiation performance and a small
size, making it a good candidate for UWB applications.
This paper proposes a compact ultrawideband multiple-input multiple-output () antenna with a

size of only 23x18 mm2. The proposed antenna consists of two symmetrical half-slot antenna
elements with coplanar waveguide-fed structures and a Y-shaped slot cut in the common
ground plane. The Y-slot effectively prevents current from directly flowing between the two
ports at low frequencies, while the ground plane acts as a radiator and reflector at high
frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22 below -10 dB is from 3 to
12.4 GHz. The measured mutual coupling for S12 and S21 is below -15 dB from 3 to 4 GHz
and below -20 dB from 4 to 12.4 GHz, indicating good isolation. The antenna also exhibits
stable radiation patterns, gains around 4 dBi, and radiation efficiency above 70% across most of
the ultra wideband frequency range. The envelope correlation coefficient values are below 0.1,
indicating good diversity performance.In summary, the compact size, wide bandwidth, good
isolation, stable radiation characteristics, and diversity performance make the proposed
antenna suitable for ultrawideband applications[6].
size, making it a good candidate for UWB applications.This article proposes a compact
ultra-wideband antenna with a small size of 23x18 mm^2 for UWB applications. The proposed
antenna consists of two half-slot antenna elements with CPW-fed structures and a Y-shaped slot
in the common ground plane. The Y-slot effectively prevents current from directly flowing
between the two ports at low frequencies, improving isolation. The ground plane acts as both a
24
radiator and reflector, radiating at high frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth for
S11 and S22 is from 3 to 12.4 GHz, meeting the UWB requirements. The measured mutual
coupling is below -15 dB from 3 to 4 GHz and below -20 dB from 4 to 12.4 GHz, indicating
good isolation. The antenna also exhibits stable radiation patterns and gains across the
frequency band. The compact size, wide bandwidth, good isolation, and radiation performance
make the proposed antenna suitable for UWB applications[7].
The text discusses a very compact and small sized 2-element Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna
with high isolation and band rejection capability designed on an Cotton fabric substrate. Each
antenna element has a rectangular stepped-slot and a z-shaped slot etched in the ground plane.
The rectangular slot acts as the main radiator while the z-shaped slot acts as a filter to reject the
full WLAN band. A stepped design methodology is used. Initially, two stepped slots are
designed to radiate in the 4.4-5.2 GHz range but with high mutual coupling. The slots are then
modified to improve impedance matching at higher frequencies. Next, z-shaped slots are added
to filter out the WLAN band. However, mutual coupling remains high at lower UWB bands.
To improve isolation, an inverted T-shaped slot is inserted at the top of the ground plane and a
rectangular vertical slot is added at the center bottom edge. This reduces mutual coupling by
over 24.5 dB at lower UWB bands and over 20 dB at higher UWB bands. The z-shaped slot
acts as a filter to reject the whole WLAN band.The simulated and measured results show that
the proposed antenna design achieves good isolation, low envelope correlation coefficient, and
stable radiation patterns across the entire UWB band, making it suitable for UWB
applications.This paper presents a compact 2×2 antenna array with band rejection capability.
Each antenna element has a rectangular stepped-slot etched in the ground plane which acts as
the main radiator. A z-shaped slot is also etched to reject the WLAN band from 5.15 to 5.85
GHz. An inverted T-shaped slot and a rectangular vertical slot are introduced in the ground
plane to improve isolation between the antenna elements, especially at lower UWB
frequencies. The inverted T-shaped slot improves isolation by more than 24.5 dB in the lower
UWB band from 3 to 5 GHz, while the vertical slot reduces coupling in both the lower and
higher UWB bands. Both simulated and measured results show good agreement and the
antenna achieves an isolation of better than 24.5 dB at lower UWB frequencies and better than
20 dB at higher frequencies. The antenna also has a low envelope correlation coefficient below
0.01, stable radiation patterns and high efficiency except at the notched WLAN band.
25
In summary, the proposed compact antenna array design achieves excellent isolation, band
rejection capability, radiation performance and characteristics, making it suitable for UWB
applications[8].
A novel and high performance four-element ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input

multipleoutput () antenna is proposed in the paper. The proposed antenna is designed by using a
novel integration technology of the symmetric layout, orthogonal structure, four-directional
staircase-shaped decoupling, multi-slit and multi-slot techniques. The mutual couplings among
the antenna elements are significantly reduced by introducing the symmetric orthogonal and
separated four-directional staircaseshaped structure. Furthermore, the antenna size is effectively
miniaturized and its impedance bandwidth is broadened by using two-sided symmetric layout,
partial and defected ground structure, the decoupling structure, multi-slot and multi-slit
techniques. Therefore, the antenna has the low-profile structure and small dimension of
39mm×39mm×1.6mm. Moreover, the proposed antenna achieves triple band-notched
characteristics by embedding different type slots and slits on the square radiating elements,
default ground structure (DGS), and the decoupling structure respectively. As a result, the
antenna obtains the wider bandwidth of 2.30-13.75GHz with the notched bands of
3.25-3.75GHz, 5.08-5.90GHz, and 7.06-7.95GHz. The three notched bands are good in
agreement with the existing interference bands of WiMAX (3.3- 3.7GHz), WLAN
(5.15-5.875GHz) and X-band (7.1-7.9GHz), respectively. In addition, the proposed antenna
also has lower mutual coupling (<-22dB), lower envelop correlation coefficient (ECC<0.02,
except for the three notched bands), high multiplexing efficiency (ηmux>-3.0dB), stable gain,
and quasiomnidirectional radiation patterns at the entire impedance bandwidth. Therefore, a
good trade-off of the performance is obtained for the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna
can be a good candidate for UWB- wireless communication applications, and especially for
portable UWB- systems.[9].
This paper presents a compact 2×2 antenna array with band rejection capability. Each antenna
element has a rectangular stepped-slot etched in the ground plane which acts as the main
radiator. A z-shaped slot is also etched to reject the WLAN band from 5.15 to 5.85 GHz. An
inverted T-shaped slot and a rectangular vertical slot are introduced in the ground plane to
improve isolation between the antenna elements, especially at lower UWB frequencies. The
inverted T-shaped slot improves isolation by more than 24.5 dB in the lower UWB band from 3
to 5 GHz, while the vertical slot reduces coupling in both the lower and higher UWB bands.
26
Both simulated and measured results show good agreement and the antenna achieves an
isolation of better than 24.5 dB at lower UWB frequencies and better than 20 dB at
higherfrequencies. The antenna also has a low envelope correlation coefficient below 0.01,
stable radiation patterns and high efficiency except at the notched WLAN band.In summary,
the proposed compact antenna array design achieves excellent isolation, band rejection
capability, radiation performance and characteristics, making it suitable for UWB
applications.This paper presents a very compact 2-element UWB antenna with high isolation
and band rejection capabilities. Each antenna element has a rectangular stepped-slot and a
z-shaped slot etched in the ground plane. The rectangular slot acts as the main radiator while
the z-shaped slot acts as a filter to reject the WLAN band. An inverted T-shaped slot near the
top of the ground plane improves isolation in the lower UWB band, while the vertical slot in
the center of the ground plane reduces mutual coupling in both lower and higher UWB bands.
Both simulated and measured results show good agreement. The antenna achieves isolation
better than 24.5 dB in the lower UWB band and above 20 dB in the higher UWB band. The
stepped z-shaped slot acts as a band-stop filter for the WLAN band. The antenna covers the
entire UWB band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with efficiency ranging from 80% to 92%, except at
the rejected WLAN band where efficiency drops to around 7%. The antenna also exhibits
stable radiation patterns across the UWB band except at the notched band and a low envelope
correlation coefficient below 0.01, indicating a high isolation between the antenna elements. In
summary, the proposed small-sized UWB antenna design meets the requirements for UWB
applications with its high isolation, band rejection capability, and stable performance[10].
This paper presents a very compact 2-element UWB antenna with high isolation and band
rejection capabilities. Each antenna element has a rectangular stepped-slot and a z-shaped slot
etched in the ground plane. The rectangular slot acts as the main radiator while the z-shaped
slot acts as a filter to reject the WLAN band. An inverted T-shaped slot near the top of the
ground plane improves isolation in the lower UWB band, while the vertical slot in the center of
the ground plane reduces mutual coupling in both lower and higher UWB bands. Both
simulated and measured results show good agreement. The antenna achieves isolation better
than 24.5 dB in the lower UWB band and above 20 dB in the higher UWB band. The stepped
z-shaped slot acts as a band-stop filter for the WLAN band. The antenna covers the entire
UWB band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with efficiency ranging from 80% to 92%, except at the
rejected WLAN band where efficiency drops to around 7%. The antenna also exhibits stable
27
radiation patterns across the UWB band except at the notched band and a low envelope
correlation coefficient below 0.01, indicating a high isolation between the antenna elements. In
summary, the proposed small-sized UWB antenna design meets the requirements for UWB
applications with its high isolation, band rejection capability, and stable performance.
The paper presents a very compact ultra wideband (UWB) multiple input multiple output ()
antenna with high isolation and band rejection capability. The antenna is designed on a Cotton
fabric substrate measuring 23 × 26 × 0.8 mm3. Each antenna element has a rectangular
stepped-slot and a z-shaped slot etched in the ground plane. The rectangular slot fed by a 50
ohm microstrip line acts as the main radiator while the z-shaped slot acts as a filter to reject the
5.15-5.85 GHz WiFi band. An inverted T-shaped slot near the top edge of the ground plane
improves isolation by more than 24.5 dB in the lower UWB band of 3-5 GHz. A rectangular
vertical slot etched in the center of the ground plane near the bottom edge reduces mutual
coupling in the lower and higher UWB bands. Both simulated and measured results show good
agreement. The proposed antenna achieves the following:
- Very compact size of 23 × 26 mm2 (0.39λ × 0.44λ)

