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T Complex numbers.
Everywhere below F means ether
Ror @ to be a fred of scalars
or Wumbers with their stomalar
x school" operatcons : ab, a:b, a
0, 1,0. For a complex number
zexrlyeC We wurcte Ree=X,
Tme= y- hecall that Z%=x-ty
(rz) coded tne complex conju gate
Oe. gore xargs lel", \zl= Je2"~
the modules of &. fe 2=X+ly,
we atib thew
z= (xa- yb) + i (xb) >
2 ae O'De
[b,
tL 240 thew se
x L-
— t+
~+ iid.
l2l [al
Example. [ead — (+20 (340)
B-u (oO =
\
— bra . tae
(2 a+i(i+e)= ot ig!
oO—b-
Involution in C.
The involution ¥: C9 C, Ze*
is a coal Linear mapping +
(re+swW* = C45 0% y 2, eC,
wrse R3 and p=jeee: z= 2%,
Actually, x preserves the multip-
lication (2W) = ew for atl
2, wee (Hw) .
Exer 4 Te p@= Apt He + +a,"
ts a polynomial wcth fa Soe
then pce)*= pce). Ip ze cs a root
of pe) (that ts, pw) =0) then soe
Exer a Solve y= in C. Ferst x=)
tra root. Next at td
xa _ (x-1) (x“ x41) (school dvision)
we
1 VY fp WB)”
(8—34—
dots -h4,-d4° 8, -p-2 BJ
}t, wy wet, tl ='
a
{
Polo Decom posttton_ = ie
we a
com peex
Polar Decomposition of a
tove Ba xr ly HO.
number |
then &= tel (4+ ¢ 4)» .
(4,)'> “Gays oc (> *a)
, Ga . unit corde |
iS a pow
ye = st (° :
= wos (0), Hae
put es oes for sul? | ;
( norut of the unct — D
a iw ‘ ,
\ oT oe i
al , = > 1 ve .
vote thak
to cos(B)-¢ cstu(e= A \
7 eB ee
= cos(- o) +c Sw4.
Thus z= |2l ef? cabled the jpobour
decomposition of Z.
Example Ci cos ee +l sin(4E ) =
= -+4°8 & a Foot o x21 3
2
cue ¢ 6F-# le - i & it
42e 3 @ me SS
€
=(e*)* We have used the iey
property | Horde’ Hw).
jp z= bye? wie [vil eo” then Bw
= faffu| ef —» Jawa = [allel -
Tae pore F(X]. Ye paso or
B®) = O%») o,(X). Wle say that w
a root of pO). te Wx= Kol),
4 (uw) +o we Soy that w ta a root
ap PIX) % alagrbrare mubtiphiety m
(ml). The Juocw Recult of Sgebra :
every PIE E(x] af degree admits
precisely ww roots de ¢ upto off.
multeplia ties ,-s-
Ener Solve x24 tw, Ap. wes 4
in @ then tealtl= wi) . we oe
tse ‘
Thr © = w= 15 se = 2Tn
?
i ic :
1,2, wy, w*, 2”
pentagow
Rational Root Theorem Wa
dp P(*) = a,X"+ aX a +4 € z[X],
a) Ao#O, anal rae tsa rattconel
Coot of P(X) wucth gs awd t ore relati -
vely preme then s[% and tla
Proof. p($)=0 ea aS" ASHE He aalz00
=> s(a,s"4 a, ts" wt ot”) _-at4
S[aot™—> s[ao (Ss 4 copreme tot anol t")
Simi far Og , tot” ++ a,,s") =
h
=a -as 2 +[Ou.—6—
Exer 1) Solve x4 x axt. x+6=0
by RAT, the cuteger roots are
among the factors of 6. So,
possible roots! +1, 42,4326. Apter
testing We have $1,-1,4,-34
) XLX=0. We have Xt veX(D=
=X (DUC) roots = fo. eee ey
3) PX) = K-XEXFL =O. By BRT,
the twteger roots +1, So, pid =
“ceed (te), roots = PP -P5:
4) P@=X- X=0= pix) = xX'(X* =
eG) (= DODO DEE,
roots = 1é e P eo -4
5) P= Xi ax 44 =O 9 Pod= Kt
= (x-2) (we) (xD (XH).
