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Lecture 3

The document discusses different types of semiconductor switches used in power electronics including diodes, MOSFETs, and IGBTs. It describes the ideal switch model and compares it to real semiconductor switches, explaining their voltage and current characteristics in the on and off states. Examples are provided to calculate currents through circuits using these different switch types.

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37 views41 pages

Lecture 3

The document discusses different types of semiconductor switches used in power electronics including diodes, MOSFETs, and IGBTs. It describes the ideal switch model and compares it to real semiconductor switches, explaining their voltage and current characteristics in the on and off states. Examples are provided to calculate currents through circuits using these different switch types.

Uploaded by

saiedali2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE443

ENERGY CONVERSION II
Lecture 3
Summary
Inductor volt-second balance

𝑉𝐿1 𝐷 + 𝑉𝐿2 1 − 𝐷 = 0
Buck Converter

𝑉 = 𝐷 𝑉𝑔
The boost converter

1
𝑉= 𝑉𝑔
1−𝐷
Buck-Boost converter

𝐷
𝑉=− 𝑉𝑔
1−𝐷
Full Bridge (H-bridge)
Modes of operation
Switching Schemes
Full Bridge (H-bridge): Bipolar Switching
• Let’s assume we have two modes of operation:
-Mode 1: S1 and S4 are ON, while S2 and S3 are OFF for some time 𝑡1 ,
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑔
-Mode 2: S1 and S4 are OFF, while S2 and S3 are ON for some time 𝑡2
𝑉 = −𝑉𝑔
• If we define the duty cycle 𝐷 as:

𝑡1
𝐷=
𝑇𝑠
𝑉 = 2𝐷 − 1 𝑉𝑔
−𝑉𝑔
Full Bridge (H-bridge): Bipolar Switching
1 𝑇𝑠 1 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
1
𝑉 = න 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑉𝑔 𝑑𝑡 + න −𝑉𝑔 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝑔 𝐷𝑇𝑠 − 0 − 𝑉𝑔 𝑇𝑠 − 𝐷𝑇𝑠 = 𝐷𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝑔 1 − 𝐷
𝑇𝑠 𝑜 𝑇𝑠 𝑜 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠

Then
𝑉 = 2𝐷 − 1 𝑉𝑔
Since the duty cycle D is limited between 0 and 1,
0≤𝐷≤1

The output voltage,


−𝑉𝑔 ≤ 𝑉 ≤ 𝑉𝑔

- Advantage: Voltage polarity could be reversed.


- Disadvantage: More switches and higher harmonics.
- Harmonics maybe reduced using mode 3 (top or bottom two switches are ON)
Full Bridge (H-bridge): Unipolar Switching
• Works as a buck converter but can provide an output voltage with reverse polarity.
Switching Schemes
Bipolar Switching
Unipolar Switching
Variable Voltage Command
• Bipolar • Unipolar
Summary
The ideal switch
+
𝑣𝑠𝑤 𝑖𝑠𝑤
• The ideal switch have two modes: -
1) ON (close): it will behave as a short circuit (𝑣𝑠𝑤 = 0)
2) OFF (open): it will behave as an open circuit (𝑖𝑠𝑤 = 0)

• When an ideal switch is ON, it can conduct current in both directions.

𝑖𝑠𝑤
• When an ideal switch is OFF, it can block voltage in both directions.
𝑂𝑁
𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝑣𝑠𝑤
Semiconductor Switches
Actual semiconductor switches are not ideal. In this course we’ll use the following three

devices:

1) Diode 2) MOSFET 3) IGBT


Diode
• A diode is semiconductor (PN junction) having two terminals: Anode (A) and Cathode (K).

• Since it has two terminals only, it cannot be controlled externally. It can only turn ON and OFF based on the

voltages and currents of the circuit.


