STEAM NOZZLES 447

can be found.
C 2wd
For all practical purposes, generally, Hb, and Area of steam nozzle at the exit is given by
2g
ms v
4 An = ...(18.25)
1.033 × 10 2 and may be neglected. Cs
are small compared to Cm
103 where v is the specific volume of steam at exit.
The water pressure at entry to the boiler is considered nearly Area of the discharge end of the combined nozzle or
20% greater than the absolute boiler pressure for entrance of water nozzle is given by
overcoming all resistances. ms (1 + mw )
2 kpb × 104 Awn = ...(18.26)
Cm 103 × Cm
∴ = ...(18.19)
2g 103 It is assumed that all the steam is condensed before
where k > 1 and it lies between 1.2 and 1.3 as per assumed coming out of the combined nozzle (mixing cone).
or required conditions.
Equating the momentum of water and steam before WORKED EXAMPLES
mixing and after mixing, the following equation may be
obtained. Example 18.1. (a) Mention the types of nozzles you know.
Cs m m +1 Where are these used ?
+ w 2gHw = w × Cm
g g g (b) From first principles, prove that maximum
In the above equation, it has been assumed that the discharge per unit area in a steam nozzle at the throat is
mass of water flowing per kg of steam supplied is mw. given by the expression

Cm =
Cs
+
mw + 1 mw + 1
mw
. 2gHw ...(18.20)
mmax
LM F p I F 2 I n +1 OP1/2

= M2 G J G J PP
n −1
1

MN H v K H n + 1K
. (U.P.S.C)
If the water tank is below the injector, then A

Cm =
Cs
–
mw
2gHw ...(18.21)
1
Q
mw + 1 mw + 1 Solution. (a) Types of nozzles :
If Hw is neglected, then eqns. (18.20) or (18.21) 1. Convergent nozzle. It is a smoothly varying cross-
become sectional area duct which is used for accelerating a steadily
flowing fluid. The purpose of this nozzle is to convert the
Cs
Cm = ...(18.22) internal energy of the fluid into the kinetic form.
mw + 1
2. Convergent-divergent nozzle. This type of
2
Cm 1 F C I 2 nozzle is a modification of the convergent type where there
∴
2g
=
2g
GH m + 1JK
w
s
...(18.23) is a divergent section which acts as an accelerator for
supersonic flow.
Now equating eqns. (18.19) and (18.23), 3. Steam nozzles. This is a special purpose
1 F C I 2
kpb × 104
convergent nozzle used in steam turbine for accelerating

2g
GH m + 1JK
w
s
=
103
the steam at the expense of its pressure.
4. Flow nozzle. It is a device used for the measurement
Cs of discharge.
∴ = 20 gkpb in M.K.S. units. (b) Refer to Art. 18.2.2.
mw + 1
...(18.24) Example 18.2. Dry saturated steam enters a frictionless
From the above equation, the mass of water supplied adiabatic nozzle with negligible velocity at a temperature of
to the boiler per kg of steam supplied to the steam nozzle 300°C. It is expanded to a pressure of 5000 kPa. The mass
flow rate is 1 kg/s. Calculate the exit velocity of steam.

Properties of Steam

Sat. temp. Sat. press- Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg/°C) Specific volume
(°C) ure (kPa) (m3/kg)

Sat. liq. Sat. vap Sat. liq. Sat. vap Sat. liq. Sat. vap
300 8593 1345 2751 3.2552 5.7081 0.0014 0.0216
263.91 5000 1154.5 2794.2 2.9206 5.9735 0.0012 0.0394

(GATE)
 448 THERMAL ENGINEERING

Solution. Given h1 = 2751 kJ/kg ; s1 = 5.7081 kJ/kgºC From Mollier chart, h1 – h2 ~

− 120 kJ/kg
sf2 = 2.9206 kJ/kg K ; Specific volume, v~ 3
− 0.345 m /kg
sfg2 ( sg2 − sf2 ) = (5.9735 – 2.9206) Velocity at the throat, C2 = 44.72 120
hf2 = 1154.5 kJ/kg ; hg = 2794.2 kJ/kg. = 489.88 m/s
2

