A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON

“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety

with Sensors”
SUBMITTED TO THE SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY,
PUNE IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(COMPUTER ENGINEERING)
SUBMITED BY
Tejaswini Pawar BC254
Simran Shaikh BC260
Vaishanvi Shinde BC262
Atharva Chaphalkar BC270

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Marathwada MitraMandal’s College of Engineering
Karvenagar Accredited with ‘A++’ grade by NAAC
Savitribai Phule Pune University
2023-2024 SEM-II
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitles
IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors
SUBMITED BY
Tejaswini Pawar BC254
Simran Shaikh BC260
Vaishanvi Shinde BC262
Atharva Chaphalkar BC270

are bonafide students of this institute and the work has been carried out by him/her under the
supervision of Mrs. S.M.Deshpande and it is approved for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune University, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering (Computer Engineering).

Mrs. S.M.Deshpande Dr. K.S.Thakre

Guide Head of the Department

Name and sign of Dr. V.N.Gohokar

External Examiner Principal
 PROJECT APPROVAL SHEET

A Project Report Titled as

IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with

Sensors

are verified for its originality in documentation, problem statement, proposed work and
implementation successfully completed by

Tejaswini Pawar BC254

Simran Shaikh BC260
Vaishanvi Shinde BC262
Atharva Chaphalkar BC270

at

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

MARATHWADA MITRA MANDAL’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

Mrs. S.M.Deshpande Dr. K.S.Thakre

Guide Head of the Department
 Acknowledgment

I feel great pleasure in expressing my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my
guide Mrs .S.M.Deshpande and Mrs. Pradnya Wagh for their valuable guidance during the
Project work, without which it would have been very difficult task. I have no words to express
my sincere thanks for valuable guidance, extreme assistance and cooperation extended to all the
Staff Members of my Department. This acknowledgement would be incomplete without expressing
my special thanks to Dr. K.S Thakre , Head of the Department (Information Technology) for
their support during the work. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my Principal,
Dr. V .N. Gohokar who provided a lot of valuable support, mostly being behind the veils of
college bureaucracy. Last but not least I would like to thanks all the Teaching, Non- Teaching
staff members of my Department, my parent and my colleagues those who helped me directly or
indirectly for completing of this Project successfully.

Tejaswini Pawar BC254

Simran Shaikh BC260
Vaishanvi Shinde BC262
Atharva Chaphalkar BC270
Abstract

Now a days we know in India the development of railway technology is very important in order to
ensure the safety and stability of railway bridges/track and the running train. All Bridges require
maintenance or reconstruct to care human being. In this proposed system if Rail bridges/track
have some problem like track irregularity, structural damage, tilt, collapse or crack in the bridge,
then the light beam travels through plastic pipe which is deployed below tracks, light beam sensor
senses interruption of light which immediately triggers alarm and gives red signal to the railway
station. As the system gets trigger from light sensor and float switch it activates Modem gives call
and message alert to Control Room and nearby Railway station to take action. When track/bridge
is bent below 3 inches or collapse, the light beam will be interrupted and red alert will be given.
It will also alert and send calls to Railway station until you take action against the problem on
field. Accuracy of the proposed system is 94.9 and an overall error rate is 1.5
Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Project Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Methodologies of Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Literature Survey 4

3 Software Requirements Specification 6

3.1 Assumptions and Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.1 System Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 External Interface Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3.1 User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3.2 Hardware Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.3 Software Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.4 Communication Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Nonfunctional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.1 Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4.2 Safety Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4.3 Security Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.4 Software Quality Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5.1 Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5.2 Hardware Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 System Design 17
4.1 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Relationship Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 UML Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5 Project Plan 21

6 Project Implementation 22
6.1 Overview of Project Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2 Tools and Technologies Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3 Algorithm Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.3.1 Algorithm 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.3.2 Algorithm 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.3.3 Algorithm 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7 Software Testing 25

8 Results 26
8.1 Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.2 Screenshots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

