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Computer
A computer is an electronic data processing machine of device that perform processes Calculation and
operations based on instructions provided by a program
Evolution of computers
The evolution of computers is generally divided in three eras
Mechanical Era(Dark Electro-Mechanical Era( Middle Electronical Era(Modern Age)
Age) Age)
In this era the true computer was
in mechanical era human To develop faster and more invented which worked on the
successful to make simple accurate principal of input store process and
machine that could help Computing machines they were output continuous advancement in
performing simple powered by steam and electricity electronic engineering increased
arithmetic operation efficiency and speed of computer
considerably
Napier’s bones(1612ad) Herman Hollerith’s tabulating First generation of
machine computers91940to1956
It was small machine that
contain ten rods the rod 1890 machine census data took This generation was based on
made up of bones bone s only six months to compile which vacuum tube this generation computer
was used for was very fast as compare as to used machine language (ie 1s and
multiplication and division previous us census on 1880 which o0s)magnetic drums
took 7 years to be complete Computers of this genertatio0n was
primly used for scientific and research
purpose electronic purpose electronic
numerical interrogator and calculator
(ENIAC)universal automatic ca
computer UNIVAC) are example of
first generation of computer

Abacus(3000bc) Second generation of

computer(1956to1971)
Abacus is till mused to
teach basic arithmetic Second Generation was based on
operating to the student transistor and used are language called
abacus is considered as FORTRAN or magnetic core was
first computer prototype used as primary internal storage these
computer were used in the field of
scientific and engineering
ieIMB7094and imb1401
Slide rule(1622AD) Third generation of
computer(1964to1971)
This was a basically a pair
of two moveable rules The third generation was also base on
placed side by side these also high level l programing language
scales were used for like Cobol were used keyboard
mathematically computing monitor introduced as a computer
component ie IMB360andIMB370
Pascaline or pascals Fourth generation of computer(1971to
calculator(1642ad) present)
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He develop thus machine Fourth generation of computer

to help tax collector can introduced microprocessor and these
perform addition and computer also used high level
subtraction by eight language c,c++,java etc.
figures
Leibniz’s calculator(1694 Fifth generation of computer(present
ad) beyond)

Wilhelm Leibniz,s it was Fifth generation of computer has

also called stepped ability of self-learning they act like AI
Reckonoer it was a first robot and understand human language
calculator that could
perform all four basic
arithmetic operations
addition subtraction
multiplication and
division
Babbage’s difference and
analytical engines(1822
and1837 )

