CHAPTER 2

Review and Related Literature

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and

in-depth search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of

the art, technical background to fully understand the research to be done and lastly

the definition of terms for better comprehension of the study.

Literature

According to Aakash Yadav (2023) Arduino is an open-source platform with

easy-to-use hardware and software. The author also said that the Arduino board

that can read various inputs like button presses, sensor lights, twitter messages,

etc and generate an output – like switching on a motor, turning on a light, posting

something on the web, etc. The board consists of a microcontroller which can be

coded for instructions on what has to be done for specific inputs. This code is

written in the Arduino programming language (wiring) and the IDE (processing).

Using the Arduino platform compared with other platforms is preferable

because the hardware is affordable and easy to program. Abdel-Nasser Sharkawy

et al. (2022) The article presents an amazing system using the Arduino Uno R3

board for developing Smart Home Applications Based and Android Platforms. The

system is controlled using a mobile Android phone through an installed application

that controls the on and off of lights, fan speed, temperature and humidity
measurement, fire alarm, and toxic gas alarm. The system uses many components

including the Arduino uno R3 board, DHT12 temperature and humidity sensor, gas

sensor, and smartphone or android phone. They programmed Arduino board using

Arduino IDE to read the sensor data and send it to the Android phone using

bluetooth. The Android app is developed using Android Studio to receive the

sensor data and display it on the graphical user interface. The target of the system

is the elderly, those with injuries, and people who rarely walk inside the house. The

system is efficient in reducing a users energy consumption around their houses

and helps reduce the household's carbon footprint.

According to Kevin McAleer, (2023) the Arduino uno R3 is made for those

who want to enter the world of electronics and coding. It is a beginner-friendly

platform, which is why it is so popular for students and educators. The Arduino is

also programmed using the Arduino IDE, which supports C and C++ languages

using a simplified version of the GCC compiler. The article "Behavior Research

Methods" according to (Tomas W. Schubert, 2013) Arduino boards are a

combination of ATMEL microprocessors with RAM, flash memory, and input/output

channels. Thus, these boards have the same general structure as common

personal computers, but their performance is of course only a fraction of those.

Arduino is beginner-friendly because it is easy to learn, however a user

needs to have some programming knowledge such as C and C++ language. There

is some confusion due to similarities between C and C++. C++ are the language
used by Arduino uno r3, C++ is commonly used to program Arduino because this

language is known for being fast and handy. The arduino language is a subset of

C and C++, which provides the use of assembly for low-level code, with the

compiler avr-g++ which converts the code into object files and avrdude which

uploads the program to the Arduino microcontroller.

According to an article by Alsulaili, A., Soomro, S.A. & Umer, T. (2022).

Using artificial intelligence is a way to improve water treatment. This article

discusses how artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as machine learning can

be applied to optimize water treatment processes. It covers AI methods for tasks

such as detecting water quality parameters, controlling treatment operations, and

detecting contaminants. Applying AI can help make water cleaner more efficiently

and effectively. A review of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and smart

technology in water treatment and monitoring. This article examines the growing

use of AI, machine learning, and smart technologies for water treatment. It

examines techniques such as intelligent sensors/systems that can be fixed and

ensure that the water is clean. This study looks into how cutting-edge technologies,

such as artificial intelligence, can improve the management and resolution of

problems related to water pollution. In order to restore and safeguard water

resources, it examines AI methods for tracking pollution sources, forecasting

effects, and assisting with cleanup operations.

 The article "Water Treatment in Developing Countries" Ren D, Colosi LM,

Smith JA (2018). Outlines a method for purifying water in regions with limited

resources. The process involves adding coagulants to the water to clump together

small particles, settling these particles in sedimentation basins, filtering the water

through media like sand, and finally disinfecting it with chlorine. This method

effectively removes impurities and pathogens, making the water safe for

consumption and improving public health in developing areas.