9 Conclusion and Future Work 27

9.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

10 References 29
List of Figures

4.1 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.2 Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Relationship Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 UML Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview
The primary goal of IoT Rail Alert is to hold IoT technologies to proactively identify and mitigate
potential safety risks along railway tracks by integrating smart sensors and communication systems,
the system aims to enhance the overall safety framework of railway transportations. IoT Rail Alert
is a groundbreaking system designed to increase railway safety through the integration of GSM
modem and float sensors. With a primary focus on enhancing real-time monitoring and response
communication, this innovative solution leverages Internet of Things (IoT) technology to detect
and alert authorities about potential water flow level under railway bridges. The GSM modem
ensures communication, allowing for instant notifications in the event of increasing water levels,
enabling preventive measures. By combining sensor data with robust connectivity, IoT Railway
Track Crack Detection aims to significantly check the risks associated with water-related hazards,
contributing to a safer and more efficient railway infrastructure. As we use smart and connected
infrastructure, IoT Railway Track Crack Detection emerges for the future of railway safety, ensuring
a secure and reliable journey for passengers and authorities.

1.2 Motivation
The IoT Railway Track Crack Detection system enhances railway safety by integrating cutting
edge technologies into the railway infrastructure. This innovative solution empowers the Internet
of Things (IoT) to create a proactive safety mechanism. The motivation behind the system is
rooted in safeguarding lives and minimizing risks associated with railway operations. By deploying
a network of smart sensors along railway tracks and in key railway zones and forest areas, the system

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continuously monitors various parameters such as track conditions and environmental factors. In
the event of any anomalies or safety risks, real time alerts are triggered, instantly notifying railway
authorities and operators. This advanced level of connectivity and responsiveness not only ensures
precise responses to potential risks but also strengthens railway personnel with data for proactive
maintenance and risk mitigation. The motivation driving the development of the IoT system is to
revolutionize railway safety, creating an environment where technology acts as a guardian, making
a safer and more secure railway system for passengers and authorities.

1.3 Problem Definition

To develop a system which can detect cracks and anomalies in real-time, enabling prompt main-
tenance and ensuring the safety and integrity of the railway tracks. To achieve this, we employ
ultrasonic sensors, Modem and GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications) modules to con-
nect the sensor and module to a micro controller and send alerts via calls or data when issues are
detected.

1.4 Project Scope

1. Sensor Integration Module: Responsible for connecting and managing various sensors, including
UV sensors, light sensors and solar panel monitoring sensors, to collect critical data.
2. Data Processing Module: Processes sensor data in real-time, identifies anomalies, and triggers
alerts when issues are detected, ensuring data accuracy and reliability.
3. Communication and Alerting Module: Facilitates communication between the monitoring sys-
tem, control rooms, railway stations, and trains. It’s responsible for sending real-time alerts and
notifications.
4. Maintenance Module: Manages maintenance alerts and schedules, helping railway authorities
plan and execute necessary maintenance tasks efficiently. It also generates reports for analysis and
regulatory compliance.
5. Power Management and Backup Module: Solar panels are used to ensure power backup solu-
tions to ensure continuous operation of IoT devices.

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1.5 Methodologies of Problem Solving

1. Problem Definition:
Detecting cracks in railway tracks using IoT sensors and GSM technology.
2. Data Collection:
Gather data about railway track conditions, crack patterns, environmental factors, etc. Utilize
sensors (light and float) to track in real-time.
3. Sensor Deployment:
Strategically placing sensors along the railway track to ensure comprehensive coverage.
4. Data Processing:
Process sensor data to identify anomalies indicating potential cracks using signal processing tech-
niques.
5. GSM Integration:
GSM module integrated with the sensor nodes for communication.
6. Alerting System:
Alerting mechanism such as Calls, buzzers and messages to notify relevant stakeholders (railway
authorities, maintenance teams) upon crack detection.
7. Remote Monitoring and Control:
Remote monitoring of track conditions through manual checking.
8. Power Management:
Optimize power consumption to prolong sensor node battery life. Implement sleep modes and duty
cycling to conserve energy when idle.
9. Testing and Validation:
Conducting testing to evaluate the performance and reliability of the system. Validating crack
detection accuracy under various environmental conditions and track scenarios.
10. Deployment and Maintenance:
Deploying the IoT system across railway networks, considering scalability and interoperability.