Throat area, A2 = mv = 3 × 0.345
h C2 489.88
1 = 0.0021 m2. (Ans.)
Example 18.4. Steam having pressure of 10.5 bar and
0.95 dryness is expanded through a convergent-divergent
2 nozzle and the pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is
0.85 bar. Find the velocity at the throat for maximum
s
discharge conditions. Index of expansion may be assumed
Fig. 18.8 as 1.135. Calculate mass rate of flow of steam through the
Since the steam expands isentropically, therefore, nozzle.
s1 = s2 Solution. The pressure at throat for maximum discharge,
5.7081 = 2.9206 + x2 (5.9735 – 2.9206)
F 2 IJ F 2 IJ
n 1.135

=p G = 10.5 G
5.7081 − 2.9206 n−1 1.135 − 1
∴ x2 =
5.9735 − 2.9206
= 0.913 p2 1
H n + 1K H 1.135 + 1K
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 10.5 G
F 2 IJ 8.41

= 1154.5 + 0.913 (hg2 − hfg2 )

H 2.135 K = 6.06 bar

The velocity C2 at throat for maximum discharge is

= 1154.5 + 0.913 (2794.2 – 1154.5) given by eqn. (18.11)
= 2651.5 kJ/kg.
n
C12 C2 = 2 p1v1
Now, = h1 – h2 n+1
2
1.135
or C1 = 2 (h1 − h2 ) = 2× × 10.5 × 105 (0.95 × 0.185)
1.135 + 1
. ) × 103
= 2 (2751 − 26515 ~
− 443 m/s
= 446.1 m/s. (Ans.) [C2 can also be obtained with the help of
Example 18.3. Steam is expanded in a set of nozzles from steam tables or Mollier chart also]
10 bar and 200ºC to 5 bar. What type of nozzle is it ? p1v1n = p2v2n
Neglecting the initial velocity find minimum area of the 10.5(0.95 × 0.185)1.135 = 6.06 × v21.135
nozzle required to allow a flow of 3 kg/s under the given ∴ v2 = 0.285 m3/kg
conditions. Assume that expansion of steam to be isentropic.
A2C2 1 × 443
(AMIE)  =
Mass flow rate, m =
v2 0.285
Solution. Steam pressure at the entry to the steam nozzles,
= 1554.4 kg/m2 of throat area.
p1 = 10 bar, 200ºC
(Ans.)
Steam exit pressure, p1 = 5 bar
Example 18.5. In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from
FG IJ L 2 OP
n 1.3
p2 2 4 bar to 1 bar. The initial velocity is 60 m/s and the initial
=M
n−1 0.3
We know that,
p1
=
H K
n+1 N (1.3 + 1) Q temperature is 200°C. Determine the exit velocity if the nozzle
efficiency is 92%.
=G
F 2 IJ 4.333

H 2.3 K = 0.5457 Solution. Steam pressure at entry to the nozzle,

p1 = 4 bar, 200°C
∴ p2 = p1 × 0.5457
Steam pressure at exit from the nozzle,
= 10 × 0.5457 ~
− 5.5 bar
Since throat pressure (p2) is greater than the exit p2 = 1 bar
pressure, the nozzle used is convergent-divergent nozzle. The Initial velocity of steam, C1 = 60 m/s
minimum area will be at throat, where the pressure is Nozzle efficiency, ηnozzle = 92%
5.5 bar.
 STEAM NOZZLES 449

Exit velocity, C2 : Example 18.6. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle
Using steam tables only : at a pressure of 15 bar and is discharged at a pressure of
At p1 = 4 bar, 200°C : 2.0 bar. If the dryness fraction of discharge steam is 0.96,
what will be the final velocity of steam ? Neglect initial
h1 = 2860.5 kJ/kg, s1 = 7.171 kJ/kg
velocity of steam.
At p2 = 1 bar :
If 10% of heat drop is lost in friction, find the
hf2 = 417.5 kJ/kg, hfg2 = 2257.9 kJ/kg, percentage reduction in the final velocity.
sf2 = 1.3027 kJ/kg K sfg2 = 6.0571 kJ/kg K Solution. Initial pressure of steam, p1 = 15 bar, x1 = 1
Final pressure of steam, p2 = 2.0 bar, x2 = 0.96
(Refer to Fig. 18.9)
From steam tables :
Now, s1 = s2
At p1 = 15 bar, x1 = 1 :
= 7.171 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 h1 = hg = 2789.9 kJ/kg
= 1.3027 + x2 × 6.0571 At p2 = 2 bar :
7.171 − 1.3027 hf2 = 504.7 kJ/kg,
∴ x2 = = 0.969
6.0571
∴ h2 = hf + x2 hfg hfg2 = 2201.6 kJ/kg
2 2