- High isolation above 24.5 dB in the lower UWB band and above 20 dB in the higher UWB
band
- Low envelope correlation coefficient indicating low correlation between antenna elements
- Stable radiation patterns across the UWB band except in the notched WiFi band
- Low efficiency of 7% in the notched WiFi band, making the antenna non-responsive in that
band
In summary, the proposed antenna design fulfills the requirements of a UWB- antenna with
good isolation, compact size, and band rejection capability, making it suitable for UWB
applications[11].
This paper presents a compact 2-element UWB antenna with high isolation and band rejection
capability. Each antenna element consists of a rectangular stepped-slot fed by a 50 ohm
microstrip line as the main radiator, and a z-shaped slot etched in the ground plane acting as a
filter to reject the WLAN band. An inverted T-shaped slot near the top and a rectangular
vertical slot at the center of the ground plane are used to improve isolation, especially in the
lower UWB band from 3-5 GHz. The isolation is better than 24.5 dB at lower UWB bands and
28
better than 20 dB at higher UWB bands. The stepped z-shaped slot acts as a band-stop filter to
reject the entire WLAN band from 5.1-5.9 GHz. The antenna achieves good reflection
coefficient, stable radiation patterns, and low envelope correlation coefficient across the UWB
band except at the notched WLAN band. Compared to other UWB antennas reported, the
proposed design has the smallest size of 23x26 mm with high isolation and low efficiency at
the notched band.This article proposes a compact ultra-wideband antenna with a small size of
23x18 mm^2 for UWB applications. The proposed antenna consists of two half-slot antenna
elements with CPW-fed structures and a Y-shaped slot in the common ground plane. The Y-slot
effectively prevents current from directly flowing between the two ports at low frequencies,
improving isolation. The ground plane acts as both a radiator and reflector, radiating at high
frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22 is from 3 to 12.4 GHz,
meeting the UWB requirements. The measured mutual coupling is below -15 dB from 3 to 4
GHz and below -20 dB from 4 to 12.4 GHz, indicating good isolation. The antenna also
exhibits stable radiation patterns and gains across the frequency band. The compact size, wide
bandwidth, good isolation, and radiation performance make the proposed antenna suitable for
UWB applications[12].
This paper presents a compact 2-element UWB antenna with high isolation and band rejection
capability. Each antenna element consists of a rectangular stepped-slot fed by a 50 ohm
microstrip line as the main radiator, and a z-shaped slot etched in the ground plane acting as a
filter to reject the WLAN band. An inverted T-shaped slot near the top and a rectangular
vertical slot at the center of the ground plane are used to improve isolation, especially in the
lower UWB band from 3-5 GHz. The isolation is better than 24.5 dB at lower UWB bands and
better than 20 dB at higher UWB bands. The stepped z-shaped slot acts as a band-stop filter to
reject the entire WLAN band from 5.1-5.9 GHz. The antenna achieves good reflection
coefficient, stable radiation patterns, and low envelope correlation coefficient across the UWB
band except at the notched WLAN band. Compared to other UWB antennas reported, the
proposed design has the smallest size of 23x26 mm with high isolation and low efficiency at
the notched band.This article proposes a compact ultra-wideband antenna with a small size of
23x18 mm^2 for UWB applications. The proposed antenna consists of two half-slot antenna
elements with CPW-fed structures and a Y-shaped slot in the common ground plane. The Y-slot
effectively prevents current from directly flowing between the two ports at low frequencies,
improving isolation. The ground plane acts as both a radiator and reflector, radiating at high
29
frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22 is from 3 to 12.4 GHz,
meeting the UWB requirements. The measured mutual coupling is below -15 dB from 3 to 4
exhibits stable radiation patterns and gains across the frequency band. The compact size, wide
bandwidth, good isolation, and radiation performance make the proposed antenna suitable for
UWB applications.This paper proposes a compact ultrawideband multiple-input
multiple-output () antenna with a size of only 23x18 mm2. The proposed antenna consists of
two symmetrical half-slot antenna elements with coplanar waveguide-fed structures and a
Y-shaped slot cut in the common ground plane. The Y-slot effectively prevents current from
directly flowing between the two ports at low frequencies, while the ground plane acts as a
radiator and reflector at high frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22
below -10 dB is from 3 to 12.4 GHz. The measured mutual coupling for S12 and S21 is below
-15 dB from 3 to 4 GHz and below -20 dB from 4 to 12.4 GHz, indicating good isolation. The
antenna also exhibits stable radiation patterns, gains around 4 dBi, and radiation efficiency
above 70% across most of the ultra wideband frequency range. The envelope correlation
coefficient values are below 0.1, indicating good diversity performance.
In summary, the compact size, wide bandwidth, good isolation, stable radiation characteristics,
and diversity performance make the proposed antenna suitable for ultrawideband
applications[13].
This article proposes a compact ultra-wideband antenna with a small size of 23x18 mm^2 for
UWB applications. The proposed antenna consists of two half-slot antenna elements with
CPW-fed structures and a Y-shaped slot in the common ground plane. The Y-slot effectively
prevents current from directly flowing between the two ports at low frequencies, improving
isolation. The ground plane acts as both a radiator and reflector, radiating at high frequencies.
The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22 is from 3 to 12.4 GHz, meeting the UWB
requirements. The measured mutual coupling is below -15 dB from 3 to 4 GHz and below -20
dB from 4 to 12.4 GHz, indicating good isolation. The antenna also exhibits stable radiation
patterns and gains across the frequency band. The compact size, wide bandwidth, good
isolation, and radiation performance make the proposed antenna suitable for UWB
applications.This paper proposes a compact ultrawideband multiple-input multiple-output ()
antenna with a size of only 23x18 mm2. The proposed antenna consists of two symmetrical
30
half-slot antenna elements with coplanar waveguide-fed structures and a Y-shaped slot cut in
the common ground plane. The Y-slot effectively prevents current from directly flowing
between the two ports at low frequencies, while the ground plane acts as a radiator and reflector
at high frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22 below -10 dB is from
3 to 12.4 GHz. The measured mutual coupling for S12 and S21 is below -15 dB from 3 to 4
exhibits stable radiation patterns, gains around 4 dBi, and radiation efficiency above 70%
across most of the ultra wideband frequency range. The envelope correlation coefficient values
are below 0.1, indicating good diversity performance.
In summary, the compact size, wide bandwidth, good isolation, stable radiation characteristics,
and diversity performance make the proposed antenna suitable for ultrawideband
applications[14].
This paper proposes a compact ultrawideband multiple-input multiple-output () antenna with a