Diode
Diode
• ON state • OFF state
• 𝑣𝑑 ≥ 𝑉𝑜𝑛 • 𝑣𝑑 < 𝑉𝑜𝑛
• It allows any current (up to some rated value) to • It will not allow any current to flow in any direction
flow from the Anode to the Cathode only and behave and behave like an open circuit,
like a voltage source with,
• 𝑖𝑑 =0
• 𝑣𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑛
• For example, if 𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 0.7𝑉
• For example, if 𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 0.7𝑉
Diode

𝑂𝑁

𝑂𝐹𝐹
Example
• In the following circuit, a 250V 20A diode is used.
• If 𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 0.8 𝑉 and 𝑅 = 100 Ω, Find the current in the circuit if the source is,
a) 1V
b) 200V
c) -100 V
d) -300 V
Solution
Example

• For the same circuit, the source is a sinusoid given by


𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . Assuming that 𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 0 𝑉 , sketch:
• a) the voltage of the source.
• b) the voltage of the load resistor.
• c) the voltage of the diode.
Solution
MOSFET
• A MOSFET has three terminals:
- Drain (D)
- Source (S)
- Gate (G)
• Unlike the diode, the turn-on and turnoff of a transistor are controllable. MOSEFET is voltage-controlled device
based on 𝑉𝐺𝑆 .
• A MOSFET can conduct current in the forward direction (Drain to source) and the reverse direction (Source to
drain).
MOSFET
• Forward direction Reverse direction
ON state ON state
• 𝑉𝐺𝑆 ≥ 𝑉𝑡ℎ • 𝑉𝑆𝐷 ≥ 𝑉𝑜𝑛
• It allows any current (up to some rated value) to • It allows any current (up to some rated value) to
flow from the Drain to the source and behave like a flow from the Source to the drain only and behave like
small resistor 𝑅𝐷𝑆 𝑜𝑛 . a small voltage source 𝑉𝑜𝑛 .
OFF state OFF state

• 𝑉𝐺𝑆 < 𝑉𝑡ℎ • 𝑉𝑆𝐷 < 𝑉𝑜𝑛


• It will not allow any current to flow in any direction • It will not allow any current to flow in any direction
and behave like an open circuit, and behave like an open circuit,

• 𝑖𝐷 =0 • 𝑖𝐷 =0
MOSFET
𝑖𝐷

𝑂𝑁

𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝑣𝐷𝑆
Example
• In the following circuit, a 200V 50A MOSFET is used and 𝑅 = 100 Ω.
• If 𝑅𝐷𝑆 𝑜𝑛 = 50 𝑚Ω and 𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 0.7 𝑉. Find the current in the circuit for 𝑉𝐺𝑆 < 𝑉𝑡ℎ if,
a) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑉
b) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = −1𝑉
• Find the current in the circuit for 𝑉𝐺𝑆 ≥ 𝑉𝑡ℎ if,
c) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑉
Solution
IGBT
• IGBT stand for Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor. It has three terminals:
- collector (C)
- Emitter (E)
- Gate (G)
• Similar to the MOSFET, turn-on and turnoff of an IGBT are controllable. IGBT is voltage-controlled device based
on 𝑉𝐺𝐸 .
• An IGBT by itself can conduct current in the forward direction (Collector to emitter) only. To conduct current in
the reverse direction (Emitter to collector), we need to add an antiparallel diode.
IGBT
• ON state
𝑉𝐺𝐸 ≥ 𝑉𝑡ℎ
• It allows any current (up to some rated value) to flow from the collector to the emitter and behave like a voltage
source with,

𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐸(𝑠𝑎𝑡)

• OFF state
𝑉𝐺𝑆 < 𝑉𝑡ℎ
• It will not allow any current to flow in any direction and behave like an open circuit,
𝑖𝐷 = 0
IGBT
𝑖𝐶
𝑖𝐶 +

𝑣𝐶𝐸
𝑂𝑁
-

𝑂𝐹𝐹
𝑣𝐶𝐸
Example
• In the following circuit, a 1200V 50A IGBT with anti-parallel diode are used. For the IGBT
𝑉𝐶𝐸 𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1.3 𝑉 and For the diode 𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 0.8 𝑉. If 𝑅 = 100 Ω,
• Find the current in the circuit for 𝑉𝐺𝐸 < 𝑉𝑡ℎ if,
a) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑉
b) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = −1𝑉
• Find the current in the circuit for 𝑉𝐺𝐸 ≥ 𝑉𝑡ℎ if,
c) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑉
Solution
Example: Buck Converter
• How can we implement the switches

• Mode 1 • Mode 2
Vs1 is zero and is1 is positive Vs1 is positive and is1 is zero
Vs2 is positive and is1 is zero Vs2 is zero and is1 is negative
Current Measurement
• Shunt resistor
Current Measurement
• Hall Effect
Position measurement
• Absolute encoder • Incremental encoder

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