He was known as father of

computer the proposed
design included an ALU
with basic programming
flow control

1. According to technology
This type of technology or type of data they handle computer are classified in to three type
Analog computer
Analog computer can process analog data Eg speedo meter of a car, voltmeter
Digital computer They are used to process information with quantities using the information
using binary number (0s and 1s) digital computers are used in home educational system business medical etc
Hybrid computer
Hybrid computer are combination of digital and analog computer A hybrid computer use to convert analog
to digital and digital in to analog
2: According to size
Computer are also divided in to four groups
Super computer
Super computer is the most powerful fastest and large computer these computers are widely used in
scientific application such as aerodynamic simulation processing of geo logical data weather forecasting and
nuclear research
Mainframe
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They can process huge amount of calculation at very high speed they are use in bank and many large
business organization were several user can work at simultaneously
Mini computer
These are similar than main frame computer but it is very power full than microcomputer DECVAX and
IMB AS/400 are the good example of computers
Micro computer
Micro computer is also called personal computer (pc)the use of microprocessor made computer cheaper yet
faster and more reliable these are the smallest computer design to be individuals now computer are also used
for communication and socialization
3: According to purpose
According to purpose computer are used for either general purpose and special purpose
General purpose computer These computer can perform variety of task and store execute different program
in their memory therefore various task like word processing (typing and editing) payrolls, inventory, account
control manipulating facts in a data base marketing scientific calculation and statistical data analysis and
controlling security system of any organization are achieve by this computer desktop, laptop, and smart
phone are the example of general purpose machine
Special purpose computer
Special purpose computer repeatedly perform single job more efficiently these computer are use full
in traffic light control system navigational system aviation weather forecasting satellite tracking and ATM
Career in it fields There are many fields in it but some are as follows
1: Software engineer
Software engineer is a person who use different language to make different software products like game
learning software entertainment software and etc
2: Network administrator
Network administrator is a it expert person who manage network organization responsible for installing and
updating Amy software or hardware required to efficiency to run a computer
3: Data base administrator
Data base administrator is a skilled professional person who secure a data base environment in an office
business or organization
4: web designer
Web designer are people who build website
5: graphic designer
Graphic designer are make all type of layout broachers magazine and other type of publisher administrator
and document they do various type of graphic software Information security analyst
These people protect network and plain and carry out security measures and ensure to no lose data
and information occurs Computer science or it teachers Another very rewarding for computer science
graduates and post graduates is teaching in school College and university
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Computer hardware
Computer consist hardware or software .software is a program that run
in computer hardware is a physical part of the computer that run in program and application and hardware
can been seen and touch while software cannot. Computer hardware is a collection of all physical part of
component of computer .it include the computer casing, the cpu or central processing unit computer
memory vga graphic card sound card and the mother board
System unit
A system unit is a part of computer that contain the primary devices
1: mother board
Mother board is a main board that connect the different part of computer it includes
the following general components microprocessor (cpu), slots, port, buses, ram, rom and other electronic
components for example resistor capacitors diodes transistors and jumpers etc just like nervous system that
allows communication between all parts of computer we can find cpu memory slots expansions slots and a
number of chip slots in a mother board
2: microprocessor cpu
CPU or microprocessor is the brain of computer. The m i c r o p r o c e s s o r i
s a c h i p containing millions of tiny transistors. These transistors manipulate data. Microprocessor performs
all the calculations necessary to make the computer work. These calculations are performed at very high
speed and accuracy. Microprocessor is made up of silicon. The microprocessor fetches, decodes, executes
and stores all the instructions given by the user or any other device. The speed of computer mainly depends
upon the speed of microprocessor. A microprocessor that has faster clock speed (measured in GHz) and
more cores and cache works faster. There are typically five components of a microprocessor.
A: Arithmetic logical (ALU)
Alu perform al type of calculation like arithmetic operations and logical comparison arithmetic
operation include addition subtraction multiplication and division while logical compression include
comparing selection and matching of data
B: Control unit
Control unit is a responsible for controlling and transfer the data instruction among other components of
computer this unit control the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data
C: Clock
Clocks generates pulses and instruction existed on the basic of pulses clock measured in GHZ and MHZ
D: registers
It is a temporary storage area that holds the data that has been processed it is also known as programing
model which may be of 8bits 16bits 32bits and 64bits
E: Cache
Cache is an intermediate storage area, which is available inside microprocessor. The
immediate processed information is stored in cache. The cache inside the microprocessor is called internal
cache and outside is called external cache.
3: Buses In computer, Buses are the electric paths on which data is sent and received by different
components. They are just like roads. As roads connect different places, buses connect all the parts of the
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computer to each other. They also connect all internal components on the motherboard. There are three types
of buses; control bus, data bus and address bus.
Control Bus carries command between different components to control all activities in a computer.
Data Bus carries data between the processor, memory unit and other components.
Address Bus carries the address of the data (but not the data).The address bus is used to specify memory
location to be used by microprocessor for specific operation.
Input Devices
Input devices are used to enter data into computers. These devices can be categorized into Text Entering,
Pointing and Image Scanning Devices.
Text entering devices
1: Keyboard: It is the most common text entering device and used to enter data usually in text format or to
perform other controlling functions. When a key is pressed, keyboard controller chip sends its corresponding
code in keyboard buffer called scan code, which is then processed by CPU.
2: pointing devices (mouse and its varous)
Pointing devices are those devices that are used for quick movement of cursor on screen usually needed in
graphic mode it includes joy stick, joy ball and track pad
3: image scanner
Image scanner is a device that convert electronic format and understandable by computer thought lightening
sensing and also work on optical recognition and occur when a device scan a clear print surface and
translates the image into machine-readable formats that a computer understands. Image scanners include
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR), Optical Barcode Reader (OBR) and Optical Character Recognition
(OCR).
4: Other types of input devices
There are also input devices for example microphone are used to accept sound input and convert into digital
audio format touch screen is also used for input it accept input directly on monitor by touching figures and
any object on the screen magnetic ink character Recognition (MICR) and Magnetic Strip Reader are also
used for input
5: output devices
A hardware device that sent data from a computer (cpu) to another devices or user the most common
example of input devices are monitor or printer they are two types of output devices
1: soft copy
It is screen display or voice output. It is volatile output and lost when other output is shown or computer is
turned off. Following are some of the devices used to give output in soft form.
Monitor
It is TV like device that displays data by small bright dots called pixels. Monitors are of two types.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Flat Panel Display (FDP)
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Data projectors
Data projectors are used to show colorful slides and images directly from computer disk on a wall or large
screen through an optical lens. They are also called digital light projectors and video projectors.
Speakers
Speakers give output in form of sound. They are good for people with visual disabilities or where
display is not easy
3: hardcopy
It is out put on paper it is nonvolatile output that is relatively stable and permanent from hardcopy devices
are
Printers
They usually give output on paper and can print both text and graphics. There are two types of printers
Impact Non-Impact
Plotters Like printer it gives images on paper but typically used to print large format images such as maps,
construction drawing, advertising hoardings etc
Storage device
A storage device refers to a hardware used to store information. There are two types of storage device
Primary and Secondary
1: Primary storage devices
They are quite smaller in storage capacity most primary storage devices are found in computer and they
have fastest access to primary devices include ram rom
Rom
It is read only memory it is permanent memory rom is quite small in capacity it stores the major setting of
computer permanently
Ram
Is Random Access Memory. RAM is volatile, means it loses its content as the power supply
is disconnected. This is used to store data and instructions temporarily
Secondry storage device
Secondary storage devices have a larger storage capacity and can store data permanently. Users save their
data on secondary storage devices. Hard Disk, CD and DVD, SD Card and USB flash disk are the examples
of secondary storage devices.
Basic operation of computers
A computer is a machine that act according to the instruction given by the user computer process four basic
operation in put, processing output and storage
Input Computer
Input has many forms. It can be from a command entered using a keyboard or a mouse. It can be data sent
from another computer on a network.
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Processing
Processing is done inside the computer by CPU. Processing is the conversion of input into output. After
processing, data is turned into meaningful information. This is carried out with the help of arithmetic and
logical operations.
Storage
Storage refers to the holding or saving data. RAM, ROM and Hard Disk are the devices that are used for
storage
Output
Output is the result of a computer processing. Output may be viewed on a monitor screen, heard through
speakers or printed on paper. Here, monitor screen, speakers and printer are called output devices.
Computer of software
Software I a set of computer that a computer use to perform a task there are two main software system
software and application software
System software
System software is a computer program that coordinate all activates and function of
computer it also control all the operation of the computer and hardware it includes operating system device
drivers utility programs and language translators
Operating system
Operating system is the master control program that manage all the system resources
window and Linux are commonly used in operating system
Device drier
Device driver are computer program that control a particular device when it is connected to a computer any
hardware that we have in our computer must have a device driver to communicate with operating
system .operating system have drivers pre install in them this gave rise to the concept of plug and play
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CHAPTER 2

