Mrunal Nalat Roll No.

23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

Q.1. Define the following terms:

a. Database: A database is an organized collection of data, so
that it can be easily accessed and managed.
b. DBMS: Database management system is a software which is
used to manage the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle,
etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in
different applications.
c. Meta Data: Metadata is data about the data or
documentation about the information which is required by the
users. In data warehousing, metadata is one of the essential
aspects.
d. Data Independence: Data independence refers
characteristic of being able to modify the schema at one level
of the database system without altering the schema at the
next higher level. Two types of data independence are Logical
data independence and Physical data independence.
e. Transactions: Transaction in Database Management
Systems (DBMS) can be defined as a set of logically related
operations. It is the result of a request made by the user to
access the contents of the database and perform operations
on it. The transaction has the four properties which are
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. These are used to
maintain consistency in a database, before and after the
transaction.
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

f. Redandancy: Data redundancy means the occurrence of

duplicate copies of similar data. It is done intentionally to keep
the same piece of data at different places, or it occurs
accidentally.
g. Level of Abstraction: In DBMS, there are three levels of data
abstraction, which are as follows:
1. Physical or Internal Level: The physical or internal layer is
the lowest level of data abstraction in the database
management system. It is the layer that defines how data is
actually stored in the database. It defines methods to access
the data in the database. It defines complex data structures
in detail, so it is very complex to understand, which is why it
is kept hidden from the end user.
2. Logical or Conceptual Level: The logical or conceptual level
is the intermediate or next level of data abstraction. It
explains what data is going to be stored in the database
and what the relationship is between them. It describes the
structure of the entire data in the form of tables. The logical
level or conceptual level is less complex than the physical
level. With the help of the logical level, Data Administrators
(DBA) abstract data from raw data present at the physical
level.
3. View or External Level: View or External Level is the highest
level of data abstraction. There are different views at this
level that define the parts of the overall data of the
database. This level is for the end-user interaction; at this
level, end users can access the data based on their queries.
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

h. Schema: The three schema architecture is also called

ANSI/SPARC architecture or three-level architecture. This
framework is used to describe the structure of a specific
database system. The three schema architecture is also used to
separate the user applications and physical database. The
three schema architecture contains three-levels. It breaks the
database down into three different categories.
i. Instance: The data stored in database at a particular
moment of time is called instance of database. Database
schema defines the variable declarations in tables that belong
to a particular database; the value of these variables at a
moment of time is called the instance of that database.
j. ACID Properties of Transactions: The transaction has
the four properties which are Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
Durability i.e. ACID.
1. Atomicity: The term atomicity defines that the data
remains atomic. It means if any operation is performed on
the data, either it should be performed or executed
completely or should not be executed at all.
2. Consistency: The word consistency means that the value
should remain preserved always. In DBMS, the integrity of
the data should be maintained, which means if a change in
the database is made, it should remain preserved always.
3. Isolation: The term 'isolation' means separation. In DBMS,
Isolation is the property of a database where no data
should affect the other one and may occur concurrently.
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

4. Durability: Durability ensures the permanency of something.

In DBMS, the term durability ensures that the data after the
successful execution of the operation becomes permanent
in the database. The durability of the data should be so
perfect that even if the system fails or leads to a crash, the
database still survives.

Therefore, the ACID property of DBMS plays a vital role in

maintaining the consistency and availability of data in the
database.

Q.2. Draw the overall system of DBMS and explain various

components.
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

Three Parts that make up the Database System are:

1. Query Processor:
The query processing is handled by the query processor, as the
name implies. It executes the user's query, to put it simply. In this
way, the query processor aids the database system in making
data access simple and easy. The query processor's primary duty
is to successfully execute the query.

Components of the Query Processor

o DDL Interpreter: Data Definition Language is what DDL stands
for. As implied by the name, the DDL Interpreter interprets DDL
statements like those used in schema definitions (such as create,
remove, etc.).
o DML Compiler: Compiler for DML Data Manipulation Language
is what DML stands for. In keeping with its name, the DML
Compiler converts DML statements like select, update, and
delete into low-level instructions or simply machine-readable
object code, to enable execution.

o Embedded DML Pre-compiler: Before the query evaluation, the

embedded DML commands in the application program (such as
SELECT, FROM, etc., in SQL) must be pre-compiled into standard
procedural calls (program instructions that the host language can
understand). Therefore, the DML statements which are
embedded in an application program must be converted into
routine calls by the Embedded DML Pre-compiler.
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

o Query Optimizer: It starts by taking the evaluation plan for the

question, runs it, and then returns the result. Simply said, the
query evaluation engine evaluates the SQL commands used to
access the database's contents before returning the result of the
query. In a nutshell, it is in charge of analyzing the queries and
running the object code that the DML Compiler produces.
Apache Drill, Presto, and other Query Evaluation Engines are a
few examples.

2. Storage Manager:
An application called Storage Manager acts as a conduit between the
queries made and the data kept in the database. Another name for it
is Database Control System.

Components of Storage Manager

Following are the components of Storage Manager:

o Integrity Manager: Whenever there is any change in the

database, the Integrity manager will manage the integrity
constraints.

o Authorization Manager: Authorization manager verifies the

user that he is valid and authenticated for the specific query or
request.

o File Manager: All the files and data structure of the database are
managed by this component.
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

o Transaction Manager: It is responsible for making the database

consistent before and after the transactions. Concurrent
processes are generally controlled by this component.

o Buffer Manager: The transfer of data between primary and main

memory and managing the cache memory is done by the buffer
manager.

3. Disk Storage
A DBMS can use various kinds of Data Structures as a part of physical
system implementation in the form of disk storage.

Components of Disk Storage

Following are the components of Disk Manager:

o Data Dictionary: It contains the metadata (data of data), which

means each object of the database has some information about
its structure. So, it creates a repository which contains the details
about the structure of the database object.
o Data Files: This component stores the data in the files.

o Indices: These indices are used to access and retrieve the data in
a very fast and efficient way.
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

Q.3. What are the primary duties of database administration?

Role and Duties of Database Administrator (DBA) :

 Decides hardware –
They decide on economical hardware, based on cost,
performance, and efficiency of hardware, and best suits
the organization. It is hardware that is an interface
between end users and the database.
 Manages data integrity and security –
Data integrity needs to be checked and managed
accurately as it protects and restricts data from
unauthorized use. DBA eyes on relationships within data
to maintain data integrity.
 Database Accessibility –
Database Administrator is solely responsible for giving
permission to access data available in the database. It
also makes sure who has the right to change the
content.
 Database design –
DBA is held responsible and accountable for logical,
physical design, external model design, and integrity and
security control.
 Database implementation –
DBA implements DBMS and checks database loading at
the time of its implementation.
 Query processing performance –
DBA enhances query processing by improving speed,
performance, and accuracy.
 Tuning Database Performance –
If the user is not able to get data speedily and accurately
then it may lose organization’s business. So by tuning
Mrunal Nalat Roll No. 23 IDS Practical 2 24/1/2024

SQL commands DBA can enhance the performance of

the database.

Q.4. Define the following terms with respect to relational model.

1. Field: Fields
are the components that provide
structure for a table.
2. Row: The relational data model represents a
table of values (or data table). Each row of the
table, therefore, represents a collection of
related data values and hence, typically
corresponds to real world entity or relationship.
Formally, a row is called a tuple.
3. Table: Each table, sometimes called a relation, in a
relational database contains one or more data categories in
columns or attributes.
4. Database: The relational model means that the logical data
structures—the data tables, views, and indexes—are
separate from the physical storage structures.