4 LX- 220. We have
6) Solve x" : be
tr iteae Crd ExO@ -2-@ =
Oe:— F-
(xX+ A) 2 1% = (xr )>
. Ve_ i. 7
(uri + B), roots = {2 S) ve £ f
they are not complex
hum pecs why 2
congu gate
Rectan gular Matrices —
E we mew a
\=1
‘by mxn — matrix Ove”
tafe Aq My Are Xe,
= On Onn! Fay of
Amy Amz tl Anon
scolars fram IF For brevity , we
wrote Ax [24], put A= 4
both ft and [& have the some
sere and ay = bey for all thd -
qhe set op all men - mates a
denoted by Mure - If male
we deah with n- Syuate tab “x
A-| | amo put rs custead
a Mom—8—
Lénear Operations te May * AbEMS>
= Nabe [ayt buley, MA = Bal, wv nek.
Put gelel to be aero matcex en
Noun - the set Munn auth bhese
pace-
operations +, ts oO yeetor <4
over F. So, the etandard property
hold: (BAB) + C= f+(B+O,
(a4) = RDE, pe Q= Ave
Iultiplecatiow of Matrices 3 peek
AE Mop bE Men
Ax b= Cc
a>. 7
ce 4
chegine C= [eul=
= fied € mn )
Coy = & Me bej
“4 ee!
i cow of A by
{ cotumin of IS-9—
Ee [12a] (8)= Cd
(3x2) (ax) = 2x!
3}ua vl Pe
RF
fe Awe My then se My and
phe Mu ecther, But AB+EA,
gor exompee A= [28], B= Led]
eM, 3 Ab=([80), BA = [48],
Ab+IbA, So, NM, Loors Lecce a
on algebra uth operations A+E
JA, Hed. We quish replace F by
My | and oevelope a wer colcu bus,
Quantiza tiow
Ma.
~
Fo
a,b, Cy | AB Ge
- - — - \
ath» Ab \ Ate, Ae
“ O f=?
ae
(At 2 DAHA vREMD
(recolh that | meonss
ade tite= a, va) |
|~—|O-
Exer Prove thet | that us, AL=DA=A
| 2
T= (58 | Ae Mn |
weary ¥a,be F A eB 7
Guoaao lA ob A= 0
Ener Put ‘Then A‘= 0 though
Ae 04 . {- - A+ Oe
EX YE Xaot | K=[b9]+ 97,
et EX,
yasoe da adhd! ypeo IRE Ms
| AR= Whe T.
Ener Ae [° 2] cs , nat avert ple :
Ana A W- = V'0=0,
He =o fe ( contro olic tou «
Theorem (MAT 260) fimatere AE Mn
os taverttb le EE det(A) +0det : M,> f ty Of map[etng giver by
w=1 & detfaJaa
h=2 =? det he “) = M27 Fry Aas
h=3 4 olet [fase os | =
Asi 3, Qs,
i a," a, | _ Ol, Qu Ay, | \°" Oy,
a 3
O39 23 Q., O24 a, a.
des ("" oA \ =o I: ay [ \" am
b = Au) 2 Ae a
An 9
“\ ™ Hyp 1 On Gyn, ys" Eo
Enormple A=[o 4 =| Thow olet (H=
23
rile (Es]- [eles
(gees?
How to find BH Const
matrex [Al ri and apply
echelon ps
inde yar 4) 88] ~
dar the epton lod
rowaul | oO prt-
E vo] > {Ofer [2 pels er
Bo duselics. on oo Ssiy-1dt
~ Fogel hafaia
- ut
oes E aa ~
Yo ~ho *ho
Wo -He He
“Ys Us -b
3-13 fr, oo
ij -1ile]/ 2 le?
y 2d 004
A #10 -Iflo 3/10
A [te aft i |
ys ys YS.
tac tt #=[zpJe Mm oh
det (H) = ad- be.