Q1 Define Operating System and Give There Three Example

ANS An operating system is a software which perform all the basic task like booting the computer process
management controlling peripheral devices etc. Most popular operating system is (1) window (2) Linux (3)
DOS
Q2 Define a function of operating system and list them below describe briefly all functions of operating
system
ANS Faction of operating system
Operating system manage all the activates of a computer it is a master of
control program that provide an interface for a user to communicate with computer following are the listing
of operating system function
Booting
Resource management
User interface or command interface
Memory management
Input/output management
File management
Process management
User management
Booting
Booting is a program that stare computer and check resources and make ready to perform different
task
Resources management
Operating system manage all the hardware and software resources this include allocation, de
allocation, of process, memory access to shares cache memory and access to network resources
User interface or command interpreter
We interact with operating system through user interface command interpreter is one of the part of
computer that reads command from user. Interpreter them and translate into machine language to instruction
that the computer hardware can understand.
Input / output management
An operating system is provide the device driver to facility 1/0 function and including 1/0 device
these device drivers are software that control 1/0dvices through controller
Memory management
Memory management module perform basic task of allocation and de allocation of process memory
access to shared cache memory and access to network resources
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File management
It manage all the file related activates such as organization, storage, retrievals, renaming, sharing,
and protection of file
User management
In modern operating system user management describe the ability of administrator to control user
access to various computer resources lie software 1/0 devices, operating system and network etc.
Q3 which resources is managed by resources management function of Os?
An Operating system manages all the hardware and software resources. This includes allocation and de-
allocation of processor, memory, access to shared cache memory and access to network resources.
Q4 what is interface? Describe these types
AN An interface is a program that allows a user to interact with the computer or another computer over a
network. A User Interface (UI) is the part of operating system, program, or devices that allows a user to
enter and receive information. There are many types of User Interfaces. Two most common user interfaces
are discussed below
Command line interface
A Command Line Interface (CLI) is a screen or text based representation in which the user types the
commands on place called prompt to operate the computer. Command contains string of characters CLI is
difficult to use because the user has to remember the commands and their syntaxes but it is fast in use
because text mode takes less resources. It was primarily provided to users by computer terminals on UNIX,
and personal computers including MS-DOS and Apple DOS.
Graphical user interface
GUI is graphical (menus, icons, button) based interface .working surface of gui is called desktop
(icons, taskbar, start button) it is easily to use as a user are supposed to just click on picture to run command
without memorizing them
Q5 how many types of real time processing operating system explain in detail?
ANS there are two types if real time operating system
Hard real time
A Hard Real Time System guarantees that critical tasks complete on time, even the shortest delay or
urgency is not acceptable. Here system should meet the deadline. Missile systems and Air Traffic Control
System are best examples of Hard Real Time System.
Soft real time system
Soft real time system does not guarantees that task will be complete in definite time. In soft real time
system delay a certain time according to priority. Online transaction, airline tickets are the example of soft
real time system
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Q6 list the program in MS office write why each program is used?

A list the program available in office MS office contain
Spread sheet (MS excel)
Word processor (MS excel)
Multimedia presentation (MS power point)
Email application (MS outlook)
Database management system (MS access)
Microsoft office is a very helpful tool wieldy used in homes office and school to organize manage and
present information data and figures it include word to create and share document excel to analyze and
visualize data power point to create collaborate and effective present ideas outlook to organize email
coordinate schedules and stay up to data with contact access to create custom data base process
Q7 how to install window Os?
A Insert the Windows Installation DVD/Flash Drive
Restart your Computer
Wait for the first startup screen
Press or hold Del or F2 to enter the BIOS screen
Locate the Boot order/ Boot sequence
Select Boot order/ Boot sequence as per your installation source a. USB Flash/USB Hard Disk b. USB
CD/DVD ROM c. Internal CD/DVD ROM
Select any option: a. Upgrade b. Customize Installation (Advance)
Select any drive for installing your operating system
Follow the on screen instruction
Q8 what is the difference between single user and multiple user os? If you are a manager of a large
organization which type of os will you prefer justify your answer with any two reasons
A In a Single User Operating System, a single user can access the computer system at a time. These
types of operating systems are commonly used. DOS for PCs and Windows 98 for PCs are example of
single user operating system. A Multi-User Operating System allows multiple users to access the computer
at same time. The operating system manages the memory and resources among the various users according
to the requirement. Linux and UNIX are the most common examples of the multi-user operating system.
Q9 What do you mean by software installation?
A software installation is the process of making program ready for execution software installation or
installer is a computer program that installs files such as application derivers or pother software on to a
computer.
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Q10 How to install office automation and antivirus software?

A Purchase or download the software: You may need to purchase a license for some office automation
software or download it from the official website.
Run the installer: Locate the downloaded installation file and double-click it to run the installation wizard.
Follow the on-screen instructions
Enter your product key: If required, enter the product key or activation code when prompted.
Ongoing maintenance: Ensure that the antivirus software is kept up to date, and set up automatic updates for
the best protection.
MS Office installer will notify automatically after finishing the installation.
Steps of installation of antic virus:
1 fined the download fie, on your computer
2 If the download file is a zip file unzip the files to extract and access the installation files.
3 look for a file named setup ex install. Exe or something similar them double click that file.
4 Downloading the anti-virus software click on install option.
5 After installation click on finish.
Q11 what is anti-virus? Why it is important to install an antivirus.
ANS Anti-virus software is a anti-malware software it is used to protect your file and remove viruses. To
keep our computer secure free form viruses it is very important to install antivirus. They also help to recover
data that has been lost due to virus
CHATPTER 3

Q1 what is word processor write 3appliccation of word processor?