= 417.5 + 0.969 × 2257.9 h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2

= 2605.4 kJ/kg = 504.7 + 0.96 × 2201.6 = 2618.2 kJ/kg
Enthalpy drop (isentropic) The velocity of steam at discharge from nozzle in
= h1 – h2 S.I. units is given by :
= 2860.5 – 2605.4 = 255.1 kJ/kg
Using Mollier chart :
C2 = 44.72 hd = 44.72 bh − h g
1 2

Refer to Fig. 18.9. = 44.72 b2789.9 − 2618.2g = 585.9 m/s

h1 = 2860 kJ/kg
i.e., Final velocity of steam = 585.9 m/s. (Ans.)
h2 = 2605 kJ/kg
In case 10% of heat drop is lost in friction, nozzle
Enthalpy drop (isentropic)
co-efficient
= h1 – h2 = 2860 – 2605 = 255 kJ/kg
= 1.0 – 0.1 = 0.9
Actual enthalpy drop
Hence the velocity of steam
= ηnozzle × (h1 – h2)
= 0.92 × 255.1 = 234.69 kJ/kg = 44.72 khd

h (kJ/kg)
b g
= 44.72 0.9 2789.9 − 2618.2 = 555.9 m/s
Percentage reduction in velocity
r
4 ba

585.9 − 555.9
1 200°C = × 100 = 5.12%. (Ans.)
h1 = 2860 585.9
Example 18.7. Steam initially dry and saturated is
r
ba

expanded in a nozzle from 15 bar at 300°C to 1.0 bar. If the

1

frictional loss in the nozzle is 12% of the total heat drop

Saturation calculate the mass of steam discharged when exit diameter
line of the nozzle is 15 mm.
h2¢ 2¢
h2 Solution. Refer to Fig. 18.10.
2
Pressure, p1 = 15 bar, 300°C
s (kJ/kg K)
Pressure, p2 = 1.0 bar
Fig. 18.9
Frictional loss in nozzle = 12%
C2 ′2 − C12 ∴ Nozzle co-efficient, k = 1 – 0.12 = 0.88
Also, = Enthalpy drop (actual)
2 Exit diameter of nozzle, d2 = 15 mm
i.e., C2 ′2 – 602 = 2 × 234.69 × 1000 Neglecting the velocity of steam at inlet to the nozzle,
the velocity of steam at exit from the nozzle is given by
∴ 602 + 2 × 234.69 × 1000
C2′ =
= 687.7 m/s
C2′ = 44.72 khd = 44.72 b
0.88 × h1 − h2 g
Hence exit velocity of steam = 687.7 m/s. (Ans.) = 44.72 b g
0.88 × 3037 − 2515 = 958.5 m/s
 450 THERMAL ENGINEERING

Dryness fraction of steam at discharge pressure,

FG 2 IJ
n

x2′ = 0.93 p2 n −1

Specific volume of dry saturated steam at 1.0 bar,

Now,
P1
=
H n + 1K
F 2 IJ
1.135
vg2 = 1.694 m3/kg
=G
1.135 − 1

Hence mass of steam discharged through nozzle per

H 1.135 + 1K
F 2 IJ
1.135
hour
=G
0.135

=
A2 C 2 ′
× 3600
H 2.135 K = 0.58
x 2 vg 2 or p2 = 0.58 × p1 = 0.58 × 11 = 6.38 bar.