size of only 23x18 mm2. The proposed antenna consists of two symmetrical half-slot antenna
elements with coplanar waveguide-fed structures and a Y-shaped slot cut in the common
ground plane. The Y-slot effectively prevents current from directly flowing between the two
ports at low frequencies, while the ground plane acts as a radiator and reflector at high
frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 and S22 below -10 dB is from 3 to
12.4 GHz. The measured mutual coupling for S12 and S21 is below -15 dB from 3 to 4 GHz
and below -20 dB from 4 to 12.4 GHz, indicating good isolation. The antenna also exhibits
stable radiation patterns, gains around 4 dBi, and radiation efficiency above 70% across most of
the ultrawideband frequency range. The envelope correlation coefficient values are below 0.1,
indicating good diversity performance.In summary, the compact size, wide bandwidth, good
isolation, stable radiation characteristics, and diversity performance make the proposed
antenna suitable for ultrawideband applications.
31
size, making it a good candidate for UWB applications[15].
size, making it a good candidate for UWB applications.
This paper discusses various UWB antennas designed to support the 5G wireless
communication systems. UWB antennas with characteristics like compactness, planarity, and
high gain are required for the wider bandwidths and higher data rates of 5G networks. Several
UWB antenna designs are reviewed, including printed monopole antennas, slot antennas,
antennas, and Vivaldi antennas. The paper analyzes the performance of these antennas in terms
of bandwidth, gain, isolation, and radiation patterns. It highlights the need for UWB antennas
with higher gain and efficiency within the 5G frequency bands. The paper also compares
different antenna designs based on their type, performance, and gain. In conclusion, UWB
antennas show potential to support the requirements of 5G mobile and wireless applications
due to their wide bandwidth and high data rates. However, further improvement in gain,
efficiency and miniaturization of UWB antennas is needed to fully realize the benefits of 5G
communications[16].
32
This paper discusses various UWB antennas designed to support the 5G wireless
communication systems. UWB antennas with characteristics like compactness, planarity, and
high gain are required for the wider bandwidths and higher data rates of 5G networks. Several
UWB antenna designs are reviewed, including printed monopole antennas, slot antennas,
antennas, and Vivaldi antennas. The paper analyzes the performance of these antennas in terms
of bandwidth, gain, isolation, and radiation patterns. It highlights the need for UWB antennas
with higher gain and efficiency within the 5G frequency bands. The paper also compares
different antenna designs based on their type, performance, and gain. In conclusion, UWB
antennas show potential to support the requirements of 5G mobile and wireless applications
due to their wide bandwidth and high data rates. However, further improvement in gain,
efficiency and miniaturization of UWB antennas is needed to fully realize the benefits of 5G
communications.This paper presents a compact ultra-wideband antenna with high isolation.
The antenna covers both 2.4GHz WLAN and 3.1-10.6GHz UWB bands with reflection
coefficients less than -10dB. The proposed antenna design is based on meandering monopoles.
Two inverted L-shape parasitic strips and two smaller L-shape stubs are used to achieve an
ultra-wide bandwidth. A slot etched on the ground plane provides high isolation between the
two antenna elements. The prototype antenna was simulated, fabricated and measured. The
measured results show good agreement with the simulations and demonstrate that the antenna
achieves both an ultra-wide bandwidth and high isolation. The antenna also has low envelope
correlation coefficient (ECC) below 0.15 across the operating band, indicating good diversity
performance. The antenna could be useful for UWB applications[17].
This paper presents a method to design a new two-element ultra-wideband antenna system. A
novel UWB antenna covering 2-18 GHz is first designed. Then, to improve isolation between
the two antennas spaced at λ/12, metamaterials in the form of split-ring resonators (SRRs) are
inserted between the antennas. The SRRs considerably reduce the mutual coupling and
improve the overall antenna performance in terms of S-parameters, efficiency, radiation
properties, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). The antenna system offers advantages
such as reduced weight and size, making it suitable for 5G and IoT applications.
The key findings are:
• The SRRs provide an isolation gain of up to 27 dB at 7.8 GHz, reducing the mutual coupling
from -15 dB to -43 dB.
33
• The antenna exhibits a total efficiency of over 80% and ECC below 0.1, indicating suitability
for communication.
• The diversity gain is between 9 to 10 dB, with maximum value where ECC is minimum in the
operating band.
• The proposed antenna has several advantages over other existing designs in terms of
bandwidth, isolation, and size[18].
for communication.
operating band.
bandwidth, isolation, and size[19].
34
for communication.
operating band.
bandwidth, isolation, and size.
The text discusses the design of a UWB OFDM system and compares its capacity with a SISO
system. First, a single UWB antenna with a band-notched characteristic is designed to avoid
interference from the WLAN band. This antenna is used in a 1x1 SISO system and its
performance is analyzed. Then two identical antennas are used in a 2x2 system with
polarization diversity to reduce mutual coupling. The system's channel matrix is calculated and
used for OFDM transmission and reception. OFDM divides the UWB band into multiple
subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The bit error rate performance of the OFDM system is
evaluated at different signal-to-noise ratios and distances between the transmitter and receiver.
The capacity of the OFDM system is calculated and compared to the SISO system, showing an
enhancement due to the multiple paths between the transmitter and receiver in the system.
In summary, practical UWB and SISO systems operating at 9.4 GHz are designed and the
capacity enhancement of the OFDM system over the SISO system is demonstrated. The
system provides higher data rates without using additional spectrum or transmit power[20].
35
CHAPTER III
36
PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA
2.0 VSWR
The parameter VSWR is a measure that numerically describes how well the antenna is
impedance matched to the radio or transmission line it is connected to. VSWR stands for
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as Standing Wave
Ratio (SWR).The minimum VSWR is 1.0.
VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected
from the antenna. If the reflection coefficient is given by , then the VSWR is defined
by the formula
1+|ρ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 1−|ρ|
Fig:2.1 VSWR
37
2.1 Wave length
We often refer to antenna size relative to wavelength. For example: ½ wave dipole is
approximately half a wavelength long. Wavelength is the distance a radio wave travels
during one cycle. The formula for wavelength
λ=С̸f
Where:
λ is the wavelength expressed in units of length, typically meters, feet or inches
c is the speed of light (11,802,877,050 inches/second)
f is the frequency.
2.2 FREQUENCY BANDS:
Frequency Frequency Wavelength Applications

