The document discusses methods for determining the hypocenter or focus of an earthquake including using the difference in arrival times of P and S waves. It also covers different magnitude scales used to measure earthquakes including Richter magnitude, moment magnitude, and relating magnitude to intensity and peak ground velocity.
The document discusses methods for determining the hypocenter or focus of an earthquake including using the difference in arrival times of P and S waves. It also covers different magnitude scales used to measure earthquakes including Richter magnitude, moment magnitude, and relating magnitude to intensity and peak ground velocity.
The document discusses methods for determining the hypocenter or focus of an earthquake including using the difference in arrival times of P and S waves. It also covers different magnitude scales used to measure earthquakes including Richter magnitude, moment magnitude, and relating magnitude to intensity and peak ground velocity.
The document discusses methods for determining the hypocenter or focus of an earthquake including using the difference in arrival times of P and S waves. It also covers different magnitude scales used to measure earthquakes including Richter magnitude, moment magnitude, and relating magnitude to intensity and peak ground velocity.
1 Civil Engineering Department, Assam Engineering College Determination of Hypocenter or Earthquake Focus Seismologists use the elapsed time between the arrival of a P-waves and S- waves at a given site to assist them in estimating the distance from the site to the center of energy release. The distance of focus from the observation station is determined by the relative arrival times of the P and S waves. The distance from hypocenter to observation point is given by
Where, T=difference in time of arrival of P and S waves at an observation point; S=distance from hypocenter to observation point; Vp and Vs are the velocity of P and S waves, respectively.
2 Where, T=difference in time of arrival of P and S waves at an observation point; S=distance from hypocenter to observation point; Vp and Vs are the velocity of P and S waves, respectively.
Condition: Recordings at 3 three stations minimum NUMERICAL At a recording station a difference in time of arrival between P waves and S waves was observed to be 1.5 seconds. What is the approximate distance from the station at which the event occurred? Assume P wave velocity as 4 km/sec and S wave velocity as 2 km/sec.
4 NUMERICAL At a recording station a difference in time of arrival between P waves and S waves was observed to be 1.5 seconds. What is the approximate distance from the station at which the event occurred? Assume P wave velocity as 4 km/sec and S wave velocity as 2 km/sec.
Solution: Given Vp = 4000m/sec, Vs = 2000m/sec T = 1.5 sec Distance = 1.5 / { (1/2000) – (1/4000) } = 6000m = 6km
5 MEASURING AN EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude Intensity
6 Relationships With Peak Ground Velocity
Vg is the peak ground velocity in cm/sec
by Wald et.al, (1999) based on Californian
earthquake database With Peak Ground Acceleration
7 Richter Magnitude, ML Proposed by Charles Francis Richter in 1979 based on the data from Californian earthquakes, defined the earthquake magnitude as the logarithm to the base 10 of the largest displacement of a standard seismograph (called Wood-Anderson Seismograph with properties T=0.8 sec; m=2800; and damping nearly critical ≈0.8) situated 100 km from the focus. For instrument located at an epicentral distance of 100 km
A = the amplitude in micron (10-6m) recorded by; and
M = the magnitude of the earthquake For instrument located at an epicentral distance of other than 100 km a correction is introduced to the equation
M = the magnitude of the earthquake;
Δ =distance from epicenter (km), MΔ= magnitude of the earthquake calculated for earthquake using the values 8 measured at a distance Δ from the epicenter. Moment magnitude, Mw Over the years, scientists observed that different magnitude scales had saturation points and the magnitudes estimated by different approaches did not point to a unique value of earthquake size The Richter magnitude saturates at about 6.8, and the surface wave magnitude at about 7.8. In addition, these magnitude estimates did not have a linear relation with the energy released due to earthquake rupture. To address these short falls, Hanks and Kanamori, in 1979 proposed a magnitude scale, termed as ‘moment magnitude’, based on the seismic moment due to earthquake rupture. The moment magnitude is given by
Proposed by Hanks and Kanamori (1979) based on the
seismic moment due to earthquake rupture
Where, Mw is the moment magnitude, M0 is the seismic moment in N-m
9 NUMERICAL During an earthquake the maximum amplitude recorded at a site by WoodAnderson Seismograph is 20 cm. The maximum ground velocity recorded was 25 cm/sec. The site was found to be 75 km away from the epicenter. Determine the Magnitude and Intensity of the occurred earthquake.
10 NUMERICAL During an earthquake the maximum amplitude recorded at a site by WoodAnderson Seismograph is 20 cm. The maximum ground velocity recorded was 25 cm/sec. The site was found to be 75 km away from the epicenter. Determine the Magnitude and Intensity of the occurred earthquake.
11 12 13 SOLVE: Estimate the moment magnitude of an event with rupture length of 100 km, rupture width of 45km and slip of average fault slip of 3m. Take modulus of rigidity, mu as 3.5 x 10 10N/m2
14 where E is measured in joules. Thus the ratio of energies released by two earthquakes differing by 1 is magnitude is equal to 31.6. The ratio is 1000 for earthquakes differing by 2 in magnitude,
15 16 17 Next Class
Magnitude Numericals Earthquake Energy Earthquake Energy Numericals Comparison of Magnitude and Intensity