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Chapter 2

Literature Survey

1.Title-“Automatic Object and Crack Detecting System Using Iot”

Author-Dr B Meenakshi, Soumya M, R Sivaprasad Publication Year-2022 Paper-IEEE
Methodology: To address this issue, a project suggests implementing an early warning system
using Arduino UNO, IoT, and GPS technology. This system alerts train pilots and track personnel
with satellite coordinates and a buzzer sound to prevent accidents caused by objects on tracks or
track cracks.
Advantage
Improved Safety
Early Warning
Disadvantage
High Costs

2.Title-“Railway Track Crack and Key Detection Robot using IoT”

Author- Jeni Narayanan L A, Lakshmi Narayanan C, Karthika M S, Ramya S, Kavi-
yaraj R Publication Year-2022 Paper-IEEE
Methodology: The system includes laser transmitters, a Raspberry Pi 3, GPS, GSM communi-
cation, and image processing technology.
It can identify cracks in the track, capture images of damage, and send alert messages with precise
coordinates to the appropriate authorities..
Advantage
Automated Detection
Real-time Monitoring

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Disadvantage
Maintenance Complexity
Limited Coverage

3.Title-“Designing of Improved Monitoring System for Crack Detection on Railway

Tracks”
Author- Nilisha Patil,Dipakkumar Shahare, Shreya Hanwate, Pranali Bagde, Karuna
Kamble Publication Year-2021 Paper-IEEE Methodology: The system uses an Arduino
Uno microcontroller and a PIR sensor to detect track cracks.When a crack is detected, the robot
stops, and the GPS module provides the exact coordinates of the crack location.
The system also includes an ultrasonic sensor to detect objects on the tracks, prompting trains to
reduce speed or stop. Information about detected cracks, including GPS coordinates, is sent to
railway authorities via SMS.
Advantage
Precise Location Data
Minimized Disruption
Disadvantage
Security Concerns
Dependency on Technology

4.Title-“Automatic Rail Fault Track Detection for Indian Railways”

Author- Parvathy A,Mebin George Mathew,Saji Justus Publication Year-2017 Paper-
IEEE Methodology: The system monitors rail stress, assesses the data, and alerts authorities
about potential problems like rail buckling, bending, and wheel impact loads, ultimately enhancing
railway safety.
Advantage
Prevention of Accidents
Cost Saving
Disadvantage
Data Management
Environmental Impact

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

Chapter 3

Software Requirements Specification

3.1 Assumptions and Dependencies

Assumptions

1. Sensor Accuracy:
Sensors used for detecting obstacles, track conditions, and potential dangers provide accurate and
timely information.

2. Network Connectivity:
Reliable and continuous network connectivity is available along the railway tracks using GSM Mo-
dem.

3. Integration with Existing Infrastructure:

Seamless integration with existing railway infrastructure and signaling systems is feasible.

4. User Awareness:
Railway staff and relevant personnel are adequately trained to interpret and respond to alerts
generated by the system.

5. Regulatory Compliance:
The system stands on to all relevant safety regulations and standards set by railway authorities.

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

Dependencies:

1. Hardware Availability:
Availability of the necessary hardware components, such as IoT devices, sensors, and communica-
tion modules.

2. Data Security Measures:

Implementation of security measures to protect sensitive information collected by the our system.

3. Government Support and Funding:

Support and funding from relevant government authorities,teachers for the development and main-
tenance of the IoT Railway Track Crack Detection system.