The article "Water Sensors Toolbox (2024)" by the US Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) has discussed and evaluated the use of water sensors

in several ways. The article also discussed how water sensors are used to collect

information from the body of water. They emphasized the importance of water

sensors in monitoring water when it comes to quality, detecting contaminants,

detecting water flow, detecting temperature, etc. The article also mentions the use

of water sensors in agriculture, food processing, water management, mining

industry, water recycling, coffee machines, and other applications.

According to Ains (2020) We use the water flow sensor to measure the flow

rate of water. The water flow rate is the volume of fluid that passes per unit time.

People often use water flow sensors for automatic water heater control, DIY coffee

machines, water vending machines, etc. The article explained how the water flow

meter works and this is quite simple.

 Figure 1

As you can see in Figure 1. The main components are the Hall Effect sensor,

turbine wheel, and magnet. The water flows in through the inlet and out through

the outlet. The water current drove the wheel to turn, and the magnet on the wheel

turned with it. Magnetic field rotation triggers the Hall sensor, which outputs high

and low level square waves(pulse). For every round of the wheel, the volume of

water flowing through is a certain amount, as is the number of square waves

output. Therefore, we can calculate the flow of water by counting the number of

square waves(pulse).

According to McCrometer (2024). The article "Flow Meter for Agricultural

Applications" shows the importance of water flow meters in agriculture and lawn

irrigation due to the changing environment. Flow meters are historically considered

negative, usually only introduced when resources are limited and separation is

required. However, McCrometer emphasizes that their water flow meters are not

control devices, but flow meters. The article discusses the benefits of using water

flow meters in agriculture, including daily flow monitoring, automatic data collection

for accurate reporting, and system integration for better control of daily

management. Several other applications where water flow meters can be

integrated into automated agtech systems are also mentioned. One specific
application mentioned is surface water and crop irrigation, where you can use it

with water flow meters to measure water flow from rivers, streams, ponds or other

sources. of water McCrometer offers a variety of flowmeters such as magmeters

or propeller meters to help achieve project goals, whether it's automatic data

collection for accurate reporting or system integration for daily monitoring.

According to an Article by Praktiri Karki (2022). The article presents basic

information about the pH meter, an instrument used to measure the pH or acid-

alkalinity of water. It explains the basic principle of how a pH meter works, its main

parts, the process of using it, the different types of pH meters, and their common

uses. The pH meter measures the pH of a substance between 0 and 14. The pH

is determined by the proportion of hydrogen ions (H+) and Hydroxyl ions (OH-) in

a solution. If [H+]>[OH-], its substance is acidic meaning the pH is below 7. If

[H+]=[OH-], its substance is neutral and the pH is 7. If the [H+]<[OH-], its substance

is basic and its pH is higher than 7. The glass electrode concept for the pH meter

was first introduced in 1909 by the German chemist Fritz Haber and his student

Zygmunt Klemensiewicz. The contemporary electronic pH meter was developed

in 1934 by the American chemist Arnold Beckman. This is the Limitation of the pH

meter, Regular cleaning of the pH meter is necessary to avoid possible

contaminations. The glass tip of the probe can break when exposed to corrosive

chemicals. Temperature in turn affects the reading of the pH meter. So it is

necessary to calibrate the pH meter before use to get an accurate result. Deposits

on electrode membranes can affect the process.

 Figure 2.

According to GAO Tek's, The pH meter is a very important piece of

equipment used to measure water quality. The pH meter must be calibrated with

a pH standard solution before using it. Monitoring pH is significant for many

purposes, such as assessing water quality for drinking and environmental health,

monitoring changes in aquatic ecosystems, ensuring suitable conditions for

industrial processes, investigating potential sources of pollution, and monitoring

and adjusting pH levels in water treatment systems. The maintenance and care of

pH meters ensure the reliability of results and water quality analysis for a variety

of purposes. According to GAO Tek's pH meter has a wide range of applications

in water quality testing and control in many sectors from drinking water, water

treatment, aquaculture, swimming pools, environmental monitoring, agriculture,

industrial processes, hydroponics, research/education, to boiler/cooling water

systems. GAO Tek's pH meter is very important for maintaining the pH level. This

is why the pH meter is a very important tool for controlling water quality and

maintaining water cleanliness. In this Article, the problem of water pollution and its