ANS Word processor is a program that allow a user to type text and manipulates it. By using processor
program.it has advance feature like table, image, formatting and reviewing give its user the ability to
customize their document as required
Application of word processor
You can read books article and newsletter.
You can creates notes assignment and newsletter.
You can make report pamphlets and broachers and resumes.
Q2 what is the purpose page of layout tab name the groups include in it?
ANS The Page Layout Tab holds all the options that allow you to arrange your document pages just the
way you want them.
Q3 define each group in page layout?
ANS the page layout tab has five group of related command namely themes, page setup, page background,
paragraph and arrange
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1 themes group: A theme is a predefine set of formatting, colors, and setting and changes the overall design
and look of the entre document there are different themes available relevant to the types of document based
composed.
2 page setup group: Page setup setting help us set the page payout properties such as margin page orientation
and size the setting in this section are often applied throughout the document
3 Page background group: These settings are used mostly for special document such as certificates,
invitations, and broachers’, essay, etc.it contains 3 buttons namely watermark, page color and page border
4 paragraph group: The paragraph is group is where we can modify all the settings of the paragraph that
appear in our document this allow us to set a few basic paragraph styles and also adjust the indent and
spacing.
5Arrange group: The buttons in arrange group help the user to quickly arrange graphical and other element
of the document in relation to the main textual content
Q4 Describe the following button present in arrange group position selection pane align group rotate?
ANS following are the option which are available I n arrange group
1 Position: Position is place to use an object (picture or shape) on the page where you want in the document.
2 Selection Pen: selection pen is used to select hoe hide and change the order of object in a document.
3 Align: It is used place object like picture, shape, icon etc. in alignment with margins edge or relative to
another object in the document.
4 Group: Group is used to combine two or more object together so that they can be trated a a single object.
5 rotate: rotate is used to rotate or flip the selected object.
Q5 Descries the page margin. How can we apply page margin in a document?
ANS Margins: A margin is the area or space between the main content of a page and the page edge.
Margin is used to change the margin of the entire document or selected selection the page setup group on the
page layout tab contain tools for setting the page margins.
Steps to apply a margin in a document
1 Go to page lay out
Click margin from page setup group.
3 Click on the arrow under Margins to choose an option from margin size for the document. You can also
find more option by clicking on custom margin in the menu.
Q6 Define line number and hyphenation present in page setup getup?
ANS Line number: this button is used to add line number on the left side of each line of the document
Hyphenation: this button is used to specify hoe how hydration in a document should be applied
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Q7 Name and describe two option in orientation?

ANS These are two option in orientation
Portrait (vertical)
Landscape (horizontal)
Page orientation or print orientation is a placement of content on a page this button sets the content of the
page or selection n portrait (vertical landscape (horizontal) layout.
Portrait: In portrait mode height of the page is greater ten width of the page.
Landscape: In land scape mode width of the page is greater than height of the page.
Q8 define paper size option in the page setup group?
ANS Page size: Paper size is used to choose the size of the page for current section or entire document.
We usually use A4 size paper for standard document.
Q9 Define page colorant page border present in page ground group?
ANS Page color: This button is used when user wants to apply a color for the back ground of the page.
Q10 Explain the columns in the page setup group?
ANS Colum option in page setup group is used to split the text into two or more vertical columns.
1 Select the text you want to format.
2 Select the page layout tab and then click the columns commands Drop down menu will appear.
3 Select the number of column you want to create
4 The text will format into column i.e. the formatted text.
Q11 describe the different types of break in MS word?
ANS Text of break in MS word: There are two basic types of break on MS word
1 page break A) Next page
A) Page B) Continuous
b) Columns C) Even page
c) Text wrapping D) Odd page
2selection break
1) Page break the page break feature enable us to tell the computer to partition only the body text
A) Page: mark the point at which one page ends and the next page
B) Column: Indicates that the text following the column break will begin in the next column.
C) Text wrapping: Separate text around objects on web page such as captain text from body text
2) Selection break: It partition the body text of the document and its associated formatting such as headers
and footers page number and margined etc.
A) Next page: Insert a section break and start the new section on the next page.
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B) Continuous: Insert a section break and start the new section on the next page.
C) Even page: Insert a section break and start the next section on the text even numbered page.
D) Odd page: Insert a section brake and the start new section on the next odd numbered page.
Q12 why do we use water mark in a document? Give some example of water mark
ANS It is used to insert the logo of you company image of your brand /business and it can also be used to
insert text like confidential, draft and copyright etc. behind the content of a page.
Q13 How do we used indent text in a document?
ANS we use different indent option in a document which are as follows:
Indent left: It is used to define amount of blank space used to separate the paragraph from left margin.
Indent right: It is used to define amount of blank space used to separate the paragraph from right margin.
Space before: It is used to indicate how much space is added before the selected paragraph.
Space after: it is used to indicate how much space is added after the selected paragraph.
Q14 Definite between “being forward” and “sent back word” option in arrange group with example?
ANS Bring to front: moves a selected object to the very top of the canvas. Bring forward: moves a selected
object one layer up within the canvas.
Bring forward: bring a selected object in front of all object.
Send backward: sent select object behind all other object.
Q15 What is the table of content (toc) in what way does a toc help book reader?
ANS a table of content (toc) is an organized listing of selection, groups and heading of content in a
document and identified by page number where they are placed. It provides an over view of the document
and allow reader to go directly to specific or content in a document,
Q16 how to create table of content?
ANS we need following steps to make table of contents
Go to the reference tab where table of content button appear as the faster option of the tab.
MS word provide several option of creating a toc that include automatic table creation based on the
requirements of the document.
Q17 can we use other than the default English language in Misword?
ANS yes we can use other language in MS word software.
1 Urdu
2 Persian
3 Sindhi etc.
Q18 what is micro soft excel software?
ANS Microsoft excel is an application software that use spread sheet system to organized display format
and calculation data using advanced future formals an function.ms excel is a part of micro soft office suite
and integrates With other application in the office suite it is mostly used in accounting and financial purpose.
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Q19 List 4 uses of spread sheet in business?