I rol 6
Thee I = say -c a
apt wae t=[5 9) )
por Az [aye My ve abso pat
tr(W) = Ay tot Fun the Sum of
fhe man olagonak ontries cabled—|3a-
the trace of A. the trae tr) MOF
is a Linear mapping (Hd)
Theorem (Moat 260) . For alt A,B eM,
wwe have det (Ab) = det(A) det lb) =
= det (BA) and tr(Ab) = =tr (BA)-
(Uvirs prove these Key propert'eS for
n=v)
Exam ple.
AR I's o J? oot (#) =-12,
a
tr(M= 1-143 =3
T 2d
: = o inal lek (H) , tr)
Uwe: # eee | Fens Ke,
eats Crh
=(97 | | = -[ #9,
(1.
100
010 JR -2k mom
0 Ol] g,- 3k,
be
0 l 100
alo le 373 [Aor
( 00-| 210
tr = [4446 =
t af! 23
ONl= [Bae-l4—
prs[ees]tck. ~ Bees
Pil (seer aW ercamiamel oe efof 3]
2 ©e
Rua tntrecition
F- valued funet cous | Mu- value,
, a | punctions
ata F (th &) mrom, Eo-AW
‘ Y
Tak BH open
éndorvok , 4
Aly -layl4I, fl steL
M,~ at Lu eof function ArT Mn cs
Sat fo pe combemnous ( ol pperentia ble,
~ (integra ble ) e so ore all aus (€) j
vie pub Line AO) = [Gres ay (ais
\ . ft 4
we) = [ayy ,
J ‘pldjdt = [i ag (elt | eM,-|s—
Exam Lo. f (tb) = Sch a +
— Catt) | 7 ter=k
4 oO sigprentiobt M, ~ fuectidte,
i). Paw f
ie=
ate lo - sce) °
f Ate ve
i) -/ 5
Proportics 4p A,B» Ma are
- thew
So are
(Alt + ow yl=A Mit BY,
ply ie)'= Me Boy MEP iy
(Teall Ab Be h) (aM we prove Hs)
4 lenear dip ferontioh|
LQuattonw idejperoutial
CQUast (ou
th My!
yi ay , CE aw |
Wethe es soba dla |(0) =
ue Get VW=PYW) AEM,
tS gq unique
Soludtvor +0 witdle tts re.
mp | yal? (Wo=D.
Example Cowse ler viie= [I Ay.
Vit) te Me. Put
at ott
Vit) = E - oe] |
I eo at
The. Vit= aaa
ip ot ae )
at ot
(le “als fae ae
ye” ne 1 ert yer =
=y'W. So,
V(t) «3 9 solution. UY Pis a
COhsterwt mattvc prow M,.
the. Ylt/P a solxfio %S wolf
for éss
(yw-P)'= YP = (HYIP =
= A (HHP) - :
thom PH) = tH [yt] =
peeve — ete 2
= Ca .
| yetvet yee
es e
3a solutcow quth Plo) = T
id Sees -3t at vat as
WaJt | ory -~-e+re
fa ote ot yore ad
\yiece the numbers -S aud &Y are
¢,t
+ / ot cx ( Wor rainy 1)
Functional Caloubel Quan tezeol Calculus)
cA WW), Stu x '
, Sta(o), AO), 8} CoS 0) je 0. (X),
me feo
Lo, rete
£09) for xe F ¢" f(x ‘por
| xe M,—1O-
Equations
A. cyclem od frre ody. eq's has He form
Ay Xi + 2X $0 + Qin Te = &,
Aq) X + Byg +--+ Bon Ta = é, (»)
Orn Xq + Arg Ly $+++ Amn Tr 4,
with t-Unknowne Ty Ter, Ta, Ancol m~
equations TD Verna of. matrices we Can
write down
Oy Fig ++. Qn 7) 3y 4,
Ag, A. +++ Gen xy} = 6, ou
Any Omg -- Mnf | Lb
AX = €, vem”, Cer”
A: R°— FF" 2 AS is a Gra
transormathon: A[A% tpg = AR +p AG)—4{—
Pub wel A) a4 deh AL=BSP
called tHe terrnel of A; and
im( A) => AXEP™ ERY CP”
called He mag of A
(Hw) Prove Hot ber (A) ancl tm (4) ave.
vector subspaces
leg relation: dim(ker{ay) + drm mCAl) =n
YY £=6 tle (6) is called a home.
