April 01, 2024

❑ The Null and Alternative Hypotheses

❑ Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
❑ Probabilities for Types I and II Errors
❑ Solving Problems Involving
Parameters to Be Tested
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

MEDICINE

EDUCATION
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

● illustrate:
(a) null hypothesis,
(b) alternative hypothesis,
(c) level of significance,
(d) rejection region; and
(e) types of errors in hypothesis testing

● identify the parameter to be tested given a

real-life problem.
a. The daily average time spent by
Filipinos on social media is 4
hours a day.

b. The daily average time spent by

Filipinos on social media is more
or less than 4 hours a day.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Hypothesis Testing
a statistical method of using sample data to determine the probability that a given
hypothesis about the population is true

Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

a. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
b. Determine the level of significance.
c. Calculate the test statistic and identify the rejection region.
d. Make a decision.
e. Draw a conclusion.
The Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Statistical Hypothesis
a statement about a population parameter

Null Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is assumed to be true. It uses a relation symbol with a
statement of equality, such as ≥, ≤, and =, and is denoted by 𝐻0.

Alternative Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is contrary to the null hypothesis. It uses a relation symbol with
no statement of equality, such as >, <, and ≠, and is denoted by 𝐻𝐴.
 a. The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is 4 hours a day.

b. The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is more or less
than 4 hours a day.

Do Filipinos spend a daily average

time of 4 hours on social media?
Ho: The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is 4
hours a day. (Ho : 𝜇 = 4)

Ha: The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is not
equal to 4 hours a day. (Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 4)
Types of Hypothesis Testing

1. Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-tailed Test

a type of hypothesis test that makes use of only one side or tail of the distribution.
It can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.

Right-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used when an
assertion is made that the parameter falls within the positive end of the
distribution. In a right-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives
such as greater than, higher than, better than, superior to, exceeds, above, increased,
etc.
Left-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used when an
assertion is made that the parameter falls within the negative end of the
distribution. In a left-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such
as less than, smaller than, inferior to, lower than, below, decreased, etc.

2. Non-directional Test of Hypothesis

or Two-tailed Test
a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two opposite sides or tails of the
distribution. It is used when no assertion is made on whether the parameter falls
within the positive or negative end of the distribution. In a two-tailed test, the
alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as not equal to, different from, not
the same as, etc.
1. right-tailed test
H o : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is at most 4 hours a day.
(Ho : 𝜇 ≤ 4)

H a : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is more than 4 hours a day.
(Ha: 𝜇 > 4)

2. left-tailed test
H o : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is at least 4 hours a day.
(Ho: 𝜇 ≥ 4)

H a : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is less than 4 hours a day.
(Ha : 𝜇 < 4)

3. two-tailed test
H o : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is 4 hours a day.
(Ho : 𝜇 = 4)

H a : The daily average time spent by Filipinos on social media is not equal to 4 hours a day.
(Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 4)
 Level of Significance
the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative
hypothesis when it is really true, denoted by 𝛼

Example:

An 𝛼 = 0.05 means that there is a 5% chance of rejecting a

true null hypothesis.

A 5% significance level implies that we are 95% confident

that we have made the right decision of rejecting the null
hypothesis.
Rejection Region
the set of values in which the null hypothesis is rejected.
Example 1: A teacher wants to know if there is a significant
difference between the mean score in the Statistics test of
students in his morning and afternoon classes. State the null
and alternative hypotheses.

𝐻𝑜: There is no significant difference between the mean

scores in the Statistics test of students in the morning
and afternoon classes. (𝐻o: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2)

𝐻𝑎: There is a significant difference between the mean

scores in the statistics test of students in the morning
and afternoon classes. (𝐻a : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2)
Example 2: A college professor wants to show that the mean
score in the programming test of students taught using
Method A is higher than the mean score in the same test of
those students taught using Method B. State the null and
alternative hypotheses.

𝐻𝑜: The mean score in the programming test of students

taught using Method A is not higher than that of
students taught using Method B. (𝐻0: 𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2)

𝐻𝑎: The mean score in the programming test of students

taught using Method A is higher than that of students
taught using Method B. (𝐻a : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2)
Example 3: A psychologist thinks that playing soft music
during a Statistics test can improve scores of students. It is
known that the mean score in statistics tests of students was
82. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

𝐻𝑜: The mean score of students who listened to soft music

during statistics tests is not higher than 82. (𝐻0: 𝜇 ≤ 82)

𝐻𝑎: The mean score of students who listened to soft music

during statistics tests is higher than 82. (𝐻a : 𝜇1 > 82)
Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Type I Error
an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a true null hypothesis is
rejected.

Type II Error
an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a false null hypothesis is not
rejected
Example 1:
Consider the following hypotheses.

𝐻𝑂 : 𝜇 = 10
𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇 ≠ 10

When will a type I error and a type II error occur?