1 payroll: it is the calculation workers’ salaries tax dedication and paying them
2 Charts: it is used to create chart. A chart show information in the form of picture. Picture help us to
understand and meaning of numbers of mostly
3 Inventory: it is used to manage inventory of your business inventory is also know stock are the item which
are available for used to manufacture products for sale
4 finical statement: it is used to produce finical statement for a business it shoe a finincal perfopmace and
position of a business (profit/loss)
Q20 Define formula with example?
ANS A formula is an expression which calculates the value of cell.it allow user to perform numerous
calculation in data common calculation are addition, subtracting, division, and multiplication formula
always start from =equals to sign they are defined in the formula bar. Example =A! +A2+A3+A4is a
formula.
Q21 Write that steps will multiply 37by15 in the formula bar?
ANS The steps will multiply 37by15 using the formula bar.
1 Select cell 2
2 Type= (equal sing)
3 Select cell 2 in the work sheet by using the mouse or keyboard. This action place the cell reference A2 in
the formula or selected cell
4 Type
5 Select cell B2 in to work sheet by using the mouse or the keyboard to put the cells reference in the formula
of selected cell
6 Press entre
7The answer (555) will be calculated my ms excel and displayed in the cell (C2) where the multiplication
formula was composed.
Q22 define sorting and charts in Microsoft excel software?
ANS sorting: sorting is the process of rearranging or recording data based on different criteria like size,
quality, value and quantity it is also rearranges the rows base on the contents the rise base on the contents of
a particular column
Charts: charts also knows as graphs. They include diagram and tables. Charts fracture in MS excel allows
the user to present a set of data visually
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Chapter 4C

Q1 Define communication?
ANS communication is a process of data sharing a message. A conversation between two people is an
example of communication
Q2 define the basic following terminological of data communicates? (1) Data (2) data communication
(3) data transmission (4) analog signal (5) digital signal (6) data rate /bitrate (7) baud rate (8) Signal of noise
ratio
ANS
1 Data: collection of raw facts and figure is called data. The text, number, symbol, image, voice and video
which are processed by computer and digital devices are called data.
2 Data communication: data communication is a process of transferring data electrically from one place to
another. It is process of exchange of data and information between two parts such as human and electronic
or computing device
3 Data transmission: the data transmission means emission of data in any directions wireless or wired
medium. Transmission may occur and destination
4 Digital signal: a digital signal is an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits to represent a
sequence to discrete values, at any given time it can only be one of the finite numbers represented as 0 or 1
5 Analog signal: analog signal are a continuously varying signals or wave that change with time period and
used to represented data. An analog signal can be used to measure change in some physical quantities such
as light, sound, pressure, or temperature.
6 Data rate /bit rate: data rate is a rate at which data is transferred. It is normal measured in bit per second
bit is a actual binary digit which is basic unit of data transmission. Bit can hold either 0or 1. Data rate can be
ranging from bps (bits per second) for smaller values to kbps (kilobits per second) and mbps (megabits it’s
per second)
Baud rate: the baud rate is number of signals transmitted per second and one signal can represent one or
more bits it is used to describe the maximum change in an electronic signal for example(if a signal change
1200 times in a second it would be measured at 1200 hands
Q3 Definite between analog and digital signal

Analog signal Digital signal

1 An analog signal is a continuous wave that A digital signal is a discrete wave that carries
changes by time period information in binary
2 Analog signal has no fixed range Digital signal has finite number i.e. 0and 1.
3 An analog signal can easily be disturbed by A digital signal is less prone to other signals
other signal wave distributed
4 The human voice is an example of analog Signal are use in computer are called digital
signal signal
5 An analog signal is represented by sine wave A digital signal is represented by square wave
6 Analog signals are long term waves needed to Digital signals are short term signals remain with
be boosting in digital devices /electronic.
 Page 17 of 28

Q4 Different between bit rate and baud rate?

ANS
1 Bit rate tells the numbers of buts and Baud rate is used to when we want to to know the
transmitted number of signal unit transmitted per unit of time
(second)
2 Bit is the number of bit transmitted per Baud rate is the number of times a signal is traveling
second comprised of bits, signal cam represented more than
one bits
3 Bit rate =baud rate multiply the number of Baud rate =baud rate /the number of bits per signal
bits per signal unit unit
4 Data rate can be measured by kbps It has no measured

Q5 Explain components of communication using signal example?

ANS Components of communication with example: a communication have 5 components which are as
follows
1 Message: it is the information of data communication to be connected. Common form of information
include text, number, video, picture and audio.
2 Sender: it is the device that generates and sends the message it ca be computer, telephone handset etc.
3 Receiver: A partial digital electronic device which has capability to receive data in form of message the
location of receiving computer it is generally different from the sending computer like sender: it is also be a
computer, telephone and handset etc.
4 Medium: it is the channel or path through which the message is carried from sender to receiver. Some
example include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, radio wave, etc.
5 protocol: protocol are the rules and producer on which computer exchange data on network. Sender and
receiver follow some protocols to communicate with each other. Some example of protocol includes. RIP
(Routing information protocol), IGRP (Inter net get way routing protocol) and BGP (Border getaway
protocol).
Q6 List the properties of good communication system Explain any one
ANS (1) Delivery (2) Accuracy (3) Timelines
1 Delivery: The system must be able to deliver data in correct order to the correct destination.
2 Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that has been altered during transmission
and left Uncorrected is not useful.
4 Timeless: The data must be delivered in a timely manner. Deliver later is unless.
Q7 Define transmission medium?
ANS transmission medium or communication channel is a wireless or physical path between the sender
and receiver through which data is send and receive from one place to another. Transmission is broadly
classified in to two group, guided media and unguided media.
 Page 18 of 28

Q8 Define guided media and its type?