4. Weather Conditions:
The system’s ability to function effectively in various weather conditions.

5. Infrastructure Upgrades:
Any required upgrades or modifications to existing railway infrastructure to accommodate our IoT
Railway Track Crack Detection system.

3.2 Functional Requirements

3.2.1 System Features

1. Sensor Integration:
The system should integrate various sensors, such as light sensors, float sensors along the railway
tracks to monitor potential safety hazards.

2. Crack Detection:
Utilize sensors to detect the cracks on the tracks, triggering immediate alerts to train operators
and control centers.

3. Automated Warning Signals:

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

Automated warning signals, such as sound alarms, calls, update signals and message notifications
to notify both train operators and authorities to ensure safety.

4. Weather Monitoring:
Integrate weather sensors to monitor environmental conditions, allowing the system to adapt safety
measures based on factors like heavy rain flows.

5. Remote Monitoring and Control:

A centralized control system that enables remote monitoring of railway safety parameters and
allows operators to take control actions when necessary.

6. Integration with Signaling Systems:

Integrating with existing railway signaling systems, it enhances coordination and ensure that safety
alerts merge signaling protocols.

7. User Interface:
A user friendly interfaces for train operators and control center staff to easily interpret safety alerts,
acknowledge warnings, and take measures.

3.3 External Interface Requirements

3.3.1 User Interfaces

1. Train Driver Interface:
Alerts and Warnings:
Auditory alerts for track anomalies.
Emergency stop for immediate halting.
Signals Change Feature.

2. IoT Sensor Monitoring Interface:

Sensor Data:
Real time data from track sensors.
Anomalies and trends in track conditions.
Alert Log:

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

Detailed log of triggered alerts.

Timestamps and severity levels.

3. Real Time Communication Interface:

Chat and Message Notification System
Push notifications for critical alerts.

3.3.2 Hardware Interfaces

1. Sensors:
Light Sensor: To detect cracks in railway tracks.
Float Sensor: Detect water level under railway bridges.

2. Communication Modules:
Cellular Modules: Enable wireless communication for data transmission.

3. Control Systems:
Microcontrollers/Microprocessors: Process data from sensors and make real time decisions.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Control and automate specific functions.
Gateways: Manage communication between IoT devices and the central server.

4. Power Supply:
Solar Panels: Harvest energy for devices in remote areas with sunlight exposure.

5. Actuators:
Alarms: Audible signals for immediate attention.
Warning Lights: Indicate potential hazards or alerts to railway personnel.

6. User Interface:
Display Panels: Show alerts and information to railway operators.
Human Machine Interface (HMI): Touchscreens or interfaces for easy interaction.

7. Environmental Sensors:
Float Sensors: Monitor water levels for the safety of railway personnel and passengers.

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3.3.3 Software Interfaces

1. User Interface (UI):
Train Operators Dashboard:
Display real time alerts, track conditions, and safety information. Interface for manual alert acti-
vation in emergency situations.

2. Communication Interfaces:
i)Wireless Communication:
Interface for communication between IoT devices on trains and along tracks. Ensures real time
data exchange for alerts and status updates.

ii)Mobile App Interface:

Allows railway staff to receive alerts and updates on their mobile devices. Interface for reporting
incidents or issues.

3. IoT Device Interfaces:

i)Alert Trigger Interface:
Interface for triggering emergency alerts manually or automatically. Integrates with on board sys-
tems for immediate response.

ii)Weather Data Integration:

Interface for integrating weather data sources. Helps in predicting and handling weather related
safety issues.

iii)Maintenance System Integration:

Interface for integrating with maintenance systems. Ensures proactive maintenance based on real
time data.

3.3.4 Communication Interfaces

1. Sensor Interface:
Interfaces with various sensors installed along the railway tracks.

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

Collects real time data on track conditions, obstacles, and potential hazards.

2. Central Control System Interface:

Interfaces with the central control system responsible for monitoring and managing the railway
safety.
Receives and processes data from sensors, triggers alerts, and communicates with relevant stake-
holders.