Example 2: A dermatologist wants to test the effectiveness

of a new brand of medicine in treating skin diseases. Explain
the two types of error that may be committed.
Example 3: To help students improve in reading, a school
district decides to implement a reading program. To test its
effectiveness, the scores of the students in the reading
achievement exam before and after the program are
compared. Explain the two types of error that may be
committed.
Probabilities for Types I and II Errors

Probability of Committing a Type I Error

The probability of committing a type I error is denoted by

𝛼 = 𝑃( 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑂 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐻𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒)

Probability of Committing a Type II Error

The probability of committing a type II error is denoted by

𝛽 = 𝑃( 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑂 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐻𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒)

 𝒛-score
shows the position of a sample mean in the sampling distribution

Formula:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎 ,
𝑛 𝜎
𝑥=𝜇+𝑧
where; 𝑛
𝜇 – population mean
𝜎 – population standard deviation
𝑛 – sample size
Example 1: A school administrator wants to test if the
average score for the final exam is higher than 70 with a
standard deviation of 10 compared to the claim that it is at
most 70. A random sample of 35 students was taken from
the examinees and it was found that their mean score is
greater than 73. What is the probability of committing a type
I error? What is the probability that the sample scored higher
than the rest of the students?
1. State the hypotheses. 3. Find the area of the
rejection region
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 70
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 70 𝛼 = 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.77)
= 1 – 0.9616
= 0.0384
2. Solve for the z-score.
Example 2: The new product engineer of a manufacturing
company is interested in the box height of their product.
The height of the container is normally distributed and has
a standard deviation of 3 cm. He wishes to test if the mean
height is greater than 12 cm against the claim that it is at
most 12 cm using the results of 32 samples. The mean
height of the samples is found to be 11 cm. What is the
probability of committing a type II error?
1. State the hypotheses. 3. Find the area of the
non-rejection region.
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 12
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 12 𝛽 = 𝑃 (𝑍 < −1.89)
= 0.0294
2. Solve for the z-score.
Solving Problems Involving
Parameters to Be Tested
Parameter
characteristic or measure of a population

Example 1:

A researcher wants to estimate the average height of men

aged 18 years or older. From a simple random sample of
40 men, the researcher obtains a sample mean height of
66.2 inches. What is the parameter being tested?
Example 2:

A sample of 65 male Filipinos is drawn from the population.

The average amount of fat consumed by the members of the
sample per day was measured and a mean value of 44 g
was obtained. What is the parameter being tested?

Example 3:

Forty samples are drawn from a population of retired army

officers. The retirees reported an average retirement age of
54 and an average length of service of 27 years. What is the
parameter being tested?
 Hypothesis Testing
1 a statistical method of using sample data to determine the probability that a given
hypothesis about the population is true

Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

a. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
b. Determine the level of significance.
c. Calculate the test statistic and identify the rejection region.
d. Make a decision.
e. Draw a conclusion.
2 Statistical Hypothesis
a statement about a population parameter

3 Null Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is assumed to be true. It uses a relation symbol with a
statement of equality, such as ≥, ≤, and =, and is denoted by 𝐻0 .

4 Alternative Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is contrary to the null hypothesis. It uses a relation symbol with
no statement of equality, such as >, <, and ≠, and is denoted by 𝐻𝐴.

5 Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-tailed Test

a type of hypothesis test that makes use of only one side or tail of the distribution.
It can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.
6 Right-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used when an
assertion is made that the parameter falls within the positive end of the
distribution. In a right-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives
such as greater than, higher than, better than, superior to, exceeds, above, increased,
etc.

7 Left-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used when an
assertion is made that the parameter falls within the negative end of the
distribution. In a left-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such
as less than, smaller than, inferior to, lower than, below, decreased, etc.
8 Non-directional Test of Hypothesis
or Two-tailed Test
a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two opposite sides or tails of the
distribution. It is used when no assertion is made on whether the parameter falls
within the positive or negative end of the distribution. In a two-tailed test, the
alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as not equal to, different from, not
the same as, etc.

9 Level of Significance
the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative
hypothesis when it is really true, denoted by 𝛼

10 Rejection Region
the set of values in which the null hypothesis is rejected
 Type I Error
11 an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected

12 Type II Error
an error in hypothesis testing that occurs when a false null hypothesis is not
rejected

13 𝒛-score
shows the position of a sample mean in the sampling distribution
 Probability of Committing a Type I Error
14 The probability of committing a type I error is denoted by

𝛼 = 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑂 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐻𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 .

15 Probability of Committing a Type II Error

The probability of committing a type II error is denoted by

𝛽 = 𝑃 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑂 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐻𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 .

Parameter
16 characteristic or measure of a population
E
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C. Explain when a type I and a type II error will occur.
a. (Ho: 𝜇 ≤ 25)
(Ha: 𝜇 > 25)

b. Ho: The mean age of students in the contemporary

dance class is greater than or equal to the mean
age of students in the tap dance class.
Ha: The mean age of students in the contemporary
dance class is lower than the mean age of
students in the tap dance class.
S
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THAN K YOU
FOR
LISTENING!