ANS Transmitted media are also called bounded media and it is defined as physical media through which
signals are transmitted.
1 Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair cable is most commonly used in physical transmission medium it is used
in local area in network to connect computer and other devices. Each wire has unique color code there are
teo types of twisted pair cable (1) unshielded twisted pair cable (2) shielded pair cable.
a) Unshielded twisted pair cable: This type of cable can blocked interface but it is vulnerable to external
interface. It is mostly used in telephonic application. It is less expenses and easy to install.
b) Shielded twisted pair cable: this type of cable consist special type of coding to block external interface it
is used in fast data rate and Ethernet and also in voice and data channels o telephones lines.
2 coaxial cable: Coaxial cables have concentric layers of electrical conductors and insulating material.
3 Fiber optic cable: it use te concept of reflecting of light though the core made up of glass or plastic the
core is surrounded by a less dense of or plastic covering called the cladding .
Q9 Define unguided media and it typo?
ANS Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.
1 Radio wave: Radio wave is also called electromagnetic wave this are easy to generate and can penetrate
through building. Radio wave are Omni directional and prorogate in all direction.
2 Micro waves: Microwave transmission is the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths in the microwave frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
3 Infrared: Electromagnetic radiation of a wave length longer than visible light but shorter ten microwave
radiation having a wave length between 700 length nm and 1 mm.
Q10 What is difference between radio wave and micro wave?
ANS Radio wave Microwave
1 These are Omni direction ion nature These are unidirectional in nature
2 Frequency range3KHZto1GHZ 1GHZto300GHZ these offer medium security
3 These offer poor signal These offer medium signal
4 Attenuation are high Attenuation are variable
5 Setup and usage cost is moderate Setup an usage cost is high
6 Radio wave are used for communication Microwave are used for satellites communication
such as television and radio and for cooking food

Q11 Define terms Transmission impairment?

ANS Transmission impairment: signal travel through transmission media are lose their quality. This
means that receives signal is not same as the signal that was sent. This is called transmission impairment.
 Page 19 of 28

Q12 List the causes of signal impairments .Explain all of them.

ANS (1) Attenuation (2) Distortion (3) Noise
1 Attenuation: Attenuation means loss of signals. A signal loss its energy due to the resistance of medium
while it is transmitted
1 Distortion: Distortion means changing the shape of signal. A composition signal have several frequency,
when its travel through a medium different od signal components of signal may reach at different time at
destination because each components has different speed in that medium.
3 Noise: Unwanted signal that are mixed up with the original signal during the transmission of data is called
noise.
Q13 Define communication device?
ANS Amplifier, Router, Hub, Switch
1 Amplifier: An amplifier is a electronic device that increase the voltage current of signal and
signal and power of signal. Amplifier is a wireless communication and broad casting and it audio
equipment of all kind.

2 Router: a router is a networking device that forward data packets between computer networks
outperform the traffic direction through the internet. Such as webpage or e mail is the form of data
package.

3 Switch: A switch or network switch is a networking device which is connect with a computer and
other device like printers, scanners, cameras on a network.

4 Hub: Basically a hub is a repeater with multiples ports. The function of a hub in a network is
similar to repeat. It transform a data in a form of binary bits in uses for broadcasting data.
Q15 Define modem and its types
ANS Modem is a short form of modulator and de modulator. Modulator is a process of data converting
digital signal and de modulate convert data in to analog signal. Module has a ability to sending and receiving
signals that allow computer to sharing information in each other.
(1) Dial up modem: Dial up modem is a standard telephone lines to transmit and receives information. A
dial up modem can be internal or external. It is important to remember that telephones lines carry only
analog signals. Where the data package sent the data in in digital form.
(2) DSL modem: Dsl modem stand for digital subscriber line. Dsl modem has a built in network switch
which enable us to twisted pair wire to deliver data and voice at high speed a compare to dial up modem.
(3) Isdn modem: Integrated service digital network is a digital phone connection that can transmitted data
voice and video over a normal telephone line at the same time which was not done before. It is faster and
expensive technology.
Q16 Define network interface card?
ANS Network interface card: Network cards also known as network interface card are hardware devices
that connects a computer with the network. They are install cards on the mother board. They are responsible
for establishing a physical connection between the network and the computer. Computer data is transmitted
into a electrical signals and sent to the network via network interface cards.
 Page 20 of 28

