Script-Types of Meaning

Group 7
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
1. TYPES OF MEANING
Types of
Elements Roles
Meaning
Phonological Phoneme: the smallest unit of sound that Distinguish between different words
knowledge can distinguish two words that may sound similar but have
Ex: cap – gap (/k/ - /g/) different meanings.
Mate – Made (/t/ - /d/)
Pee – Bee (/p/ - /b/)
Stress: the application of greater force to a Identify the emphasized syllables in
syllable, it occurs at both the word and words and sentences, comprehend the
sentence levels. intended meaning of spoken words.
At word level: Stress can be the only feature
distinguishing between two words.
Ex: present )/ˈprez.ənt/) (noun): a gift or
something offered to someone
present (/prɪˈzent/) (verb): to give, provide,
or make something known
record (/ˈrek.ɔːd/) (noun): a piece of
information or a description of an event
record (/rɪˈkɔːd/) (verb): to capture an
event, to keep information for the future.
At sentence level: When words are
combined in clauses, some carry stress,
and some do not. Those words that
carry stress are usually content words,
while other words will normally be
grammatical or function words.
Ex: My sister is a talented pianist.
What a beautiful dress!
Tone groups: The basic units of Understand the literal meaning of
information the speaker wants to words and understand the speaker's
convey and are often equated with intentions, emotions, and
clauses communicative goals.
Assimilation involves the simplification of Interpret spoken language accurately.
real spoken language, where sounds run
into each other.
Ex: I would have come if you had asked
me.
I would've come if you had asked me.
Elision is a form of simplification in
Group 7
spoken language, where sounds may be

reduced or left out.
Ex: camera, battery, bakery
Grammatical rules and structures: Provides a framework for distinguishing
Syntactic
recognizing the roles of words in a their very different meanings
sentence, analyzing sentence structure. understanding the structure of spoken
knowledge
language, facilitating accurate
interpretation and meaning extraction.
Semantic Meaning of words, phrases and sentences Navigate through ambiguous situations
knowledge and the connection between them. where a word or phrase may have
multiple meanings.
Comprehend deeper meaning in
spoken language.
Propositional Hierarchies (include cohesive

elements:
Reference: Using words like pronouns or
articles to refer back to something
mentioned earlier. Follow the flow of information, grasp
Example: "His wife was waiting at the the main points and supporting details
in spoken communication.
station. He went and met her."
Maintain a clear understanding of the
Ellipsis: Leaving out words that can be
relationships between different parts
understood from context. of a spoken discourse.
Example: "Are you going to the movie?
Yes (I am going to the movie)."
Substitution: Replacing words with
something that holds the same
meaning.
Example: "She said she would kill him,
and she did (kill him)."
Conjunction: Using words like "and,"
"but," or "therefore" to show logical
connections.
Example: "Mary went to the market and
returned home."
Lexical reiteration: Repeating or
substituting words for coherence.
Example: "Susan likes science. Science is
her best subject at school."
Coherence, on the other hand, involves
deeper relations between ideas, not
just formal connections. Hoey (1983)
identify two fundamental relations
between clauses:
Group 7
Logical sequence includes relations like

cause-consequence or phenomenon-
reason.
Example: "Waterevaporates when the
temperature rises."
Matching involves comparing or
contrasting segments of text.
Example: "She is intelligent. He is stupid.
Setting: the place and time in which the Understand spoken language in various
communication take place genres, different purposes and
Participants: speakers and listeners and contexts.
their role relationships Disambiguating utterances by
Ends: the stated or unstated objectives the considering the context, as it goes
participants wish to accomplish beyond analyzing isolated sentences.
Act characteristics: the form and content of
Pragmatic
what is said
knowledge
Key: the manner, tone and spirit of the
utterances
Instrumentalities: the channel (oral or
written) and code (formal or informal)
Norms: conventions of interaction and
interpretation
Genres: categories of speech events
Non-verbal language such as facial Interpret emotional nuances, discern
expression, eye contact, and body intentions, and navigate the complex
Kinesic
movement and positioning. interplay between verbal and
knowledge
nonverbal elements in spoken
discourse.
REFERENCES
Wolvin, A. D. (2010). Listening engagement: Intersecting theoretical
perspectives. Listening and human communication in the 21st century, 7-30.
Hoey, M. P. 1983. On the surface of discourse. London: Allen and Unwin.

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Group 7

spoken language, where sounds may be

Propositional Hierarchies (include cohesive

Logical sequence includes relations like

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