band name range (meters)
Extremely low 3-30Hz 10,000-100, Underwater

frequency(ELF) 000 km communication
30-300 Hz 1,000-10,00 AC power

0 km (through not a
Super low
transmitted
frequency (SLF)
wave)
Ultra low 300-3000 100-1,000

frequency Hz km
(ULF)
38
Very low 3-30 kHz 10-100 km Navigation
frequency Beacons
(VLF)
Low 30-300 1-10 km AM Radio

frequency kHz
(LF)
Medium 300-3000 100-1,000 m Aviation and

frequency kHz AM Radio
(MF)
High 3-30 MHz 10-100 m Shortwave

frequency Radio
(HF)
Very high 30-300 1-10 m FM Radio

frequency MHz
(VHF)
Ultra high 300-3000 10-100 cm Television,

frequency MHz Mobile, Phones,
(UHF) GPS
Super high 3-30 GHz 1-10 cm Satellite links,

frequency wireless
(SHF) communication
s
Extremely 30-300 1-10 mm Astronomy,

high GHz Remote Sensing
frequency
(EHF)
39
Visible 400-790 380-750 nm Human Eye
spectrum THz
(nanometers
(4*10^14- )
7.9*10^14
)
2.3BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth can be defined in terms of radiation patterns or VSWR/reflected power.

The definition used is based on VSWR. Bandwidth is often expressed in terms of percent
bandwidth, because the percent bandwidth is constant relative to frequency. If bandwidth
is expressed in absolute units of frequency, for example MHz, the bandwidth is different
depending upon whether the frequencies in question are near 150 MHz, 450 MHz or 825
MHz.
Bandwidth of a signal is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest
frequency of a particular type of electromagnetic wave signal. In simple words, it is the
width of the band in which the signal (electromagnetic waves) operates. It has the units
Hertz (symbol Hz)
2.4 RETURN LOSS
In telecommunications, return loss is the loss of power in the

signal returned/reflected by a discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fiber.
This discontinuity can be a mismatch with the terminating load or with a device
inserted in the line. It is usually expressed as a ratio in db.
R=10 log10(Pi/Pr)
40
Figure:2.2 Return loss
Where,
RL(dB) is the return loss in dB, Pi is the incident power and Pr is the reflected power.
Return loss is related to both standing wave ratio(SWR) and reflection coefficient (Γ).
Increasing return loss corresponds to lower SWR. Return loss is a measure of how well
devices or lines are matched. A match is good if the return loss is high. A high return loss
is desirable and results in a lower insertion loss
.
2.5 GAIN
According to the standard definition, “Gain of an antenna is the ratio of the

radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if
the power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.”
Simply, gain of an antenna takes the directivity of the antenna into account along with its
effective performance. If the power accepted by the antenna was radiated isotropically
(that means in all directions), then the radiation intensity we get can be taken as a
referential.
● The term antenna gain describes how much power is transmitted in the direction of peak
radiation to that of an isotropic source.
● Gain is usually measured in dB.
● Unlike directivity, antenna gain takes the losses that occur also into account and hence
focuses on the efficiency.
Mathematical Expression
The equation of gain, G is as shown below
G=ηeDG=ηeD
41
Where
● G is gain of the antenna.
● ηeηe is the antenna’s efficiency.
● D is the directivity of the antenna.
Units
The unit of gain is decibels or simply dB.
2.6 RADIATION PATTERN
The energy radiated by an antenna is represented by the Radiation pattern of the

antenna. Radiation Patterns are diagrammatic representations of the distribution of
radiated energy into space, as a function of direction.
The radiation patterns can be field patterns or power patterns.
● The field patterns are plotted as a function of electric and magnetic fields. They are
plotted on a logarithmic scale.
● The power patterns are plotted as a function of square of the magnitude of electric and magnetic
fields. They are plotted on logarithmic or commonly on dB scale.
● The radiation pattern of microstrip or patch antenna is broad. It has low radiation power
and narrow frequency bandwidth
42
Figure:2.3 Radiation pattern
The radiation pattern of a microstrip or patch antenna is shown above. It has less
directivity. To have a greater directivity, an array can be formed by using these patch
antennas.
2.7Types of Radiation patterns
The common types of Radiation patterns are –

● Omni-directional pattern (also called non-directional pattern): The pattern usually has a
doughnut shape in a three-dimensional view. However, in a two-dimensional view, it
forms a figure-of-eight pattern.
● Pencil-beam pattern − The beam has a sharp directional pencil shaped pattern.
● Fan-beam pattern − The beam has a fan-shaped pattern.
43
● Shaped beam pattern − The beam, which is non-uniform and patternless is known as
shaped beam.
A referential point for all these types of radiation is isotropic radiation. It is important to
consider the isotropic radiation even though it is impractical Isotropic radiation is the
radiation from a point source, radiating uniformly in all directions, with same intensity
regardless of the direction of measurement.
The improvement of the radiation pattern of an antenna is always assessed using the
isotropic radiation of that antenna. If the radiation is equal in all directions, then it is
known as isotropic radiation.
● The point source is an example of isotropic radiator. However, this isotropic radiation is
practically impossible, because every antenna radiates its energy with some directivity.
● The isotropic radiation is nothing but Omni-directional radiation.
2.8 ANTENNA POLARIZATION
An Antenna can be polarized depending upon our requirement. It can be linearly