Umer system and Sol, = kor lA), Nok
Het 2 €Soly WE € € mC).
Fxg fur itt =a
— i a Find Sob, =!
Ax, t4,+24,5 0
2
We home x, =1 > 9 (44%) 1=0 340
So, Sel, = OU [th L | dtm lA) wee
A PS RF
444
ra] i oo
& 12—12-
Proposilien uh g is a sclutror Lt
Ava % Her Sob = Sol rg
Proof LY wx, € Soh, He Alz +H)
= AR+Ag= b+ 828 > %, tof € Sob,
Converseby | YL € Soli, DLL ty,
A[X-§) = AX-AG = $-£=0
U+~X, = 1 |
AX, + 2,4+2%,={ — Q-1=
Eya {n % tg = o> anh . m= |
{ % =-f
As 1 fee-> x%,-0 > X=1-C Ma -1 ay
[Sf] =[3)+ [L
WH US
A wetriy. AEM is th echely,. form.
if te first #O erly in Ong row Gppeace
to He. Tight of the inst #0 entry of he
preceding, row, Lf, th additron, tHe fink #0
entry tn a given rew ls tk only Fo en
in Tits
column , tlen Ais tr reLuced echels, form,—13—
Ec ,on4 r4 4 4 4 -lo
xampbls a) 5 o |, CO10C OO
COO 0° O- COCO 1-24
©0003 14
Oo 00 O-R2,
eckhy.. wectrices but not reduced one!le
rere ss
oot F6&
90 +0
nu
Ow p=
reduced echelon reectriees
Whaler reduced echelon system Can
easily Pe solved Just reovity from betlon
to th top
Ex. ¢ x14 %3 bts=4 1o141014
Ly Xz, FAX H+X%=Vlo 1 1:0 aij=A
o1 3
xy + 3% = 3 o ©
reducod eclefoy mon
V X56, % ore 2 %5=C,,%=4,%=C,
m= 1—Cy-G, B=2—0,-aG—-G ,
% = 3~3C,~14
1-C-€s -1 ° a1 : 7
a fRRr GG) [8 1] |-t} fa
Cs =C, Of, oO +6, 4 40!
536) -3] Jol Jo|"|3|
C 4 oO | 0
C |
z 4 © | Lo] lo |
nn cet ee =~
Solan Sef, tf
Theowom Let a -2 he Mxn- ~ System of
b prec of. eg's. a Fk Seguence of
Chemendery rhe, “) whey duo
O75 51a) mubhpline any eg by a #0 members
(3) addny Up one %. to note one;
Ae System can & reclucceal to Qa now jclon
Rt F whow mete A hm reducoe
echelon form Moreover, Say = = = Sab
Bi -
dpm ax, +34, =4 4 9 5
| Xp Fly -QR=-T
QM -—% — Xz =H & -| -1
A: R> = R? ACH).15 —
+ 4-2 Dd :
5 le =| cl
4| |o & -# Ho} R,+3R.
1-2 3/7 4-2 BS | FR HAR
o -+{ 2) ~[e -1 4 & ~
o -4/-4 oo 1] 4
R-Rs 1 0 O]}k
“|-3| R+Rs ~/e 4.0 “
oo1}4
Remork Note tet etl(A)#OSD FA!
and At=2% hos a unique soliton,
¥ =A'E 3 and Sob, = ker(A)=1 8), n(Al=s
ry -Q 2
R +R 4 .
Ry dd, 1
“URL O
-——_F 5 ON
9—16-
gy (HTM B= 4 Qa ~i a
Qt bX $a! w]e 1 Fy
Kj — X, + AGH=! (ims Lae e
4 & -1\ 4 2
a 14 14/4 |RaR~)o -3 3 3/5]
4 -$ Q]t RAR oO -3 3]-3
4A 2 -N/ kd 4 a ~t 1 &] Ry Ay
oi -t}4 le 4-1/4 ~
R-eLo 4 -1}4 oo 0] eo
30k
4.0 410 H+ Xz, =O
~|o 4 7! ‘| % -G =" r
oOo o ©|/ 0
r,=0 |S x ,Hl+O > %=-C 3
~ ree . Ly oO]
Sata=| 140 ={¢ 4 j 4 F
c 1 oO.
