ENG302(

TECHNICALREPORTWRI
TING)
ENGR.JULI
USETUKE

ATERM PAPERON

OI
LSPI
LLAGE

I
LLUSTRATI
NGTHEPROBLEMSOFOI LSPI
LLAGEI
NOUR
SOCIETYANDI
T'SREMEDY/
SOLUTION

PETROLEUM DEPARTMENT
OgheneochukoWi
l
fredAkpouf
uoma(
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21/
22/
277050)
OgwuAshi
neduAnn(
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22/
278722)
Okaf
orOny
iny
eDomi
nion(
FNG/
21/
22/
280526)
Obi
-Okol
i
eOdi
akaEust
ace(
FNG/
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22/
277434)
Ossai
Mat
thew(
FNG/
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283896)
Oj
i
gbi
Ori
tsemay
eJoseph(
FNG/
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22/
279879)
Obukof
eOker
ighogheneDi
vi
ne(
FNG/
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282715)
OchubaAmobi
(FNG/
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Okar
edj
eEr
humu(
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Okobi
Dani
elEl
i
jah(
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(
Group6Member
s)

1
 Abst
ract

Spi
ll
sisthedi
schargeofli
qui
dPet
rol
eum i
ntot
heenvir
onmentmainl
yinmar
inear
easwhi
chi
s
adanger
ousdisast
erthathi
tst
hemari
neandcoast
alecosy
stem.

I
n2020and2021,Niger
ia’
sNationalOi
lSpil
lDet
ecti
onandResponseAgency( NOSDRA)
r
ecor
ded822combi
nedoi
lspi
ll
s,t
otal
li
ng28,
003bar
rel
sofoi
lspewedi
ntot
heenvi
ronment.

Thosewhodependonfar
mi ngandfi
shi
nghavef
eltadi
recti
mpactont
hei
rli
vel
i
hoodsand
resi
dent
shav
erepor
tedmyr
iadheal
thi
ssues.

Therearenumberofoilspi
llremovi
ngsy st
emsli
kesurfacedi
spersantsystem,cont
rolbur
n,
sorbentmat
eri
alsy
stem et
c,butinmostcases,
thi
srecov
eredoi
lcan'tbereused.

Thisresearchpaperpr esentsanef fecti

vesampl
edev i
ceforr emovingoilspil
lswhichwas
discov
er edpr act
ical
l
y.Abr iefdescri
ptionaboutt
heapparatus,worki
ngpr i
ncipal
,inst
all
ment
andot herrelatedtopicsaredescribed.Acomparisonbetweent hi
sdeviceandot heroilspi
l
l
removingsy stem hasbeenst udi
edandr ecount
edwhyiti
sbetterthananyothersyst
ems.

2
 CHAPTER1

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion

Oilspil
l
agei stheemi ssionofl i
quidpetroleum hy dr
ocar
bonintot
heenv ir
onment ,
especi
all
ythe
mar i
neecosy stem,duet ohumanact ivit
y,andi saf or
m ofpoll
ut i
on.Thisi susuall
ygivento
mar i
neoi lspil
ls,wher eoili
sbeenr eleasedi ntotheoceanorcoastalwaters,butspil
lsmayalso
occuronl and.Oilspi l
lsmaybeduet or eleasesofcrudeoilf
rom tankers,offshorepl
atf
orms,
dril
li
ngr i
gsandwel ls,aswel lasspi l
lsofr ef
inedpetr
oleum pr
oducts( suchasgasol i
neand
dieselfuel)andt heirby -
products,heavierfuelsusedbyl ar
geshipssuchasbunkerf uel
,orthe
spil
lofanyoi l
yrefuseorwast eoil

Oilspil
lscanhav edisastr
ousconsequencesf orsociet
y ;economi
call
y,envi
ronmental
ly
,and
social
ly.Asar esult
,oilspil
laccident
shav eini
ti
atedintensemediaattent
ionandpol i
ti
cal
uproar,br
ingi
ngmanyt oget
herinapol i
ticalst
ruggl
econcer ni
nggovernmentresponsetooil
spil
lsandwhatactionscanbestpreventthem fr
om happening.

Fi
g1.Oi
lSpi
l
lsi
nNi
ger
iaaf
fect
inghumans(
fi
sher
men)

3
 Fi
g2.Oi
lSpi
l
lsonwat
ersaf
fect
ingi
t'
shabi
tat
s(Ni
ger
ia)

1.
1Ai
m andObj
ect
ives

Ai
m

Il
l
ustr
ati
ngt
hepr
obl
emsofOi
lSpi
l
lagei
noursoci
etyandf
indi
ngsol
uti
onsf
orpr
event
ingi
t'
s
eff
ect

Obj
ect
ives

1.I
ll
ust
rat
ethepr
obl
emsofOi
lSpi
l
lagei
noursoci
ety
/ecosy
stem

2.Pr
otr
ayi
ngt
heef
fect
sonhumans,
li
vest
ock'
s,env
ironment
,occupat
ions,
etc

3.Enl
ist
ingsev
eralpossi
blesol
uti
ons/
remedyt
oav
oidOi
lSpi
l
lageandr
educe/
subsi
det
he
ef
fect
sonoureconomy.