polarized or circularly polarized. The type of antenna polarization decides the pattern of
the beam and polarization at the reception or transmission.
● Linear polarization
When a wave is transmitted or received, it may be done in different directions.
The linear polarization of the antenna helps in maintaining the wave in a particular
direction, avoiding all the other directions. Though this linear polarization is used, the
electric field vector stays in the same plane. Hence, we use this linear polarization to
improve the directivity of the antenna.
● Circular polarization
When a wave is circularly polarized, the electric field vector appears to be
rotated with all its components loosing orientation. The mode of rotation may also be
different at times. However, by using circular polarization, the effect of multi-path
gets reduced and hence it is used in satellite communications such as GPS.
● Horizontal polarization
Horizontal polarization makes the wave weak, as the reflections from the earth
surface affect it. They are usually weak at low frequencies below 1GHz. Horizontal
44
polarization is used in the transmission of TV signals to achieve a better signal to
noise ratio.
● Vertical polarization
The low frequency vertically polarized waves are advantageous for ground
wave transmission. These are not affected by the surface reflections like the
horizontally polarized ones. Hence, the vertical polarization is used for mobile
communications.
Each type of polarization has its own advantages and disadvantages. A RF system
designer is free to select the type of polarization, according to the system requirements.
2.9Summary:
In this chapter, the parameters of an antenna are explained .The following chapter
will explain the calculation of those parameters.
45
CHAPTER-IV
46
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.0 calculations
The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Micro strip Patch
Antenna are:
● Frequency of operation ( fo ): The resonant frequency of the antenna must be
selected appropriately. the frequency range from 2-12 GHz. Hence the antenna
designed must be able to operate in this frequency range. The resonant frequency
selected for my design is 3.8 GHz.
● Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr): The dielectric material selected for my
design is Cotton fabric which has a dielectric constant of 1.6. A substrate with a
high dielectric constant has been selected since it reduces the dimensions of the
antenna.
● Height of dielectric substrate ( h ): For the microstrip patch antenna to be used in
cellular phones, it is essential that the antenna is not bulky. Hence, the height of
the dielectric substrate is selected as 1mm.
Hence, the essential parameters for the design are:
of = 5 GHz
rε=1
h = 1 mm
Figure 3.1 Top view of Microstrip Patch Antenna
47
Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W ): The width of the Microstrip patch antenna is
given by
Step 2: Calculation of Effective dielectric constant ( reff ε ): Equation gives the effective
dielectric constant as:
Step 3: Calculation of the Effective length ( Leff ): Equation gives the effective length
as:
Step 4: Calculation of the length extension (∆L ): Equation gives the length extension
as:
Step 5: Calculation of actual length of patch ( L ): The actual length is obtained by

rewriting equation as:
Step 6: Calculation of the ground plane dimensions ( Lg and Wg ): The transmission line
model is applicable to infinite ground planes only. However, for practical considerations,
it is essential to have a finite ground plane. It has been shown that similar results for
finite and infinite ground plane can be obtained if the size of the ground plane is greater
than the patch dimensions by approximately six times the substrate thickness all around
the periphery. Hence, for this design, the ground plane dimensions would be given as:
48
Step 7: Determination of feed point location ( X f Yf , ): A coaxial probe type feed is to
be used in this design. As shown in Figure 4.1, the center of the patch is taken as the
origin and the feed point location is given by the co-ordinates ( X f Yf , ) from the origin.
The feed point must be located at that point on the patch, where the input impedance is 50
ohms for the resonant frequency. Hence, a trial and error method is used to locate the feed
point. For different locations of the feed point, the return loss (R.L) is compared and that
feed point is selected where the R.L is most negative. According to there exists a point
along the length of the patch where the R.L is minimum. Hence in this design, Yf will be
zero and only X f will be varied to locate the optimum feed point.
3.1 Substrate:
● In our project we are using Cotton fabric material as a substrate.
● Cotton fabric material has a dielectric constant of 1.6.
● The height of the material ‘h’ is 1mm.
● The size of the substrate is 27*17 mm
3.2 Patch:
Fig:3.2 Schematic view of Octogonal shaped patch antenna

Parameter A B C D E F G
Value 4mm 4mm 3mm 10mm 16mm 27.5mm 17mm
49
A slot antenna's main advantages are its size, design simplicity, robustness, and
convenient adaptation to mass production using PCboardtechnology.A patch
antenna (also known as a rectangular microstrip antenna) .
3.3 Ground:
Difference between the full ground has been accomplished to expand the
consequences of S parameters on return loss and different isolations. By using full ground
technique, we can reduce the bandwidth.For the size minimization properties of the
ground modification technique and to achieve proper resonant conditions. Therefore the
projected antenna is used for wireless applications. A ground method was exploited to
diminish the mutual coupling between radiating components to be improved than
-20dB.The projected antenna covers three frequency ranges that are 2.96GHz, 3.8GHz.
Fig:3.3 ground
50
In our design we are using partially stepped ground. It is placed on the back side
of the substrate.it is shown in above figure. ground means we are choosing ground size
less than the patch size because by introducing slots on the ground plane some antenna
parameters may have effects like micro strip antennas can be used for high frequency
applications also by introducing bandwidth enhancement techniques.
3.4 Summary:
In this chapter, the design considerations of an antenna are explained in detail.
51
CHAPTER V
52
ANTENNA DESIGN
4.0 SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION
HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures

from Ansys. The acronym stands for high-frequency structure simulator. HFSS is one of
several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of
complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and
packaging. It was originally developed by Professor ZoltanCendes and his students at
Carnegie Mellon University. Prof.Cendes and his brother Nicholas Cendes founded
Ansoft and sold HFSS stand-alone under a 1989 marketing relationship
with Hewlett-Packard, and bundled into Ansoft products. In
1997 Hewlett-Packard acquired Optimization Systems Associates Inc. (OSA), a
company JohnBandlerfounded in 1983. HP's acquisition was driven by the HP's need for
an optimization capability for HFSS.After various business relationships over the period
1996–2006, HP (which became Agilent EEsof EDA division) and Ansoft went their
separate ways: Agilent with the critically acclaimedFEM Element and Ansoft with their
HFSS products, respectively. Ansoft was later acquired by Ansys.
4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE

● Open HFSS and save a New Project
● How to start HFSS?
● HFSS should be installed on the computer or station you are working on.
● There should be an HFSS icon on the desktop you can double click on it to launch HFSS,
or you can go to“Start” button on the lower left corner of your screen, click on it, then go
to “Programs” button and a list of programs will pop up. Go to “Ansoft<< HFSS<<
HFSS 9”.
● How to Open a New Project?
● As you startHFSS v 9, a project is listed in the project tree in theProject Manager window
and is named project1 by default.Project definitions,such as material assignment,
boundary conditions, and excitation ports are stored under the project name.
● Open HFSS and save a New Project
53
● How to start HFSS?
● HFSS should be installed on the computer or station you are working on.
● There should be an HFSS icon on the desktop you can double click on it to launch HFSS,
or you can go to “Start” button on the lower left corner of your screen, click on it, then go
to “Programs” button and a list of programs will pop up.
● Go to “Ansoft<< HFSS 13<< HFSS 13”.
4.1.1.How to Open a New Project?
As you start HFSS v 13, a project is listed in the project tree in the Project
Manager window and is named project1 by default. Project definitions, such as material
assignment, boundary conditions, and excitation ports are stored under the project name.
4.1.2.Save the Project
On the File menu, click Save As. Use the file browser to locate the folder in
which you want to save the project, such as C:\Ansoft\HFSS13\Projects, and then
double-click the folder’s name. Type Patch in the File Name text box and click Save.
Now, the project is saved in the folder you selected by the file name with an extension of
HFSS as patch.hfss.
4.1.3.Insert an HFSS Design
On the Project menu, click Insert HFSS Design. The new design is listed in the
project tree. It is named Model by default. The 3D Modeler window appears to the right
of the Project Manager.
Fig.4.1 HFSS Window
54
You can rename the model by right-clicking on the Model and then click Rename. Type
the name then press Enter.
4.1.4 Select a Solution type
Now you need to specify the design’s solution type. As you set up the design for
analysis,available settings will depend upon the solution type. For this design, you will
choose driven Modal as the solution type, which is appropriate when calculating
mode-based Sparameters of antenna problems driven by a source.On the HFSS menu,
click Solution Type. In the Solution type dialog box, select Driven Modal, and then click
OK.
4.1.5 Creating the Model
The patch antenna is created by three bricks: the first for the radiating plate, the
second for the microstrip line, and the third for the substrate. The ground plane is
specified by a perfect electrically conducting boundary condition. The coordinates are
assigned as follows. The starting point for the ground plane and substrate is at (0,0,0).
The Length(L) of the substrate and the width, W, are chosen as 28.1 mm and 32 mm,
respectively. As for the patch, the length ~λ0/2 ~12.45 mm and the width of the patch is
half that of the ground and substrate = 16 mm. However, the patche's starting point is at
(28.1/4, 32/4, 0).The patch's starting point is located at 1 ⁄ 4 of the total width of the
ground plane and stretches its length 12.45 mm in the positive x-direction. Similarly for
the y-direction, the patch is at 1 ⁄ 4 of the total length of the ground plane located in the
x-y plane (z=0). Moreover, the feed line should be located somewhere between the values
of the starting point and ending point of the patch. Although the feed line is located at the
midpoint, we have to shift the feed line a little to the upper or lower side to achieve
impedance matching .
In our case it is the total length of the patch divided by 4 plus the starting point of
the patch equals the starting point of the feed: [(12.45/4)+7.025]=10.13 mm. The feed's
full length value is chosen to be almost 1/5 of the patche's length (12.45/5 = 2.49). Note
that the y-ordinate has to be at the starting of the patch which is 8 mm and stretches
across the positive x-axis 2.49 mm. As for the boundary, it is stretched 5 mm around the
substrate plane in the positive z direction. Finally, the port is the x-z plane (y=0) where its
x starting point is the same as the feed's starting point and the z point covers the whole
face from -0.794 to 0.794. Understanding the dimensions of the project is very important.
55
4.1.6 Drawing the Model
Drawing the model would now be easy. All you have to do is to fill in the
coordinates.
● First, let’s start by drawing the ground plane. Please refer to the coordinates of the
Ground Plane, Table 3. Select the menu item Draw> Box. Using the coordinate entry
fields in Table 3, enter the box position (x, y, z) then enter the opposite corner of the base
rectangle (dx, dy, dz), where dx, dy, and dz stand for full length, full width, and full
height respectively. The dimensions of the ground plane are given. A properties dialog
window appears, makes sure you have your coordinates set right in the Position, Xsize,
Ysize, and Z Size values. Click on Attribute tab and enter ground in the value of the
name. Click on material; assign PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) material to the object.
Then choose the Color and Transparency value of your preference. Click the OK button.
● Second, let’s draw the substrate. The substrate has the same dimensions as the ground
plane. Remember that the ground plane lies at z = -0.794 and is of zero thickness (dz=0),
so the substrate has to be of 0.794 mm in thickness and since the starting point was at
zero, so the full height is in -z-direction. Draw > Box using the coordinates in Table 4, set
the position of the box (x, y, z) and enter the opposite corner of the box (dx, dy, dz).The
properties dialog window pops up, make sure all your coordinates are right. Click the
Attribute tab; enter Substrate in the name value box. Now assign the material to be
Rogers RT/Duroid 5880(tm) of relative permittivity 2.2. Click OK. Again choose Color
and Transparency value of your preference. Click the OK button.
● Third, we create the patch. Knowing that the patch should be in the center, the
coordinates are easy to calculate from the ground and substrate dimensions. The center of
the patch, the ground plane, and the substrate are the same and is at (28.1/2, 32/2, 0).
Subtract the center point coordinates from the substrate coordinates to calculate the
starting point and the full length, width and height of the patch are given. Draw > Box
using the coordinates in Table 1, set the position of the box (x, y, z) and enter the opposite
corner of the box (dx, dy, dz). The properties dialog window pops up, make sure all your
coordinates are right. Click the Attribute tab; enter Patch in the name value box. Now
assign, the material to be PEC. Click OK. Again choose Color and Transparency value of
your preference. Click the OK button.
56
● Fourth, create the microstrip line. The microstrip line's position is chosen somewhere
between the ends of the patch. In reality it should be at the middle, however, it is shifted
more to one side of the patch for impedance matching purposes. Draw > Box using the
coordinates in Table 2, set the position of the box (x, y, z) and enter the opposite corner of
the box (dx, dy, dz). The properties dialog window pops up, make sure all your
coordinates are right. Click the Attribute tab; enter StripLine in the name value box. Now
assign the material to be PEC. Click OK. Again choose Color and Transparency value of
your preference. Click the OK button. We know that the Patch and StripLine should be
one object. So, we need to unite themNote that both objects are of the same material.
Click on both objects that you need to unite, i.e. Patch and Strip Line in the history tree.
Click on one and hold the CTRL key and click on the other. Click 3D Modeler> Boolean
> Unite. The two objects are united now. You can always check your steps in the history
tree and in case you need to delete a previous step/command, click Edit > Undo.
4.1.7 Assign Boundary
Now the model has been created, we need to assign boundary conditions. In
HFSS, radiation boundaries are used to simulate open problems that allow waves to
radiate infinitely far into space. HFSS absorbs the wave at the radiation boundary,
essentially ballooning the boundary infinitely far away from the structure. In our case,
our ABC(Absorbing Boundary condition) is an air box. Draw > Box using the
coordinates in Table 6, set the position of the box (x, y, z) and enter the opposite corner of
the box (dx,dy, dz). The properties dialog window pops up, make sure all your
coordinates are right.
Click the Attribute tab; enter Air in the name value box. Now assign the material
to be Air. Click OK. Again choose Color and Transparency value of your preference.
Click the OK button. The boundary condition should satisfy a certain distance from the
antenna. Normally, its value is chosen between λ/8 to λ/12, where λ is calculated from
λ=c/f, where c is 3 x 108 m/s and f is the frequency in (Hz).
4.1.8 Assign Excitation
Having the entire model set now, the only missing part is the excitation. The
excitation is a waveguide port at the beginning of the microstrip line. The reference plane
of this port is located directly at the beginning of the radiating plane. Antennas are
excited through the port. We need to create the port. Draw > Box using the coordinates in
Table 5, set the position of the box (x, y, z) and enter the opposite corner of the box (dx,
57
dy, dz). The properties dialog window pops up, make sure all your coordinates are right.
Click the Attribute tab; enter Port in the name value box. No material is assigned. Click
OK.
Again choose Color and Transparency value of your preference. Click the OK
button.Choose the object Port from history tree, right-click and assign excitation. In our
case, it is waveport. Click waveport, name it as your preference, then click Next, now
define your integration line. Normally, integration line is defined from the bottom middle
point to the upper middle point. Keep other values as default. Click Finish.
4.1.9 Analysis Setup
Finally, you have your model ready to run. Now you need to identify your
analysis setup. To create an analysis setup, select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup
> Add Solution Setup. In the Solution Setup window, click the general tab, Solution
frequency is 7.55 GHz, Maximum Number of Passes is 20 and Maximum Delta S per
Pass is 0.02. Click the Advanced tab, make sure that Lambda Refinement is checked, and
target is 0.3333. Click the OK button.
4.1.10 Add Frequency Sweep
To add a frequency sweep, select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep.
Select Solution Setup: Setup1. Click the OK button. Then Edit Sweep Window. Sweep
Type: Fast, Frequency Setup Type: Linear Count, Start: 5 GHz, Stop: 10 GHz,Count:
500. Click the OK button.
4.1.11 Model Validation
To validate the model, select the menu HFSS > Validation Check. Click the Close
button. To view any errors or warnings messages, use the Message Manager.
To ZoomOut to fit, click CTRL+D
Figure:4.2 VALIDATION CHECK WINDOW
58
4.1.12. Save Project
To save the project, in the Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
From the Save As window, type the file name you want. Click Save button. Your final
model should look similar to this:
Figure 4.3 The projected Octogonal Micro strip patch UWB antenna
4.2 Summary:
In this chapter, how the antenna is designed is explained by using HFSS
software. The following Chapter –V describes the Results .
59
CHAPTER-VI
60
RESULTS
5.0 S-Parameter(Return Loss):