Sol t
(oe).
a
SobAA
3) Ky, + Ax, —X,=1 TER He same
ae eos modrix A Put tle.
XM, —%2 FAX, =1 right hand side changed
4 4 1 Q-t}1
2 1 1/1 )ReaWi~ | o -3 2 4 “
A ~1 ALT IRR, oO -3 BY CIR AR
AQ Ht D
0 © Of] f|—s O24 + OX, 40%, =1
So, Sebi = ©
Mer $I, —%y =O As IR’ Re
—%X + Q™%y Aly FAY =O
a | ~fac3s 4 -t Rt3R,
oe 2-2 2 alageny Ls 4-3 | ~
2 oO -B 8144 40-4 q>
[EG ay Lo 7 a]
Hy, —4%X3 +4Ly =O t=Cy, ty C, are free
\ — 34, $3%= 0
Ly
> 4-40, 4 “4
X=!ae 3c, /-¢]3] +¢,/-3| + Sol
Cc 4 °
Co ° {—18-
Thee rags of Ey Trdependence
‘) fee leet mB 8) Tadapendinee he in:
» Trcaperdeae m CPCT, PY),
rh, Q vector ‘space V over IF. Te nem
examples are. FY C”(r) and the vechy-
spa CCE, r) of off KF valued esmooll
funchons on an open Mernvel TGR.
Nole tat C™Cr)=C°CEP) (n= D
Recalt te veedoe space operalrons ™ c ‘Gry
(2+ 3)W= ter (a Fu) =9 20,
q:T5 FP gle are n-Coltemns
Lu [| gl [?: jee Lhgh Dye =9,= 0
Olerwise , ey are cablrel Lneacly clependind—-40-
~ Mp Nyt $ Om Vin = Oy hu Nm ZO.
Nom =(+ ve +(De\v,4, fs
a _ Combination ae oe) a
Break) = [4] me [ 5] VR
Test for Mndopendonce . -v, + pM, = 6
5 PE 2 Da pe 0=> Md
ye [te [o| se [2]
dV, + py + bY = 6 In cape,
nl
» +2b=0.
A 4 -1 “4 4 H17 RAR Oa
lL © alice ~[o o-l 3) ~ le rl
, + ab=o 0B fee Spc
p-3b=o oK= 3
-AV FB +%, = 6 a B=8%-3H
u " "
alep) ees
6
Aependend.
i; - , ;
a oO { or
VER? Test for dopendonce
gl tl
DEP 4 EP ERE E DY, T= Bon
“A 0 BY 43 24
Rag} Q 4 i 3 |r|o-5 -5 -5|~
RARL-2 O 4 2 Oo 6 5S 6lry
43 2 4)R BRET A A/G TL O ~1 A]RARS
et tt)». (64 //\]o4 1 1/RR
o o-10o fo CY 0010
{oo 4 ME MM=O DY Is tree
~ le 104
cot Oo
det =O = Mey
2 =O w= 0
Put \y=4 The gl PRO ae B on
BM zg , Z@ >
B9 Ze Zo QW
Spon h 2% 5” ,ePy a Spon 4% 1 a x a"
HW. Prove Hap 212, 2,2 are Preccby
nhopendlowt veetors,-Ad-— a
Ly mn
T Pick om Coletmns x. Is | bey ek FI
mF" Then
+
means that ry Lim |T r
72 om : = $
Xn Lm 7
XR = 3B. Ey,
So, Axo, x ane Cmeceby thdeperele,A-
ree XY %¥-3 s>X%=6 ou vor (X) =4 8)
( x ee. r is a Ly transformatyo,)
Lp nem thee XE, ancl W=det (x)
is cabled tle Wronskian of 1%". 24
This LX" 25 are Crrearly ndopendonf.
Hh ter(Y=A BYES eer(X)=4B), Om (X=
eaAax'ten, 2 wHo.