4
 CHAPTER2

2.Ef
fect
s

Oilspil
ls,whetheracci
dent
alorint
enti
onal,
canhaveadev astati
ngimpactontheenvir
onment
andi t
si nhabi
tant
s.Theseimpactsannel
ide-r
eading,aff
ectingbot hi
mmediateandlong-
ter
m
aspectsofecosy stemsandhumancommuni t
ies.Here'
sabr eakdownofthekeyef
fectsofoi
l
spil
ls:

2.
1.I
mmedi
ateEf
fect
s:

Wildl
i
f eMortal
it
y:Oi
lcoatsbir
ds'
feat
hers,
impacti
ngthei
rinsul
ati
onandfli
ghtabi
li
ty,
leadi
ngt
o
hypother
mi aandstarv
ation.Mar
inemammal sli
keotter
sandseal sfacesimi
lari
ssues,whi
l
e
fi
shandot heraquat
icl
ifecansuf
ferpoi
soningf
rom i
ngesti
ngoilorcont
aminat
edprey.

Habit
atDamage:Oi lcansuf f
ocat
ecoastalv
egetat
ionandcontaminat
edelands,
i
mpacting
sensi
ti
vebreedingandf eedi
nggroundsf
orvar
iousspeci
es.Mangr
ovefor
est
sandcor alr
eefs
arepart
icul
arl
yvulner
able.

WaterContaminat
ion:Oil
canpol l
utedr
inki
ngwat
ersourcesandtai
ntfi
shandshel
l
fish,
making
t
hem unsafeforconsumpt i
on.Thiscanhavesev
ereconsequencesforbot
hhumanhealthand
l
ocaleconomiesreli
antonfishi
ng.

Ai
rPol
l
ution:Vol
ati
lecomponentsofoilevaporat
e,r
eleasi
nghar
mfulhy
drocar
bonsi
ntot
heai
r,
i
mpact
ingairqual
it
yandpotent
ial
lycausingrespi
rat
oryprobl
ems.

2.
2.Long-
Ter
m Ef
fect
s:

Persi
stentOr
ganic Pol
l
utant
s( POPs)
:Oi lcont
ains har
mf ulchemi
cal
sthatpersi
sti
nt he
envir
onmentf
orlongperi
ods,accumul
ati
nginthefoodchainandposi
ngheal
thr
iskst
owil
dli
fe
andhumans.

Ecosystem Di
srupt
ion:Oi
lspi
l
lscanalterf
oodwebsanddisruptdel
icat
eecol
ogi
calbal
ances,
i
mpact i
ngpopulati
onsandpotent
ial
l
yleadi
ngtospeci
esl
oss.Recoverycant
akeyear
soreven
decades.

EconomicI
mpact:Touri
sm,f i
sher
ies,andot
herindust
ri
esrel
yi
ngoncleanwaterandheal
thy
ecosyst
emscanfacesigni
ficanteconomicl
ossesduet ooi
lspi
ll
s.Cl
eani
ngandremediat
ion
eff
ort
scanalsobeexpensi
ve.

Psychol
ogicalImpact :Oilspi
l
lscan hav
eanegat i
vei
mpacton t
hementalwell
-bei
ng of
communitiesaffected,par
ti
cul
arl
ythoser
eli
antont
heaf
fect
edr
esour
cesf
orthei
rli
veli
hoods
andcult
uralpracti
ces.

5
2.
3.Addi
ti
onalConsi
der
ati
ons:

Spil
lLocat
ion:Thesever
it
yoftheimpactdependsonthelocat
ionofthespi
l
l,wi
thsensi
ti
ve
ecosyst
emsl i
kewet
landsandcor
alr
eefsbei
ngparti
cul
arl
yvul
nerabl
e.

Oi
lType:Di
ff
erentt
ypesofoilhavev
ary
ingcomposi
ti
onsandv
iscosi
ti
es,l
eadi
ngt
odi
ff
erent
i
mpactsandcl
eanupchal
lenges.

CleanupEffort
s:Promptandeffect
ivecl
eanupmi ni
mizestheextentofdamage,
butcompl
ete
remediat
ionisoft
endif
fi
cultandmaynotful
ly
.rest
oretheecosy
stem.

I
nconcl
usi
on,
oil
spi
l
lsar
eenv
ironment
aldi
sast
erswi
thf
ar-
reachi
ngconsequences.

Underst
andingt heseeffectsiscruci
alf
orpr eventi
ngspill
s,taki
ngswi f
tactionincaseof
acci
dents,andimpl ementingeff
ecti
vemi
tigat
ionandr emediati
onstr
ategies.Wemuststri
ve
towardsresponsibleoilexplor
ati
onandtransportat
ionpracti
cestomi ni
mi zetheri
sksand
prot
ectourplanet'
spreciousecosyst
emsandcommuni t
ies.