Q17 Define computer network and networking. Define with example of LAN, WAN, MAN
ANs Computer networking: A computer networking is a group of computers and related equipment
connected by a communication links to share data and other resources related equipment may be printer
scanner, fax machine, server , etc.
Network: networking is the act of joining computer and its accessories so that exchange of
information and sharing of resources tale place.
Example of LAN, MAN WAN:
1 Local area network (LAN): the first application of LAN network is that can be easily implement as a
server client model work. Example home wife and small business network are the example of LAN.
2 Metropolitan network area (MAN): Various government bodies use MAN network for inter
connectivity between their department offices situated at different location Example. Man can be used
ovaries police station which are situated with in a district or city wicth each other the office can easily
communicate with each other and quickly pass on the important data and an urgent message over this
network without any need for the internet connection.
3 Wide area network (WAN): WAN is widely used in long distance communication system Example
Military operation require highly secured network for communication this WAN is used in this scenario
Q18 Define topology and describe is its type.
ANS The physical layout which computers are connect it is called topology .there are three types of
topology Bus, Ring, and Star topology.
1 Bus topology: Bus topology and different devices are connected with a single cable. The central cable is
the back bone of the network and every devices communicates worth the other devices through the bus
topology.
2 Star topology: Star topology all the computer are connected to a central devices is called hub or switch.
To communicate with any computer, the sender must send information to the hub. Then the hub transmitted
that information to the destination.
3 ring topology: ring topology computers are connects in a ring or circle shape. The signal travels around
the loop in one direction and pass through each other
Q19 List one merit and one demerit of each topology?
ANS Merit and demerit of topology.
1) Bus topology
A) Easy to implement and extend
B) Difficult to administer /trouble shoot
2) Ring topology:
a) The transmission of data is relative simple as packet travel in one direction only.
b) If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and the data cannot be transmitted successfully
3) Star topology
a) Easy to expand and setup
b) Extra hardware required
 Page 21 of 28

Q21 Explain the standard organization ISO, IETF, ITU, ANSI

ANS 1International organization of standard (ISO): It converts a wild field range the iso has member
from the standard commits of various government across the world.
2 institute of Electrical and electrical engineer (IEEE): It is an international professional nonprofit
organization Electronic computers and communication engineers researches and scientist and student are the
member of IEEE
3 International engeering task (IETF): It is a large international community of network designer, operator,
vendor and researchers concord with the development of internet, architecture and smooth operation of
internet
4 International telecommunication unio(ITU): The organization is specialized agency that is responsible
for resolving the issue concern with information and communication technologies
5 American national standard institute (ANSI): It is the official standard agency fr the united states ANSI
is a completely private nonprofit organization comprised of equipment manufactures and user of data
processing equipment and services. , processes, system and personal in the United States.
Q22 Define network architecture?
ANS Network architecture: It is the design of a computer network. It is the frame work for the
specification of a network physical components, their function organized and configuration operational
producers and communication protocols used. Just like OSI/TCP layered architecture.
Q23 Why OSI model is broken up in layers?
ANS OSI models are broken up in model because it will be easy for trouble shooting the network problem
only the layers in which the problems only the layers in which the problem exit will be modified, other
layers are left untouched.
Q24 What is ISO`s OSI model?
ANS ISO`s OSI model: The operating system interconnection model is a conceptual model develop by
ISO. It characterized and standardize the communication function of a telecommunication and computing
network. Its goal is the interoperability of different communication system with standard communication
protocols. This model divide a communication system into seven abstraction layers.
Q25 What is the function of all layers of ISO`s OSI model?
ANS
s.no Layers Functions
1 Physical It is responsible for converting electric signal into bits. It also defines the cable types
to be used as transmission media, cards, topology and other physical aspects
2 Data links This layers is responsible to transmit data using physical addresses.
3 Network The function of this layers is the selection of the shortest and suitable path form
sources to destination from the number of routes available.
4 Transport It ensure the reliable transmission of data. Transport layers manages error control,
floe control and quality of the services.
5 Session This layers establishes, maintain and ends a session or logical connection between
two computers. It can manage who can transmit data at a certain time and foe hoe
long
6 Presentation It receives information from the application layers and converts ot to uniform
network format (ASCII or Unicode) which is acceptable by rest of OSI model and
destination.
7 Applications This applications enable us to access the network with applications such as email,
file transfer, etc. These applications produce a data which is transferred over the
network.
 Page 22 of 28

Q26 What is TCP/IP model?

ANS TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocol used to inter correct network devices on the network.
These are set of rules and procedure TCP/IP specifies how data is exchange over the internet by providing
end to end communication.
Q27 Describes the layer of function of layers in TCP/IP model?
ANS
OSI latters TCP/ IP layers Function
Application Application Using protocol like HTTP and FTP, this layers allows interaction with
Presentation layers application.
Session Application layers is also responsible to encode and decode data and
establish communication between two devices.
Using protocol like UDP and TCP this layesr establish a lofical
Transport Transport layer connection between two devices and makes sure the reliable delivery of
data.
Network Internet layers It is responsible for packet forwarding by accessing physical path.
Data link Network access Using a logical addressing this layer decides how data will be sent
Physical layer across different networks path.

Q28 Define network addressing?

ANS Network Addressing: A network address is a unique physical or logical address that
distinguishes a network node or device over a computer or telecommunications network.
Q29 Definite between physical address and logical address.
ANS
S no Physical address Logical address
1 Physical address is a attaches with rom of Logical address is a assigned to a device.
CNIC card
2 Physical address means MAC(media Logical address is a IP address which that is
access control)provide by manufacture provided by your internet services provider (ISP)
and attached address of the NIC The card or set by network administer
which I used to connect the machine to
the internet
3 Physical address cannot be change. It is Logical address can be changed
also called hardware adders
4 Physical address Is a 48 bi tmac address Logics address is a 38 bit IP address.
5 It is globally unique and permanent It is unique in a network and temporary.

Q30 DefineIPV4 address?

ANS IPV4 address: IPV4 stands for internet protocol version 4. AnIPV4 address is made up of 32 binary
bits which is divided in to two parts network and host. The host portion define the computer or any other
computing devices and the network portion the address the computer network.
 Page 23 of 28

Chapter 6
Q1 what dos web development means and how it can be done?
ANS Development of web site and online application is called web site. And it is done by coding in
different language by using several wed development tool and framework.
Q2 Define the followings term?
ANS
(1) World wide web. (6) Search engine.
(2)Web page. (7) Home page.
(3) Web site. (8) Web hosting.
(4) Web browser. (9) Web server.
(5) Uniform resources locator (URL).
(1) World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web (WWW) is commonly known as web. The web
is collection of computers connected through a network to provide publicity accessible information.