=
b
π/4 × 15/1000 × 958.5
× 3600
g 2 l From Mollier chart (Fig. 18.11) point 1 is located
on the dry saturation line corresponding to
0.93 × 1.694
11 bar pressure.
= 387 kg/h. (Ans.) l From ‘1’ vertical line 1–3 is drawn cutting the
pressure line 2 bar.
ar

h (kJ/kg)
l Point ‘2’ corresponding to throat pressure
15 b

1 300°C 6.38 bar is located on the vertical line.

r

h1 = 3037
ba

Adiabatic heat drop between inlet and throat,

0
1.

hd = h1 – h2
khd
hd
= 2780 – 2679 = 101 kJ/kg
h2¢
Saturation x2 = 0.96
line
h2 = 2515 2
2¢ vg2 = 0.297 m3/kg
x2¢ = 0.93
Throat velocity, C2 = 44.72
s (kJ/kg K)
hd = 44.72 101 = 449.4 m/s
Fig. 18.10
A2C2 AC
Example 18.8. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 11 bar Also,  =
m = 2 2
v2 x 2vg2
enters a convergent-divergent nozzle and leaves at a pressure
of 2 bar. If the flow is adiabatic and frictionless, determine : (where m = Mass flow rate in kg/s)

(i) The exit velocity of steam. m x 2 vg

or Throat area, A2 = 2

(ii) Ratio of cross-section at exit and that at throat. C2

Assume the index of adiabatic expansion to be 1.135. m × 0.96 × 0.297
=
Solution. Refer to Fig. 18.11. 449.4
= 0.000634 m 
h (kJ/kg) From Mollier chart, x3 = 0.9
bar

From steam tables,

ba
11

.38

vg3 = 0.885 m3/kg (at 2 bar)

=6
p1 =

r
ba

hd′ = Adiabatic heat drop between inlet and exit

2
p

2
=

1 = h1 – h3 = 2780 – 2480 = 300 kJ/kg

3
p

h1
Exit velocity, C3 = 44.72 hd ′
h2 2
= 44.72 300
Saturation line = 774.6 m/s. (Ans.)
(x = 1)
x2 = 0.96 m x3 vg  × 0.9 × 0.885
m
Exit area, A3 = 3
=
h3
3 C3 774.6
x3 = 0.9
s (kJ/kg K) = 0.001028 m 
Fig. 18.11 exit area 
0.001028 m
∴ Ratio of =
p1 = 11 bar ; p3 = 2 bar ; throat area 0.000638 
m
p2 = Throat pressure ; n = 1.135 = 1.62. (Ans.)
 STEAM NOZZLES 451

Example 18.9. The nozzles of a Delaval steam turbine are D2 = 2.5 mm,
supplied with dry saturated steam at a pressure of 9 bar.
π π 2.5 FG IJ 2
The pressure at the outlet is 1 bar. The turbine has two
nozzles with a throat diameter of 2.5 mm. Assuming nozzle
A2 =
4
D22 × 2 =
4
×
1000 H K ×2

efficiency as 90% and that of turbine rotor 35%, find the = 9.82 × 10–6 m2
quality of steam used per hour and the power developed. Mass of steam used per sec.,
Solution. p1 = 9 bar, p3 = 1 bar, p2 = throat pressure, A2 C2 ′ 9.82 × 10 −6 × 424.2
Number of nozzles = 2  =
m =
x2 ′ vg2 0.96 × 0.361

FG 2 IJ
n
= 0.012 kg/s
p2 n −1
We know that,
p1
=
H n + 1K Energy supplied by the steam to the wheel per sec
m C3 ′2 0.012 × 8162
Since the steam is dry and saturated, n = 1.135 = = = 3995 W ~ 4 kW.
2 2
FG IJ
1.135
p2 2 1.135 − 1 ∴ Useful work
=
∴
p1 H
1.135 + 1 K = 0.58 = ηturbine × 4 = 0.35 × 4 = 1.44 kW.
or p2 = 0.58 p1 = 0.58 × 9 = 5.22 bar. i.e., Power developed = 1.44 kW. (Ans.)
Example 18.10. An impulse turbine having a set of
h (kJ/kg) 16 nozzles receives steam at 20 bar, 400°C. The pressure of
steam at exit is 12 bar. If the total discharge is 260 kg/min
r
ba