Return loss is the superlative and suitable technique to compute the input and
output of the signal sources; when the load is incompatible the total power is not
distributed to the load and reflected power is transmitted and then it denotes the “Return
Loss”.The proposed antenna is designed with octogonal shape patch .By using this S
parameter, we can calculate returns loss versus frequency. The Return loss of the
octagonal shape patch antenna design is premeditated using the partially stepped ground.
A plot of simulated and considered S parameters has been shown in figure 4.The
simulated S parameter of first frequency (2.96GHz )is -17.85dB,and second
frequency(3.8GHz)is -22.24dB
Table 2: Comparison of existing designs with triple frequency

(proposed) design.
S.N Existing System Return Loss(dB)
o Resonant
Frequency(GHz)
1. 2.54GHz -12dB
S.N Proposed system Return Loss(dB)

o Resonant
Frequency(GHz)
2. 3.8GHz -22.24dB
61
Figure 5.1: Plot of Simulated S parameters
5.1Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR)
Voltage standing wave ratio is to display a large power transfer from source to
antenna for the antenna to implement robustly.This occurs only when the impedance is
terminated to thesource impedance.In this antenna produces reflections which indications
to the standing waves,it is categorized by the voltage standing wave ratio.
A plot of simulated VSWR has been shown in figure 5.
Figure 5.2: Plot of Simulated VSWR
62
5.2Radiation Pattern
The Radiation pattern is the best typical value of an antenna. It is defined as a
pictorial representation of the radiation possessions as a purpose of space coordinates.
Generally the radiation pattern is simulated in the far field set up.The far field setup is
well-defined as the area of an antenna field where the pointed field distribution is
liberated from the distance to the antenna.
A plot of simulated radiation patterns has been shown .
Figure 5.3: Plot of Simulated radiation patterns

5.3 Gain
The 3 dimensional polar plots for octagonal shape patch antenna . It observes the
effect of polarization diversity technique.By verifying these 3 D polar plots for frequency,
we can observe how much amount of gain is radiated in particular directions, that values
are listed in Table 3. A plot of Simulation Results of Gain as shown in figure 7.
63
S.N Frequency (GHz) Gain (dB)
o
1 3.8 2.0
Figure 5.4. Plot of Simulation Results of Gain
5.6 Summary
In this chapter, the results are described at different frequencies.
64
CHAPTER VII
65
ADVANTAGES
● Three separate frequencies means three times the bandwidth.

● Return loss is reduced compared with dual frequency.
● By the use of a antenna, Interference will be reduced.
● Signal strength increases.
● Power loss is less.
● The no.of bits per second increases.
● Noise is reduced.
Designing and analyzing Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output ()

antennas for wireless communication offers several advantages:
1.High Data Rates: UWB technology allows for very high data rates due to its wide
bandwidth, making it suitable for applications requiring high-speed data transfer such as
multimedia streaming, high-definition video transmission, and real-time data communication.
2.Improved Spectrum Efficiency: UWB antennas can operate in the unlicensed spectrum
with minimal interference, maximizing spectrum efficiency. This is particularly beneficial in
crowded frequency bands where traditional narrowband communication systems may
experience congestion.
3.Increased Capacity: technology combined with UWB enables increased capacity by

utilizing spatial diversity and multipath propagation characteristics. This results in improved
reliability and higher throughput in wireless communication systems.
4.Enhanced Robustness: UWB signals are resistant to multipath fading and can penetrate
obstacles such as walls and buildings, enhancing the robustness of wireless communication
systems. techniques further improve signal robustness by mitigating fading and interference
effects.
66
5.Low Power Consumption: UWB antennas can achieve high data rates while consuming
relatively low power compared to traditional communication systems, making them suitable for
battery-powered devices and energy-efficient applications.
6.Location Awareness: UWB signals can be used for precise indoor and outdoor positioning
due to their fine time resolution and ability to accurately measure distance based on
time-of-flight principles. This is beneficial for applications such as asset tracking, indoor
navigation, and location-based services.
7.Compatibility with Emerging Technologies: UWB antennas are compatible with emerging
technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, and vehicle-to-everything (V2X)
communication, enabling seamless integration into future wireless networks and systems.
67
CHAPTER VIII
68
APPLICATIONS
● Weather, Radar, Surface Ship Radar And Space Shuttle.

● Mobile-Satellite Communication Satellites.
● 5G Communications.
● Satellite Communications.
● For full-time satellite TV Networks Or Raw satellite feeds.
The design and analysis of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output ()
antennas have various applications in wireless communication, including:
1.High-Speed Data Transfer: UWB antennas are used in applications requiring high data
rates, such as multimedia streaming, high-definition video transmission, and real-time data
communication. They enable faster and more reliable wireless connectivity for data-intensive
tasks.
2.Internet of Things (IoT): UWB antennas play a crucial role in IoT applications by
providing efficient and reliable communication between interconnected devices. They support
IoT devices with low-power consumption and high data throughput, making them suitable for
smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare monitoring, and smart agriculture.
3. 3.5G and Beyond: UWB technology contributes to the evolution of 5G networks and
beyond by enhancing spectral efficiency, increasing capacity, and improving coverage. It
enables the deployment of advanced wireless services, including ultra-reliable low-latency
communication (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and enhanced
mobile broadband (eMBB).
4.Location-Based Services (LBS): UWB antennas enable precise indoor and outdoor
positioning for location-based services. They support applications such as asset tracking, indoor
navigation, vehicle tracking, and geofencing with high accuracy and reliability
69
5.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): UWB antennas are used in wireless sensor networks
for monitoring and control applications. They facilitate data collection from distributed sensors,
improve network scalability, and enhance communication robustness in challenging
environments
6.Vehicular Communication: UWB antennas contribute to vehicle-to-everything (V2X)