effect on human health is defined here. This was done at Bestlink College of the

Philippines to clean the water from the taps and ensure the safety of the students.
A water filtration system was implemented using recycled materials to clean the

water and remove contaminants. In action, research with a descriptive design was

used in 50 students Accountancy, Business and Management strand. This

determined the water filtration system to be highly effective in maintaining the

cleanliness and safety of drinking water. And in this article, it has been proven how

important the water filtration system is in the past and now to prevent the disease

it can cause to people's health. So the use of an eco-friendly and easy water

filtration system made of recycled materials is suggested as a solution to water

pollution, and to protect people's health.

According to Chi Thanh Vu, Amir Ahmadi Zahrani, Lingze Duan, (2023).

Turbidity is an important water quality parameter, especially for drinking water. The

ability to actively monitor turbidity in drinking water distribution systems is critical

to the safety and well-being of residents. Traditional turbidity monitoring methods

involve manual collection of water samples at specific locations and times, followed

by laboratory analysis, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Fiber optic

measurement allows real-time on-site monitoring of turbidity. However, current

technology is based on plastic fibers, which suffer from high optical attenuation

and are therefore not suitable for large-scale remote sensing. In this paper, we

present a fiber optic blur sensor based on various glass fibers. The Article uses a

single fiber to both deliver laser light into the water sample and collect the back-

scattered light for detection. A balanced detection scheme is utilized to remove the

common-mode noise to enhance the turbidity sensitivity. Highly linear turbidity

responses are obtained and a turbidity resolution as low as 0.1 NTU is achieved.

The article also mentioned that the test unit is shown to have excellent

reproducibility against repeated measurements and good stability against

temperature changes. Turbidity measurement in real environmental matrices such

as tap water and pond water is also reported with an assessment of the impact of

flow rate. The study work demonstrates the feasibility of future large-scale

distributed fiber-optic turbidity monitoring networks. The system layout of the glass-

fiber turbidity measurement unit is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Kati Martikainen et al. (2018) reviews the effectiveness of sand filters to

remove nutrients and microorganisms from domestic wastewater in Finland. The

article examined three types of sand filters, sand filters smeared without

phosphorus absorption agent, sand filters smeared with a biotite layer, and sand

filters smeared with holding parts with the layer biological. The authors also
mentioned the effectiveness of these filters in removing phosphorus, nitrogen and

organic matter in wastewater. The output shows that the strength of these filters

does not depend on filter age or time. However, the sand filter samples did not

significantly decrease phosphorus, and the yield of the sand filter treatment without

biotite decreased with age. The authors concluded that residential sand channels

can be a viable way to treat residential wastewater, but the nearness of enteric

infection and tall levels of E. coli in wastewater can be destructive to open

wellbeing. This does not give point by point data on the plan or execution of sand

filters. However, when the sand channel is buried, water must enter the sand layer

and evacuate physical and natural particles. the sand acts as a physical boundary,

catching bigger particles, and the advantageous microbes that live on the surface

offer assistance to break down the natural matter. Investigate appears that channel

productivity is influenced by wastewater stream characteristics, stacking speed,

and channel plan.

According to J. Droujko and P. Molnar (2022) a turbidity sensor designed

for real-time, in-situ monitoring of water quality in river networks. The sensor is

based on an infrared LED and two light detectors at different angles relative to the

LED. The sensor can also be used directly as a suspended sediment sensor and

bypass an unnecessary calibration to Formazin. The authors note that existing

turbidity sensors are expensive and not suitable for widespread deployment, and

their sensor is intended to address this gap. To test the turbidity sensors in a real-

world setting, the authors planned a blending tank test where their sensors can be
compared to commercially-available sensors. They too made a moment model of

the turbidity sensor for submerging into the blending tank and taking numerous

estimations over a few hours. The moment model was developed with a 3D printer

and incorporates a waterproof walled area, a battery, and a microcontroller for

information logging. The authors also said within the article that their sensor is

altogether cheaper compared to other sensors since of its unique quality that can

sensor both streams. The creators moreover note that their sensor can be utilized

specifically as a suspended silt sensor and bypass an pointless calibration with

Formazin, making it less demanding to utilize than other sensors. Generally, the

creators contend that their sensor has the potential to progress the precision and

cost-effectiveness of water quality checking in waterway systems.