and nozzle efficiency is 90%, find the cross-sectional area of

ba
=9

.22

the exit of each nozzle. If the steam has a velocity of 80 m/s

p1

=5

r
ba

at entry to the nozzles, find the percentage increase in

1
2
p

discharge.
=

1
3

h1
p

Solution. Set of nozzles = 16, p1 = 20 bar, 400°C

hd
2 Total discharge = 260 kg/min, ηnozzle = 90%.
hd¢ h2 2¢ Saturation
line h (kJ/kg)

h3 3¢
3 1 400°C
h1 =
h (kJ/kg K) 3250
Fig. 18.12
hd
From Mollier chart :
2¢
h1 = 2770 kJ/kg, h2 = 2670 kJ/kg h2 = 2
r
3065 ba
h3 = 2400 kJ/kg =2
0
p1 ar
x2′ = 0.96, x3′ = 0.88 0. 9b
=1
p2
Now, hd = h1 – h2 = 2770 – 2670 = 100 kJ/kg
hd′ = h1 – h3 = 2770 – 2400 = 370 kJ/kg s (kJ/kg K)
x1 = 0.97
From steam tables :
Fig. 18.13
vg2 = 0.361 m3/kg (at 5.22 bar)
Since the steam supplied to the nozzle is superheated,
vg3 = 1.694 m3/kg (at 1.0 bar) the throat pressure is given by :
Velocity of steam at throat, p2
= 0.546
p1
C2′ = 44.72 khd
∴ p2 = 20 × p1 = 20 × 0.546 = 10.9 bar
= 44.72 0.9 × 100 = 424.2 m/s LMFor superheated steam : n = 13 OP
Exit velocity, C3′ = 44.72 khd ′ MM p F 2 I F 2 IJ
n 1.3
PP
=G J =G
2 n−1 1.3 − 1

= 44.72 0.9 × 370

MM p H n + 1K
1 H 1.3 + 1K PP
= 816 m/s MN = 0.546 PQ
 452 THERMAL ENGINEERING

Since the pressure is less than the exit pressure of h (kJ/kg)

steam from nozzle, as such the nozzle is convergent type 275°C
h1 = 1
From Mollier chart :
2980
h1 = 3250 kJ/kg ; hd
h2 = 3065 kJ/kg ; h2 = 2
hd = h1 – h2 = 3250 – 3065 = 185 kJ/kg. hd¢ 2850
r
ba
Velocity at exit neglecting initial velocity of steam, 14
ba
r Saturation
4 line
7.6
C2′ = 44.72 khd = 44.72 0.9 × 185 = 577 m/s
h3 = 3¢
Specific volume at exit, b ar 3
2490 1.05
v2′ = 0.235 m3/kg (From Mollier chart) s (kJ/kg K)
Area at exit for one nozzle, Fig. 18.14
m × v2 ′ From Mollier chart,
A2 =
C2 ′ × no. of nozzles h1 = 2980 kJ/kg, h2 = 2850 kJ/kg
260 × 0.235 h3 = 2490 kJ/kg, x3′ = 0.921
= = 1.1 × 10–4 m2. (Ans.)
60 × 577 × 16
v2 = 0.287 m3/kg (From Mollier chart)
Taking into account the initial velocity of steam as
hd = h1 – h2 = 2980 – 2850 = 130 kJ/kg
80 m/s, the velocity of steam at exit, C2′ is calculated as
follows : hd ′ = h1 – h3 = 2980 – 2490 = 490 kJ/kg

C2 ′ 2 − C12 For throat :

= khd
2 C2 = 44.72 hd
i.e., C2 = 2 khd + C12
′2
= 44.72 130 = 509.8 m/s
= 2 × 0.9 × 185 × 1000 + 802 = 339400
∴ C2′ = 582.6 m/s A2C2 A × 509.8
Now,  =
m = 2
Percentage increase in velocity v2 0.287
582.6 − 577  × 0.287
m
= × 100 = 0.97%. ∴ A2 =
577 509.8
This will result in 0.97% increase in discharge as 500 × 0.287
= = 7.82 × 10–5 m2
specific volume will not be affected by velocity of approach. 3600 × 509.8
Hence percentage increase in discharge π
= 0.97%. (Ans.) i.e., D 2 = 7.82 × 10–5
4 2
☞ Example 18.11. A convergent-divergent nozzle is to be F 7.82 × 10 −5
×4 I 1/ 2