communication systems by enabling high-speed data exchange between vehicles,
infrastructure, and pedestrians. They support safety-critical applications such as collision
avoidance, traffic management, and cooperative driving.
7.Healthcare: In healthcare applications, UWB antennas are used for wireless medical
devices, patient monitoring systems, and telemedicine solutions. They provide reliable
connectivity for transmitting vital signs, medical imaging data, and real-time video/audio
communication between healthcare professionals and patients.
8.Security and Surveillance: UWB antennas play a role in security and surveillance systems
by enabling high-resolution video streaming, perimeter monitoring, and intruder detection.
They support wireless cameras, sensors, and access control devices for enhanced security
solutions.
70
CHAPTER IX
71
CONCLUSION
A UWB octogonal-Shape patch antenna is projected with polarization diversity
technique for current wireless communications. Thus the resolute gain of 3.8GHz
resonant frequency. The projected design covers WLAN, Wi-Max and X-Band
frequency ranges. Therefore the parameters of the designed antenna display the results
like Return loss at 3.8GHz, VSWR, Radiation pattern, Gain, Directivity and surface
current distribution.
Future Scope:
The antenna will be designed in four or five frequency ranges for direct broadcast
satellite(DBS) applications.This frequency range will be operated in the range of Ku
band.
The future scope of designing and analyzing Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output () antennas for wireless communication is vast and
promising. Some of the key areas of future development and application include:
1. 5G and Beyond: UWB antennas will continue to play a crucial role in advancing 5G
networks and future wireless communication standards. They will contribute to
increased data rates, improved spectral efficiency, and enhanced coverage, supporting
emerging 5G services and applications.
2. Internet of Things (IoT) Evolution: As IoT continues to expand, UWB antennas will be
essential for connecting a wide range of IoT devices with high data throughput, low
latency, and energy efficiency. They will enable robust communication in IoT
ecosystems spanning smart cities, industrial automation, healthcare, and agriculture.
3. Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC): UWB technology is

well-suited for ultra-reliable low-latency communication applications, such as
autonomous vehicles, industrial control systems, and mission-critical infrastructure.
Future developments will focus on enhancing reliability, reducing latency, and ensuring
seamless connectivity in URLLC scenarios.
72
4. Next-Generation Wireless Technologies: Beyond 5G, UWB antennas will contribute to
the development of future wireless communication technologies, including 6G and
beyond. They will support higher frequencies, wider bandwidths, advanced
beamforming techniques, and seamless integration with AI/ML algorithms for
optimizing network performance and user experience.
73
CHAPTER X
74
REFERENCES
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Conference (SIU).
2. Liu, L., Cheung, S. W., & Yuk, T. I. (2013). Compact Antenna for Portable Devices in
UWB Applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 61(8), 4257–4264.
3. Yussuf, A. A., & Parker, S. (2017). Design of wideband antenna Sipal, D., Abegaonkar,
M. P., & Koul, S. K. (2017). Easily Extendable Compact Planar UWB Antenna Array.
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 16, 2328–2331.
4. Iqbal, A., Saraereh, O. A., Ahmad, A. W., & Bashir, S. (2018). Mutual Coupling Reduction
Using F-Shaped Stubs in UWB- Antenna. IEEE Access, 6, 2755–2759.
5. Chattha, H. T., Latif, F., Tahir, F. A., Khan, M. U., & Yang, X. (2019). Small-Sized UWB
Antenna With Band Rejection Capability. IEEE Access, 7, 121816–121824.
6. Tao, J., & Feng, Q. (2017). Compact Ultrawideband Antenna With Half-Slot Structure.
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 16, 792–795.
7. Tiwari, P., & Malik, P. K. (2020). Design of UWB Antenna for the 5G Mobile
Communication Applications: A Review. 2020 International Conference on Computation,
Automation and Knowledge Management (ICCA KM).
8. Deng, J.-Y., Guo, L.-X., & Liu, X.-L. (2016). An Ultrawideband Antenna With a High
Isolation. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 15, 182–185.
9. Tang, Z., Wu, X., Zhan, J., Hu, S., Xi, Z., & Liu, Y. (2019). Compact UWB- Antenna with
High Isolation and Triple Band-Notched Characteristics. IEEE Access, 1–1.
10. Jae-Min Lee, Ki-Baek Kim, Hong-Kyun Ryu, & Jong-Myung Woo. (2012). A Compact
Ultrawideband Antenna With WLAN Band-Rejected Operation for Mobile Devices. IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 990–993.
11. Li, J.-F., Chu, Q.-X., Li, Z.-H., & Xia, X.-X. (2013). Compact Dual Band-Notched UWB
Antenna With High Isolation. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 61(9),
4759–4766.
12. Tripathi, S., Mohan, A., & Yadav, S. (2015). A Compact Koch Fractal UWB Antenna With
WLAN Band-Rejection. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 14, 1565–1568.
13. Nie, L. Y., Lin, X. Q., Yang, Z. Q., Zhang, J., & Wang, B. (2018). Structure-Shared Planar UWB
Antenna with High Isolation for Mobile Platform. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, 1–1.
14. Adamiuk, G., Zwick, T., & Wiesbeck, W. (2012). UWB Antennas for Communication Systems.
Proceedings of the IEEE, 100(7), 2308–2321.
15. Ben Mabrouk, I., Talbi, L., Nedil, M., & Hettak, K. (2012). -UWB Channel Characterization
Within an Underground Mine Gallery. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
60(10), 4866–4874.
16. Shehata, M., Said, M. S., & Mostafa, H. (2018). Dual Notched Band Quad-Element Antenna
with Multi-Tone Interference Suppression for IR-UWB Wireless Applications. IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1–1.
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with Dual Band Rejection Property. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Computing,
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Performance Enhancement for System Applications. IEEE Access, 9, 38546–38556.
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76

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB ANTENNA FOR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PASUPULETI JAGADEESH (20JR1A04F8)

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA:: KAKINADA

Mrs.K.Sowjanya M.Tech Dr. N. Adi Narayana Ph.D.

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

We hereby declare that the project ”DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB

1. 20JR1A04F8 PASUPULETI JAGADEESH P.JAGADEESH

2. 20JR1A04G9 SHAIK KHAJA MOHIDDIN SK.KHAJA MOHIDDIN

3.20JR1A04J0 VUYYALA PRAMOD V.PRAMOD

4.20JR1A04G4 S.KRUSHIK REDDY S.KRUSHIK

We would like to express our profound gratitude towards K.Sowjanya, Department of

We are highly indebted to Prof. N.Adi Narayana Head of the Department,

● To incorporate bench marked teaching and learning pedagogies in curriculum.

curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities.

● To support cross-cultural exchange of knowledge between industry and academia.

● To provide higher/confined education and research opportunities to the employees

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

● Promote contemporary knowledge through research and development, innovation

PSO1: Professional Skills:

PSO2: Problem-solving skills:

PSO3: Successful career:

PSO4: Exposure for research and development:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature and complex engineering

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complexing engineering

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

CO421.1: Perform a system of examinations to identify problems.

CO421.2: Review the literature/Related work.

CO421.3: Defining the problem & its area of domain.

CO421.4: Proposal of solution for the selected area/methodology.

CO421.5: Analysis of the proposed work & documentation.

CO421.6: Acquire collaborative learning, leadership qualities & presentation skills

PO PO PO3 PO PO PO P0 PO PO PO1 PO11 PO1 PSO1 PSO2 PSO PSO

3: High 2: Medium 1: Low

Program Educational Objectives – Program Specific Outcomes

3: High 2: Medium 1: Low

2.3 band width 40

FIG NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

1.9 HFSS icon 15

A compact antenna is indispensable in modern wireless applications. This paper

The design and analysis of an octagonal-shaped UWB antenna involve several

1.0.0 EXISTING SYSTEM:

In the proposed system we try to introduce new frequencies in the range of

1.1.0 Need of Antenna

In the field of communication systems, whenever the need for wireless

Figure 1.1 Antenna

1.1.1 Types of antenna:

Types Examples Applications

Wire Antennas Dipole antenna, Personal applications,

Aperture Waveguide (opening), Flush-mounted

Reflector Parabolic reflectors, Microwave