( n= dimfer(x)) + dim( n(x) )
Ewmbey t= [2], 2P=] 1 \ om ct
we |B 4) 3-8 438640 = Mebpendend—Q3-
tC} os aot yl ~2
2) = [2 | , ZO_ [ ; i z= [|
° ° 4
® Vas The
welo i si}= @ly=t4o
0 0-11 ndaptadld.
TT Todyendour mr VECCD). So,
1 Pion Fn J © CCT) ane thdop erobnf.
provided ft 4 Oh = oe! “ m=O
Exanphs 1) {eb @ ty € CCD), T=R Test
Por depend Pat eb 4 petta © Tle
= + 404
io a nen [4 el[pe8 a
=e-lto—> Aspro => trop enclact.
&) { cor), smit), et4 © COR) YL
Neealt) + p-smit) + et=0 ten,
t=o05 X1+ F=0
1-4 pba pe 0 > A=p=6=0
[aw D400 =0% Mndopendad,—24-
3) 4 cos ly, sml), sm(4+a)h © ECR.
They Ore Cracrby Aopen dont:
sml3) coy lk) + Ces(s) s/t) = Sm Li+s)
> oo
4) fat, WS oct), T= (-4, 4).
AL 26D +r pH=O thee
ny ee => SRR oO
“7 3 B~° tndopencland.
5) 43t, iy CCL), T= (4,2)
at= Siti
Tr dle can? of V= CCT) (a C%)
Ore Can define tle Wronskiar eitle-.
HA ASR SCOUT) then we put
fu. YO?
FW = ny. us Jer ond WW dl Fly)
H%D ~~ £% W:T—-F is
a ction—95~—
Lemmat Lf Wlte)#0 for some tel
ten {Bir &) ore Crear independ.
Proof Suppose Mf 4-49, 8 =O
Then MA + MK I=o 4 asign-t=>
PW 3=8, eT => PU) T=6 mF
But dt(Flly)= Wh) #0. . 328
Evangle (Bub ca Lyc cc °(D), T=R
| 4Fek 2
~latu at- Sale at” (Prow it!)
But Wit)=2 46 => Indopendond,
Fle. reverse Sfale ment of Lemma 715 nol
dre: T=(-4, 2), fa tt £= 4); \ Fapte=o
=> -pso (k=-1) , peo Ut) I=p=0
Aff Y ore Chearby Mdopendong. But
Wht) = |* tl!) <0 if 420:
Qt Qt
wilh = ston —4% |= =9Fia Be 6 if leo—26-
Wi Trdependoace om V= CCI, £)
{tty PUY CCT, PY) ave Otay
Wdeperclont provided ,2°U s + mel) = BYy
=> ,5--= m= 0. Nele tat NG
ah) © CITB") ts @ cobumn Bly) = [ e
with xl) e CCI), teT
Een on 0] 0 F] el
Smt)
FU }
V=C°CR,C) uy DR + RO 4 9 = 8
th. [ ecalty pe pts bL=0 VEER
Nsmll) tpe +6=0
Leo A=0-+ firbO=0> f= 0
once \= p=0- o=> Prdlpenclint.
the ule S115), 2! Uo) J2lb)5 CF are.
Bra) cleperdong sector for every eT
3) wib=[e |. RL) = lel T= (+14)
84 pAM= 6S {re anne
' Nepeo SM
=O> At R=
f=i1— j\etpao => =p 0 > wndependlonr.—-Qy-
Jb mor tle we home n Columns
2, (4) Lin lb)
amo= | : |. ito=| Poccrile
Xai (4) Lyall)
and X(t) = [219.2] € MA, wth ity
determinant WL =A Kt) cabled te
Wronskiaw of 4 xP uy, LOLS.
Lemma Jf Wlle)#0 for some ty ET
Hen Li! Ru), , RW ove Cveark Mncleporcle.4.
veetoss Mm CCI, F’)
Proof Pick DO, 24.4 ORO) = OY
for sore 1, WEF Thee ki) 4=8y
bor Minoo ee m r Bet
Rod > ily. oe udiplond
Remark. As we hove ceen above. X= [ee],
Ap = Lt | 4eT= (412) ore Uraorgy irdliporlag
But w= |e, i}= tet veer
So, He revere of Lemna Q Is no: freEvgonvabus andl Evgenveetors
het AEM,CR, Th defies a Gmar benstorma
tion A: FE’ 7" Rr Ax So,
A(Ad+tpRI= Ax te AG | ker,
VEG CE” Roca bat tor(A=f2 cP"
AZ=B), tm(A)=LAL LER and
dam (ver(A)) + dtm ( tm(A)) =n.
mat (A)
mg =H hth
F’ F" .