designed in which steam initially at 14 bar and 80°C of or D2 = GH π JK

superheat is to be expanded down to a back pressure of
1.05 bar. Determine the necessary throat and exit diameters = 0.009978 m or 9.9 mm
of the nozzle for a steam discharge of 500 kg/hour, assuming i.e., Throat diameter = 9.9 mm. (Ans.)
that the expansion is in thermal equilibrium throughout and At exit :
friction reheat amounting to 12% of the total isentropic
enthalpy drop to be effective in the divergent part of the C3′ = 44.72 khd ′
nozzle. = 44.72 (1 − 012
. ) × 490 = 928.6 m/s
Solution. p1 = 14 bar, tsup – ts = 80°C
v3′ = x3′ vg = 0.921 × 1.69 = 1.556 m3/kg
or tsup = ts + 80 = 195 + 80 = 275°C ; 3

p3 = 1.05 bar  v3 ′
m
∴ A3 =
We know that, C3 ′

FG 2 IJ
n
F 2 IJ
1.3 500 × 1.556
p2 = = 0.0002327 m2
=G
n −1 1.3 − 1
p1
=
H n + 1K H 1.3 + 1K = 0.546
π
3600 × 928.6

i.e., p2 = p1 × 0.546 = 14 × 0.546 = 7.64 bar i.e., D 2 = 0.0002327

4 3
 STEAM NOZZLES 453

FG 0.0002327 × 4 IJ 1/2 Frictional heating

or D3 =
H π K = 0.12 (h1 – h3)
= 0.0172 m or 17.2 mm = 0.12 (2738 – 2080) = 78.96 kJ/kg
i.e., Exit diameter = 17.2 mm. (Ans.) Thus by frictional reheating the point 3 gets shifted
to 3′ on the constant pressure line such that
+Example 18.12. Steam at a pressure of 15 bar and
h3′ = h3 + frictional reheating
dryness fraction 0.97 is discharged through a convergent-
divergent nozzle to a back pressure of 0.2 bar. The mass = 2080 + 78.96 = 2158.96 kJ/kg
flow rate is 9 kg/kWh. If the power developed is 220 kW, Thus the steam conditions in the nozzle from inlet
determine : to exit are shown by 1-2-3′.
(i) Throat pressure. Steam consumption,
(ii) Number of nozzles required if each nozzle has a
throat of rectangular cross-section of 4 mm × 8 mm. m = 9 × 220 = 0.55 kg/s
60 × 60
(iii) If 12% of the overall isentropic enthalpy drop
reheats by friction the steam in divergent portion find the Velocity at throat,
cross-section of the exit rectangle. C2 = 44.72 hd = 44.72 (h1 − h2 )
Solution. p1 = 15 bar ; x1 = 0.97 ; p3 = 0.2 bar
= 44.72 ( 2738 − 2630) = 464.7 m/s
Mass flow rate = 9 kg/kWh ;
Power developed = 220 kW Total area at throat,
Throat dimensions = 4 mm × 8 mm  × v2
m  2vg
mx 2
A2 = =
The isentropic index expansion for wet steam C2 C2
n = 1.035 + 0.1 x1 0.55 × 0.935 × 0.223
=
= 1.035 + 0.1 × 0.97 = 1.132 464.7
= 2.467 × 10–4 m2
h (kJ/kg)
Throat area per nozzle
ar
5b

= 4 × 8 × 10–6 = 0.32 × 10–4 m2

ba
=1

.65

∴ Number of nozzles
p1

=8

2.467 × 10−4
r
ba
2
p

h1 = 2738 = = 7.7 say 8. (Ans.)

2

0.32 × 10−4
0.