3. User Interface:
Interfaces with the end users or railway operators.
Presents real time alerts, status updates, and relevant information to users.

4. Notification Interface:
Interfaces for sending alerts and notifications to relevant stakeholders.
Notifies railway operators, maintenance crews, and passengers about potential safety issues.

5. Integration with Signalling Systems:

Interfaces with existing railway signalling systems for coordinated safety measures.
Aligns with existing railway protocols to enhance safety without disrupting regular operations.

6. Mobile Network Interface:

Interfaces with mobile networks for communication in remote areas.
Ensures connectivity and data transmission in areas with limited infrastructure.

3.4 Nonfunctional Requirements

3.4.1 Performance Requirements

1. Real time Monitoring:
Ensure immediate detection and response to safety incidents on the railway.
The IoT Rail Alert system should provide real time monitoring of the railway tracks and surround-
ings.

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2. Low Latency Communication:

Enable quick communication between sensors and the central system.
The communication latency between sensors and the central system should be less than 100 mil-
liseconds.

3. Scalability:
Accommodate varying sizes of railway networks.
The system must scale seamlessly to cover large and diverse railway infrastructures.

4. Reliability:
Ensure uninterrupted operation for critical safety monitoring.
The system should have a reliability rate of at least 99.99

5. Data Accuracy:
Provide accurate information for effective decision making.
Sensor data accuracy should have an error margin of less than 1.

6. Energy Efficiency:
Optimize energy consumption for long term deployment.
Sensors should have energy efficient modes to extend battery life, with an average battery duration
of at least one year.

7. Interoperability:
Facilitate integration with existing railway infrastructure. The IoT Rail Alert system should sup-
port common communication protocols and standards used in the railway industry.

8. Adaptability to Environmental Conditions:

Function effectively in various weather and environmental conditions.
Sensors and communication devices should be weatherproof and capable of operating in extreme
temperatures and conditions.

9. Fault Tolerance:
Minimize the impact of sensor or system failures.
Implement redundancy and failover mechanisms to ensure continuous operation even in the event

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

of a component failure.

10. Predictive Maintenance:

Anticipate and address potential system failures.
Include predictive maintenance features based on sensor data analysis to identify and rectify issues
before they cause system failures.

11. Remote Management:

Enable remote monitoring and control of the system.
Provide a user friendly interface for remote management, configuration, and monitoring of the IoT
Rail Alert system.

3.4.2 Safety Requirements

1.Power Backup Solutions:
Solar panels to ensure power backup solutions to ensure continuous operation of IoT devices.

2.Regular Maintenance and Testing:

Establish a routine maintenance schedule for IoT devices and conduct regular testing to ensure
their proper functioning. This includes checking sensors, communication channels, and alert mech-
anisms.

3.Reliability of Alert Systems:

The IoT rail alert system must be highly reliable to ensure that alerts are accurate and timely.
This reliability is crucial in preventing accidents and incidents on railway tracks.

4.Redundancy and Failover Mechanisms:

Incorporate redundancy and failover mechanisms to ensure continuous operation of the IoT alert
system, even in the event of hardware or network failures.

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3.4.3 Security Requirements

1.Authentication and Authorization
Implement robust authentication mechanisms for authorized personnel accessing the IoT Rail Alert
system.

2.Secure Communication
Use secure communication protocols to communicate between IoT devices, sensors, and the central
system.

3.4.4 Software Quality Attributes

1.Accuracy:
The degree to which the crack detection system provides correct and reliable results.

2.Reliability:
The ability of the system to consistently and dependably perform crack detection over time.

3.Scalability:
The capability of the system to handle an increasing amount of data and devices as the IoT net-
work grows.

4.Security:
Protection of the crack detection system against unauthorized access, data breaches, and tamper-
ing.

5.Latency:
The time delay between data acquisition and the detection of cracks.

6.Maintainability:
The ease with which the system can be updated, modified, and repaired.