Up AD =X% for some $#6 ont
Nec Her we Sag Hat A Ts an eigen ~
- yabue of A ond Pisa rebotect edyon veeshy
tHe set of all cigenveles of A ts
denoted by ol), Ths slay o€
and if bs calleel a spectre of A. Nole-
Het AD =90F & A-ADF=8B.-Q-
Thes Ke selheS Ms ker (A- AD) #13)
ES Add = det (A-3T)= 0, whee
ay —-X Ae. An
Qe, An— X ++ On
A (x) = = CHK" He ae + ¢,)
ny Mag Ou X
Is calla He Clarac teste polynomink LA.
Nokice lat
Cy = a, br (A) > c, =AUA)
Lhe trace of A,
Frame A= [Sap Fed sta) ond \, =!
a) = | ns - (X-3)(X+2) +4 =X X-L
= (X+) lx-a)
gi =f , & Yq | 4G -1] 4% -L=0
Denk => Avi=[ 4 ah[s 2): .
Hber(AH) = 4 42-%=05 = Span i [4 J)
AG)=-f %—3—
nero tel, SIE TI
Vy = erlaray= { 2-250) =e [1
A(h)=2 f %
Vi
Pt P=C% R=]! ‘| Ro R*,
P(A=H, J-02 is He madix of now
coord ede system, which 7s invert bd The
watrix No PAP 1s called te Jordan
face of A. We home,
-1 -1] 73 -l -l[-
sa UG ale JG EY
-[3]8=[2 Slemmte 4—Yy-
Th tle gered case. of A eT we
have ACK) = CO" (X->)". OH) By
the ram lees Algebra. So,
d(A=4 4, Py, my = aly (Aj) cabled
tle absebrate rurltpbieis of Ay => AFA),
is) 5 zl =< n= des (A(X).
Put Vay = ker (A- 2) calles! tHe Chen space.
of dj. Nofe. Hat My. < Pr" fs a subspace,
whore mly= din(Y) is cabliol le geo-
medic ral Lobrci of- 4y. They ore
J
seometticably hh opendlong- :
wnat) : Fevyry er rxt-atye
i
A voy result of MATAEO;
) O mead taeges)
ma) =1 =e] (2)
So, A is Aiagonabica ble ,
jeasaraq 2 S].[2 Slo
VgsverlAtaja{ sata oy= aint
A-g=]7! | 2 S3 | -2,418 %=0
\=a> Ie Slrlo so
Vg = ver (A- 2)=}- 2 +8%=2o0h= nee
Finally, Pela 8], Dp ‘AP=I=] 2 2 Q
4
=O
3) A= rail Fd 2a), P, ol
G+ 8 ‘ Crt, O 4
44 oO 4 \ 6
AO) = |" “x ‘|= Xe Xf f=] teXh -X-1 4
ste 1+X 4 -X 14X 14+X -X
4-X> -1-x | -
= hex to] = 240] EY o-tottes
44X 14+X—-6-
Opto AW) =- (C-3X-2) ancl
Cet AL 2Q=0. Ry RRT
Date ger roots are from fru, tah Se
are V=-L,2 => (school aes y2-3 Yo
= (x+H (X-2) > ela) = 4-2 2°)
_ a _ (tap ora tag
dsapatis[t sy ile/ees
NLy ster (AH) = 4 cyto t=O) Is @ plane
m (-L) = drm(Vi)=Q = ab (-L),
— 1 of
Fe EL
A W -]"
\=Q2> A-Q= a i || 0 co
1 4 -& Coe
Vg = tert a) = 4 x, -%,=0, 41-4, = O04
mn (2) = drm(Vg)= 1 = oy 2) nag
Vana spe {[i]h Hence P| |
o-| 4
anol
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y=PAP= |e =I | a A=PIP"
CoO A