1
=
3

(iii) Cross-section at the exit :

p

2
h2 = 2630
Saturation Velocity at exit from the nozzle,
line
x1 = 0.97 C3′ = 44.72 (h1 − h3 ′ )
x2 = 0.935 = 44.72 (2738 − 2158.96) = 1076 m/s
h3 = 2080 3¢
x3¢ = 0.778  3′
mv  3 ′ vg
mx
3 3
∴ Exit area, A3 = =
C3 ′ C3 ′
s (kJ/kg K)
0.55 × 0.778 × 7.65
Fig. 18.15 =
1076
(i) Throat pressure, p2 : = 0.003042 m2

FG 2 IJ
n
F 2 IJ
1.132 0.003042
p2 ∴ Area/nozzle = = 0.0003802 m2
=G
n −1 1.132 − 1
p1
=
H n + 1K H 1.132 + 1K 8
Keeping the same aspect ratio for the rectangle, and
= (0.938)8.575 = 0.577 let x be the smaller side
∴ p2 = 0.577 × p1 2x2 = 0.0003802
= 0.577 × 15
= 8.65 bar. (Ans.) FG 0.0003802 IJ 1/2

(ii) Number of nozzles :

x=
H 2 K = 0.01378 m or 13.78 mm

h1 = 2738 kJ/kg ; h2 = 2630 kJ/kg, Thus exit rectangle is

h3 = 2080 kJ/kg 13.78 mm × 27.56 mm. (Ans.)
 454 THERMAL ENGINEERING

Example 18.13. A Delaval type impulse turbine is to develop ∴ Number of nozzles required
150 kW with a probable consumption of 7.5 kg of steam 0.3125
per kWh with initial pressure being 12 bar and the exhaust = = 6.5 say 7. (Ans.)
0.15 bar. Taking the diameter at the throat of each nozzle 0.04806
as 6 mm, find the number of nozzles required. Assuming At exit :
that 10 per cent of the total drop is lost in diverging part of Quality of steam leaving the nozzle, x3′ = 0.8
the nozzle, find the diameter at the exit of the nozzle and the hd′ = h1 – h3 = 2780 – 2110 = 670 kJ/kg
quality of steam which is to be fully expanded as it leaves Velocity at the exit,
the nozzle.
C3′ = 44.72 khd ′
Solution. p1 = 12 bar, p3 = 0.15 bar
Assuming the steam to be initially dry and saturated, = 44.72 0.9 × 670 = 1098 m/s
Area at the exit,
FG 2 IJ FG 2 IJ
n 1.135
p2 n −1 0.135

p1
=
H n + 1K =
H 1.135 + 1K = 0.58 A3 =
π
4
D32
∴ p2 = 12 × 0.58 = 6.96 bar A3C3 ′ π / 4 D32 × C3 ′
Refer to Fig. 18.16.  =
m =
v3 ′ x3vg3
h (kJ/kg) π 2
D3 × 1098
ar

4
r
2b

ba

∴ 0.04806 =
0.8 × 10.022
=1

.96
=6
p1

0.04806 × 4 × 0.8 × 10.022

r
ba

i.e., D32 =
2
p

15

h1 = 2780
1 π × 1098
0.
=

∴ D3 = 0.0211 m or 21.1 mm
3
p

2
h2 = 2680 Saturation i.e., Diameter at the exit of the nozzle
line
= 21.1 mm. (Ans.)
☞ Example 18.14. A steam nozzle is supplied steam at
h3¢ 15 bar 350°C and discharges steam at 1 bar. If the diverging
3¢
h3 = 2110
3 portion of the nozzle is 80 mm long and the throat diameter
s (kJ/kg K)
is 6 mm, determine the cone angle of the divergent portion.
Assume 12% of the total available enthalpy drop is lost in
Fig. 18.16
friction in the divergent portion. Also determine the velocity
From Mollier chart : and temperature of the steam at throat.
h1 = 2780 kJ/kg ; h2 = 2680 kJ/kg Solution. p1 = 15 bar, 350°C, p3 = 1 bar,
x2 = 0.96, h3 = 2110 kJ/kg, x3′ = 0.8 k = 1 – 0.12 = 0.88
From steam tables : When steam supplied to the nozzle is superheated,
vg2 = 0.274 m3/kg, vg3 = 10.022 m3/kg the pressure at throat,
The steam consumption of all nozzles per second p2 = 0.546 p1 = 0.546 × 15 = 8.19 bar