6
 CHAPTER3

3.Sol
uti
ons/
Remedy

Sol
uti
onstooilspi
ll
sincl
udegener
alpr
ecaut
ionsandcomplextr
eat
mentmethodsbywhi
choi
l
pol
l
uti
onistr
eated.Belowar
esomeoftheprecaut
ionsandsol
uti
onstooi
lSpi
l
lage:

3.1.Bioremedi
ati
on:Bioremediat
ionisanenv ironment
alprocessthatcl
eanscontaminat
ed
groundwater and soil
. This process enhances nat
ural bi
ologi
calacti
ons to remove
contaminant
sfrom usedwater.

Industr
ialpr ocesses such as mi ni
ng,agr i
cult
ure and manufact
uri
ng produce var
ious
byproducts.Somer esult
ingi
nor gani
candor gani
cresidual
compoundsareharmless,
butot
hers
canbet oxicandhar mt heenvironment.Toxicresi
dualcompoundsareespecial
lyhar
mfulto
groundwat erandsoil.Theplanethasexi st
ingenvir
onmentalr
emediat
ionsyst
ems,butnatural
soilandgr oundwaterremedi
ationprocessestaketime.

Bioremediat
iont echnol
ogyrecl
aimspol l
utedwat erandsoi lsoitcansafel
yr et
urntot he
environmentafterpeopleuseitinindust
rialpracti
ces.Somewast emanagementprocesses
user emedi
ati
on equipmenttor emoveand di sposeofpol lut
ant
s,butthebioremediat
ion
processusesliveorgani
smstoremov eorneutrali
zepoll
utant
sincontami
nat
edareas.

3.
2.Oi lPol
lut
ionCl
eanupMethods:Ther
ear ev ar
iousmet hodst
hatcanhel
ptot
ackl
eoi
l
pol
lut
ionsuchasusi
ngabsor
bent
s,ski
mmer s,
dispersant
,vacuums,
etc.

3.3.Monitori
ngofFuelSt or ageTanks:Routinemoni tori
ngshoul dbecarri
edouti norderto
suspectanyleakagefrom oilstor
edintanks.Themai npur poseofmonitor
ingfuelst
orageisto
getaccuratereal
-t
imedat aont hevolumeoff uell
eft,fuelconsumptionandtankrepleni
shing.
Remot efuelcont
rolhelpstokeepaney eonf uelusagepat terns,
prev
entunauthori
zeddraini
ng
(f
uelthef
t),andeli
minatestheneedformanual f
uell
ev elchecks

3.
4.Di sper
sants:Dispersant
sar echemicalagents(simil
artosoapsanddetergents)thathel
p
breakupanoi lsl
ickintoverysmal ldr
opl
ets,whichdil
utethr
oughoutthewat
er.Whi l
et hi
sdoes
notr emovethespi l
led materi
al,small
eroilpar t
icl
esar emor eeasil
ybiodegraded and it
provi
des a measur e ofpr otecti
on forsensiti
ve habit
atst hr
eat
ened by a sur f
ace sli
ck.
Dispersant
sarespray edontospil
lsbyspecial
lyequippedboatsorpl
anes.

7
 Fi
g3.Di
sper
sant
s-Oi
li
nter
act
ionsandef
fect
ivenesst
est
ing

3.
5.Mai ntenanceofDr ill
ingRi gs:Thedrill
i
ngr i
gsshouldbemai ntai
nedingoodcondi t
ions.
Thereshoul dber egul
archecksandbal ancesofequi pmentusedinoffshoredri
ll
ing.Regular
maintenance,i
ncludingcheckingf l
uidl
evels,i
nspecti
nghosesandsealsforleaks,
andensur i
ng
properhydraul
icpressure,isessenti
alf
orsmoot hrigoperat
ions.

8
 CHAPTER4
4.Concl
usi
on

Useofchemi caldi
sper
santscanbeaneffect
ivespi
l
lresponseandcontr
olmethod,especi
all
y
tomi nimizeenvir
onmentaldamage,butt
heappli
cat
iontechni
queiscri
ti
calt
othesuccessof
dispersantuse.

Dispersanthav ebeenshowi nlaborator

ytests,t
obeef f
ective,thatisdisper
sant scanr emov e
oilf r
om t he watersurface.Inaf ew carefull
y planned and moni tor
ed fieldt est
s,hi gh
effecti
v enesshasbeendocument ed.Atot herfiel
dt estsandatacci dent
alspi l
ls,reported
effecti
v enesshasbeenl ow,perhapsbecauseappl i
cationt echniqueswasi nadequat e,theoil
wasnotdi spersi
ble,themethodsofmeasur i
ngef f
ectivenesswer einadequateorunt ested
remot e-sensingmet hodswereused.I n-
conclusi
vevisualresultshav eoccurredwhendi ff
erent
observ erslookingatthesamedi spersanttr
eatmenthav epr ovidedwidelydif
feringest i
mateof
effecti
v eness.

9
CHAPTER5

Ref
erencs

www.
env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
oncent
ers.
org

Al
j
azazeer
a(ByEkpal
iSai
nt)onef
fect
sofoi
lspi
l
lsonourenv
ironment

Wi
ki
pedi
a

Nat
ionalAcademyPr
essonusi
ngofoi
lspi
l
lsdi
sper
santont
hesea

10