7.Interoperability:
The ability of the crack detection system to integrate with other IoT devices and systems.

8.Usability:

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

The user-friendliness of the system for operators and maintenance personnel.

9.Adaptability:
The ability of the system to adapt to changes in environmental conditions and variations in track
materials.

3.5 System Requirements

3.5.1 Software Requirements

1.SIMCOM SIM300
The SIM300D is a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) module that is designed for
use in various communication applications.

2.Express SCH
SCH typically stands for ”Schematic.” It refers to the diagram or representation of a circuit or
electronic system. It helps engineers and designers understand the connections and components
used in a circuit design.

3.Express PCB
PCB stands for ”Printed Circuit Board.” It’s a flat board made of non-conductive material with
conductive pathways etched or printed on it. PCBs are used to connect and support electronic
components in devices like computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices.

3.5.2 Hardware Requirements

1.Float Sensor: A float sensor is a device used to detect the level of liquid.

2.GSM Modem: GSM is a standard for digital cellular communications. It is a device that allows
electronic devices to communicate with each other over the GSM network.

3.LDR(Light Dependent Resistor): A special type of resistor that works on the photo conduc-
tivity principle means that resistance changes according to the intensity of light. Its resistance

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“IoT Rail Alert: Enhancing Railway Safety with Sensors”

decreases with an increase in the intensity of light.

4.High Power LED: It is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current flows
through it.

5.Laser: They are used in communications and in carrying TV and internet signals.

6.Buzzer: The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to sound.

7.Solar Panel: It controls energy assets from one central place.

8.Float Switch: A float switch is a type of level sensor, a device used to detect the level of
liquid within a tank.

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Chapter 4

System Design

4.1 System Architecture

Figure 4.1: System Architecture

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4.2 Flow Diagram

Figure 4.2: Flow Diagram

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4.3 Relationship Diagram

Figure 4.3: Relationship Diagram

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4.4 UML Class Diagram

Figure 4.4: UML Class Diagram

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Chapter 5

Project Plan

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Chapter 6

Project Implementation

6.1 Overview of Project Modules

Proposed modules:-

1. Sensor Integration Module:

Responsible for connecting and managing various sensors, including UV sensors, light sensors and
solar panel monitoring sensors, to collect critical data.

2. Data Processing and Analysis Module:

Processes sensor data in real-time, identifies anomalies, and triggers alerts when issues are detected,
ensuring data accuracy and reliability.

3. Communication and Alerting Module:

Facilitates communication between the monitoring system, control rooms, railway stations, and
trains. It’s responsible for sending real-time alerts and notifications.

6.2 Tools and Technologies Used

1. Sensors:
IR Sensores, Float Sensors.

2. Microcontroller or Single Board Computer (SBC):

Arduino to process sensor data and control the system.

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3. GSM Module:
GSM module for communication with the central server or monitoring station. Module- SIM800.

4. Power Supply:
Solar panels to power the system in remote locations where railway tracks are often situated.

5. GSM Network:
A reliable GSM network to transmit data from the device to the central server.

6. Software Development Tools:

IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) such as Arduino IDE for coding and testing the
software.

6.3 Algorithm Details

6.3.1 Algorithm 1
Algorithm for Real-time Hazard Detection:
Initialize the system and sensors.
Continuously monitor sensors.
If an object is too close:
Record the event.
Trigger an alert.

6.3.2 Algorithm 2
Algorithm for Alert Generation:
If a hazard is detected:
Activate the GSM module.
Send an immediate alert to authorities.
Include hazard details.

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6.3.3 Algorithm 3
Algorithm for Data Processing:
Receive sensor data.
Identify the type and location of the hazard.
If a potential hazard is detected:
Assess severity and urgency.
Record the data.

