𝑑𝑦

1. The integrating factor of the DE: (𝑥 log 𝑥) + 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
a. 𝑒 𝑥 b. log(log 𝑥) c. 𝑥 d. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Solution:
Write the equation in standard form: 𝑦 ′ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 log 𝑥) + 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
( (𝑥 log 𝑥) + 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥)
𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
+ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥
Integrating factor of the above differential equation is given by.
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
1
∫𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 log(log 𝑥) = log 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
2. Integrating factor (IF) of the DE: (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦) = 1 is of the form 𝑒 𝑘𝑦 . Find the value of K.
𝑑𝑥
a. 𝐾 = 0.2 b. 𝐾 = 0.4 c. 𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟓 d. 𝐾 = 0,6
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
⟹ − = 𝑦3
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
𝑙𝑒𝑡 =𝑣 ⟹ 2 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣 3
⟹ + 𝑣𝑦 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐾 = 0.5

3. Find the integrating factor of (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1 𝑦 𝟏 1
a. b. c. d.
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝟐𝒙𝒚 2𝑦
Solution:
If an equation of the form 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not exact, it can always be made exact by multiplying by some
function of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.Such a multiplier is called an integrating factor.
(𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Comparing with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0, here 𝑀 = (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)
1
Since 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0 then integrating factor is
𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 = (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑥 − {−(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑦} ⟹ 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0
1
𝑆𝑜, 𝐼𝐹 =
2𝑥𝑦

4. Solve 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 then.

−𝑦 2 −𝑦 2 −𝒚𝟐 −𝑦 2
a. − log 𝑦 = 𝐶 b. 2 + log 𝑦 = 𝐶 c. + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 = 𝑪 d. − log 𝑦 = 𝐶
2𝑥 2 𝑥 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝑥2
Solution:
𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Comparing with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑀 = 𝑦 3 , 𝑁 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2
𝜗𝑀 𝜗𝑁
= 3𝑦 2 , = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝜗𝑦 𝜗𝑥
Not exact, hence we need to find IF
1
(𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 3 = 3 therefore, we have
𝑥 𝑦
 1 𝑦2 𝑥 3 −𝑥𝑦 2
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑑𝑥 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥3𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥3𝑦
Above equation is now exact
Integrating, we get
−1
𝑦 2 ( 2 ) + log 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥

5. If 𝑥 𝑟 is on integrating factor of (𝑥 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0, then 𝑟 is ____

a. 𝑟 = 0.2 b. 𝑟 = 0.5 c. 𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟓 d. 𝑟 = −0.2
Solution:
In the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 )
If be a function of 𝑥 only = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is an integrating factor.
𝑁
The given differential equation is.
(𝑥 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 , 𝑁 = 6𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) (3𝑦 2 −6𝑦 2 ) −1 1
= = ( ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑁 6𝑥𝑦 2 2 𝑥
−1 1
( )𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼𝐹 𝑒∫ 2 𝑥 = = 𝑥 −0.5 = 𝑥 𝑟 ⟹ 𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟓
√𝑥

𝑦3 𝑥2 1
6. An integrating factor of the DE: (𝑦 + + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 2 4
a. 𝑥 2 b. 3 ln 𝑥 c. 𝒙𝟑 d. 2 ln 𝑥
Solution:
The given DE is in the form of 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦3 𝑥2 1
𝑀=𝑦+ + , 𝑁 = (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )
3 2 4
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1
= 1 + 𝑦2 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since ≠ the equation is not exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Check the condition.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 (1+𝑦 2 )−4(1+𝑦 2 ) 3
= 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑁 (1+𝑦 2 ) 𝑥
4
3 3
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝑰𝑭

7. Solve by suggested integrating factor of the given DE: (𝑥 + 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

1 𝟏
a. +𝑥 =𝐶 c. − +𝒙= 𝑪
2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )
b. −2(𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2) + 𝑥 = 𝐶 d. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥 = 𝐶
Solution
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 = 0
(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
[(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 = 0]
(𝑥 2 2 )2
+𝑦
𝑥𝑑𝑥+𝑦𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
+ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
− +𝑥=𝐶
2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )

8. Solve by suggested integrating factor of the given DE: 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥

2 1 2 1
a. 𝑦 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑥 − c. 𝑦 = 𝐾𝑒 −𝑥 −
2 2
𝟐 𝟏 2 1
b. 𝒚 = 𝑲𝒆𝒙 + d. 𝑦 = 𝐾𝑒 −𝑥 +
𝟐 2
Solution:
Rewriting this equation in differential form, we have
(−2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 , no integrating Factor
However, for this equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 (−2𝑥)−(0)
So that ( − )= = −2𝑥
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 1
(−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒 −𝑥
2
Multiplying by 𝑒 −𝑥
2 2 2
(−2𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
To solve this equation
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫(−2𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦) ⟹ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
2 1 2
From which we write ⟹ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐾
2
𝜕𝑔 2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 + ℎ′ (𝑦) The solution of the original equation
𝜕𝑦
−𝑥 2 2 1 2
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 + ℎ′ (𝑦) 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝐾
2
2 2 𝟐 𝟏
𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + ℎ′ (𝑦) 𝒚 = 𝑲𝒆𝒙 +
𝟐
2 2
𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + ℎ′ (𝑦)
ℎ′ (𝑦) = 0