Technical Background

We used Arduino Uno because it is easy to use either hardware or software.

It is also being said that the Arduino board can read various inputs such as buttons,

presses, sensor lights, Twitter messages, and so on and generate output – such

as switching on a motor light, turning on a light, or posting something on the web.

Where he will operate the entire system. And in the Arduino programming

language, the code is written here. This project of ours, the Water Monitoring and

filtration system, can provide great help in maintaining the supply of clean water to

our beneficiaries including the Teachers, Students, and Staff at the PUP Mulanay

campus.
Arduino – it is an open-source platform with easy-to-use hardware and software

and the hardware is affordable and easy to program.

Arduino programming language – based on C/C+, the code (wiring) and the IDE

(processing) are also written here.

Arduino Uno R3 board – it controls, and it can be programmed to read input and

output, with various sensors and systems in a wide range of applications, including

Smart home, water treatment, and automation.

Ph Meter – it measures the acidity-alkalinity of water. And the pH meter measures

the pH of a substance between 0 and 14, using a glass electrode and electronic

circuitry.

Turbidity – this is important in making a water monitoring system. Because it is

very helpful in monitoring the quality of turbid water and it uses Infrared LED and

lights detectors for measuring turbid water.

Water Filtration – It is used to purify water. Because it removes germs such as

dust, chemicals, bacteria, and viruses from the water. Before they can be removed

they first have to pass through other hole sizes and made of other materials such

as sand, gravel, and charcoal.

Water flow sensor – this will help in monitoring the flow of water. And nowadays it

is already used by people, as in the water dispenser there is no need to boil water

to heat up and you can not buy ice, because it has cold water and a coffee machine

that controls the water flow sensor and its water temperature.
Technical Background and Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

The goal of this project is to develop an innovative water monitoring and

filtration system adapted to the specific needs of the PUP Mulanay community.

The main goal is to ensure that students, faculty and staff on campus have access

to clean and safe water and to address ongoing water quality challenges.

The literature review highlights the use of Arduino, an open-source platform

with easy-to-use hardware and software, as the establishment for this project. The

Arduino Uno R3 board is particularly famous for its capacity to generate different

inputs, such as sensor information, and generate corresponding outputs to control

the system. The Arduino programming language, based on C/C++, is the essential

language used to code the system.

The technical viewpoints of the system focus on the particular components

that work together to monitor and filter water. A pH meter guarantees the water’s

acidity-alkalinity is secure by measuring its pH level. Water clarity is observed by

a turbidity sensor that uses infrared LED and light detectors. To remove

contaminants like germs, dust, chemicals, and microscopic organisms, the

framework utilizes a filtration process with materials like sand, rock, and charcoal.

Last is a water flow sensor that allows the Arduino controller to direct and optimize

the treatment process by monitoring the flow of water all through the system. By

integrating these innovative components, the project aims to address the

community’s pressing water quality challenges. The automated monitoring and

filtration system will not only provide access to clean water but also foster a sense

of ownership and empowerment among the PUP Mulanay community, enabling

them to take an active role in ensuring the sustainability and long-term success of

the water management initiative. Combining these inventive components, the

project aims to address the community’s pressing water quality challenges. The

automated monitoring and filtration system will not as it were given to clean water

but moreover cultivate a sense of ownership and empowerment among the PUP

Mulanay community, empowering them to require a part in ensuring the

supportability and long-term success of the water management activity.

The literature review also highlights the increasing use of artificial

intelligence and machine learning techniques in water treatment, suggesting

possible further improvements in system monitoring and optimization capabilities.

By synthesizing the information from the literature review and technical

background, a clear understanding emerges of the technological foundation and

the key components that will work together to create the Water Monitoring and

Filtration System for the PUP Mulanay community.

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