7.5 × 150
bar

h (kJ/kg)
= = 0.3125 kg
3600
15

1 r
h1 = 3150 ba
350°C
C2 = 44.72 hd = 44.72 (h1 − h2 ) 8 .1
9
r

= 44.72 ( 2780 − 2680) = 447.2 m/s

ba

270°C
1

h2 = 2992 2
A2 = π/4 = π/4 ×D22 (6/1000)2
= 0.2827 × 10–4 m2
A2C2 Saturation
 =
m line
x 2vg2 3¢
h3 = 2580
3
−4
0.2827 × 10 × 447.2
= = 0.04806 kg/s
0.96 × 0.274 s (kJ/kg K)
Fig. 18.17
 STEAM NOZZLES 455

From Mollier chart : Solution. Power developed by the steam turbine

h1 = 3150 kJ/kg, h2 = 2992 kJ/kg = 184 kW
v2 = 0.24 m3/kg, h3 = 2580 kJ/kg Steam consumption = 16.45 kg/kWh
v3′ = 1.75 m3/kg, t2 = 270°C Steam entry pressure, p1 = 11.8 bar, 220°C
i.e., Temperature of the steam at throat Steam exit pressure, p2 = 1.18 bar
= 270°C. (Ans.) Diameter of the nozzle at the throat
Velocity of steam at throat,
= 7 mm = 0.007 m
C2 = 44.72 hd = 44.72 (h1 − h2 ) Total enthalpy drop = 8%
= 44.72 (3150 − 2992) Steam pressure at throat, p2 = 0.545 × p1
= 0.545 × 11.8
= 562.12 m/s. (Ans.)
= 6.43 bar
From the conditions at nozzle throat, mass flow rate,
AC h (kJ/kg)
 = 2 2
m
v2 ar
8b
2 11.
π / 4 (6 / 1000) × 562.12
= = 0.0662 kg/s 220°C
0.24 2857
1
At exit : m
3 kg
/
0 .3
C3′ = 44.72 khd ′ = 44.72 0.88 × (h1 − h3 ) v2
=
6.43 b
ar
Saturation line
= 44.72 0.88 × (3150 − 2580) = 1001.5 m/s 2749 2
Exit area of the nozzle,

/kg
3
ar
1.18 b

m
m × v3 ′ 0.0662 × 1.75

.4
A3 = = = 0.0001156 m2

=1
C3 ′ 1001.5

3
v
2492
π 2 2460 3¢
i.e., D = 0.0001156 3
4 3
F 4 × 0.0001156 IJ
s (kJ/kg K)
1/ 2
= G
∴ D3
H π K = 0.012 m or 12.1 mm Fig. 18.18

If θ be the cone angle of nozzle, Fig. 18.18 shows the expansion and values of enthalpy
and specific volume at various points on Mollier chart.
(12.1 − 6)
tan θ = = 0.03812 or θ = 2° 11′ 8 FG IJ
2 × 80
Thus, cone angle = 2 × 2° 11′ = 4° 22′. (Ans.)
h3′ = 2857 – 1 −
100 H
(2857 – 2460)
K
= 2491.7 kJ/kg

 = 184 × 16.45 = 0.8407 kg/s

Throat
Steam flow, m
3600
dia (Exit)
12.1 mm

2q Velocity of steam at throat,

C2 = 44.72 ( 2857 − 2749) = 464.7 m/s
Cone angle
m = A2C2 × N
Fig. 18.17 (a) v2
Example 18.15. A steam turbine develops 184 kW, with a ∴ Number of nozzles,
consumption of 16.45 kg/kWh. The pressure and  2
mv 0.8407 × 0.3
temperature of the steam entering the nozzle are 11.8 bar N= =
A2C2 π / 4 × 0.0072 × 466.6
and 220°C. The steam leaves the nozzle at 1.18 bar. The
diameter of the nozzle at the throat is 7 mm. Find the number = 14.04 or say 14. (Ans.)
of nozzles. Velocity at exit,
If 8% of the total enthalpy drop is lost in friction in C3′ = 44.72 2857 − 2492
diverging part of the nozzle, determine the diameter at the
exit of the nozzle and exit velocity of the leaving steam. = 854.4 m/s. (Ans.)
(D.U.)