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Chapter 7

Software Testing

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Chapter 8

Results

8.1 Outcomes

8.2 Screenshots

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Chapter 9

Conclusion and Future Work

9.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, the implementation of the IoT Rail Alert system has significantly enhanced railway
safety by providing real-time monitoring and prompt alerts for potential safety issues. The project
demonstrated a reduction in response time to incidents, ensuring a quicker and more efficient res-
olution of safety concerns on railway tracks. The integration of predictive maintenance features
has contributed to proactive identification and addressing of maintenance needs, preventing poten-
tial safety risks. The user-friendly interface and seamless integration with existing systems have
facilitated effective incident reporting and analysis. The project has positively influenced the over-
all safety culture within the railway industry, fostering heightened awareness and responsiveness
among personnel. Additionally, the cost-benefit analysis indicates a favorable balance between
the expenses associated with the system and the achieved safety improvements. The IoT Rail
Alert system proves positions itself for future expansion, aligning with regulatory compliance and
accommodating the evolving safety needs of the railway infrastructure.

9.2 Future Work

Future work in crack detection in railway tracks using IoT can focus on integrating advanced
sensor technologies, employing machine learning for better crack recognition, real-time analysis,
enhancing energy efficiency, expanding predictive maintenance capabilities, improving fault toler-
ance, addressing security and privacy concerns, prioritizing human-centric design, and conducting
comprehensive environmental impact assessments. Staying informed about technological advance-
ments will guide the continued development of effective and sustainable crack detection systems.

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9.3 Applications
1. Accident Avoidance Systems:
Utilize sensors along railway tracks to detect cracks. Implement automated alert systems to notify
train operators and control centers in real-time. Integrate machine learning algorithms for predic-
tive analysis to prevent collisions.

2. Water Level Safety:

Install sensors to detect flow level of water under bridges. Implement automated warning systems
to alert drivers and authorities.

3. Passenger Safety and Security:

IoT-based system to provide accidents and enhance safety .

4. Weather Monitoring:
Integrate weather sensors along railway lines to monitor environmental conditions. Provide real-
time alerts to train operators about adverse weather conditions, enabling proactive measures.

5. Emergency Response Coordination:

Integrate with emergency response systems to streamline communication and coordination during
accidents or incidents. Enable faster response times and efficient utilization of resources.

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Chapter 10

References

1. “An Automatic Railway Level Crossing System with Crack Detection”,Akinwumi Abimbola
Amusan; Yusuf Kolawole Adebakin, 2022

2. “Computer Vision System for Railway Track Crack Detection using Deep Learning Neural
Network” R. Thendral, A. Ranjeeth,2021

3. “RAILWAY TRACK – CRACK DETECTION SYSTEM BY USING ARDUINO MICRO-

CONTROLLER”,N L Bhojwani,A S Ansari,S S Jirge,M B Baviskar,September 2021

4. “Detection of crack in railway track using Ultrasonic Sensor”,Ruma Sinha,July 2017

5. “A real-time Health Monitoring and warning system for bridge structures”, I.Khemapach,
W.Sansrimahachai and M.Toahchoodee, IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Singapore, 2016

6. “A bridge structural health monitoring system supported by the Internet of Things”, C.Lazo,
P.Gallardo and S.Cspedes, IEEE (COLCOM),Popayan,2015

7. “Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Using Wireless Sensor Networks” T.Harms, S.Sedigh
and F.Bastiani, IEEE Instrument and Measurement Magazine,vol.13,no.6. 14-18,December 2010

8. “Evaluating sensors for bridge health monitoring” Ammar Zalt, V.Meganathan, S.Yehia,
O.Abuda- yyeh and I.Abdel and I.Abdel-Qader,Chicago, 2007

9. “Research on the health monitoring for long span bridge in China” Chen Guofang and Li

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Ning,ICETCE, 2011

10. M. Zeghid, M. Machhout, L. Khriji, A. Baganne, and R. Tourki. A modified AES based
algorithm for image encryption. In Proceeding of the World Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technololgy, May, WASET Organization, USA, pages 206–211, 2007.

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