(2) Web page: A web page is a document commonly written in HTML. This is accessible through
internet by using internet browser.

(3) Web site: A web site is a collection of web pages containing text, images and all types of
multimedia related to a specific set of information. A web site can be accessed through a uniform
resources locator (URL).

(4) Web browser: A software application used to access information on the World Wide Web.

(5) Uniform resources locator(URL): It is used to address of a resources of the internet (e.g.
https://.google.com)

(A) The protocol used to access the resources (http ://)

(B) The location of server. (Www Google.com)

(6) Search engine: A search engine is a web base tool that enable a user to locate information on the
web. Most popular search engine are Google, yahoo.

(7) Home page: A home page is also known as (landing page) is a web page that serves as the starting
point of the web page.

(8) Web hosting: A web hosting is a service that allows a web developer to make a website publicity
accessible through the internet.

(9) Web server: A web server is a computer that responsible for serving a website and all pf its contents
including text and media to a user.
 Page 24 of 28

Q3 Definite between the web hosting and web server?

ANS
S Web hosting Web server
n
o
1 It is a server to allow a user to create a website.
A web server is a computer that has responsible to
serving websites.
2 Hosting means that all the webpages and their The web server will sent any webpage from the
supporting files are available on that computer. website. It is hosting to any user browser to per
user request.
3 It is special package for user It is special connectio0n for the user.
4 Money is not included. Money is included.
5 A web host can be a service that has access to A sever dedicate to running this software that can
an inter net server. satisfy client request on the world wide web.
6 It is a server provided by a companion. A web server can in general contain one or more
websites
7 Many developers can programs involve any A wb server processes incoming network request
provide website for the people. over HTTP.

Q4 Discuss different type of websites?

ANS (1) Portal: A portal is a website that provides a single access point of information for all of its user.
It collects information from different sources like email forums search engine and present to the user
in a uniform way. Yahoo and MNS are common example of web portal.
(2) News: A news website is a modern day alternative for newspaper such websites contain everyday
information related to currents affairs, sports, politics, weather, health, technology, entertainment etc.
(3)Informational: Informational web sites detail information of any fields they are many dedicated
informational websites for science, art, sports, online training, research etc.
(4) Educational: Educational websites are purely designed to provide educational material foe both
teachers and students such as sabaq.pk, khan academy .org, etc.
(5) Personal: A person who share his or her bio grapy or achievement in a custom development
websites.
(6) Business: A business website is a best way of organization to market their products and
receives. It also tell about the team, policies and procedure of that business. For instance,
www.psx.com.pk is the website of Pakistan stock exchange.
(7) Blogs: A blog is a special type of websites that is composed of articles and post. These articles
are organized into categories and sorts by the time when they were publish word press is a popular
website.
(8) Forums: A forum is an online place where different user can discuss about any topic. These topic
can be categorized so that user can easily locate topic their interest.
(9) Entertainment: A entertainment websites can serves content like videos or game purely for the
purpose of entertainment. YouTube is widely used for entertainment.
 Page 25 of 28

(10) Social: social website is a plat form where platform where different people get together and
socialized with each other. They can also share their ideas, opinions and media. Facebook and twitter
are instances of social networking websites.

Q5 Define hype text markup?

ANS Hypertext markup (HTML) It is standard markup language foe text document. It allow the user to
create structure content by adding headings, paragraphs, links, block quotes and other media.
Q6 Explain the steps of involved in creating web pages in HTML?
ANS creating a simple web page. It is very easy it requires a text editor a file with html extension and a
web browser to view that page.
Step1: Text editor: Start by simply creating a new blank file in a text editor of your choice. A simple text
editor like not pad can be used to start coding HTML foe a web page.
Step2: write HTML code in text editor
Example:
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>my website</title>
</head>
<Body>
Welcome to my first web page.
</body>
<Html>
Step3: save html page: Go to file menu and click on save. Make sure to provide .html or. Html extension
for the file begin saved. This will save the document web page instead of a plain text file.
Step 4: View HTML page on Brower: Open the save html file in your default web browser. The web
browser will be automatically translate HTML codes to correctly display the web page.
Q7 Define html page?
ANS HTML tags: HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. These elements are define by
placing HTML tags in our documents. These tags are placed in angular bracket.
Q8 Different between <head>, <title> and <h1> to<h6> tags.
ANS
S Head Title H1 to H6
no
1 It is used to define additional It is used to define title of a It is used to define six level of
information about the web page. html heading.
page.
2 It contain a set of tags such Title are very important to It is used for heading purpose
as<title>, <meta>, <style>, every website. like highest , lightest etc.
<script>.
3 Mostly used for formatting It display on search engine It5 is mostly used for heading
purpose. result page. level of website
4 It also include each separate Title present main content of a H1 toH6 may be left margin
headings. page. center or right
 Page 26 of 28

Q9 Definite between order and unordered list?

ANS
S Ordered list Unordered list
no
1 An ordered list also display a list of related An unordered list also display a list of related item
item in which ordered of the list is important. in which order of the list is not important.
2 EG. Names of student in order to their exam EG. Names of fruit. Names of place. Name of
list. restaurant.
3 These list of items with n8mber d=starting These list of item which bullet item
from I.
4 It is mostly used in official purpose. It is mostly used on general purpose.

Q10 How can we change the back ground of the HTML document o an image or to a color other than
white also explain bg color and background attribute.
ANS To add background color in HTML, use the CSS background-color property. Set it to the color name
or code you want and place it inside a style attribute. Then add this style attribute to an HTML element, like
a table, heading, div, or span tag.
Bg color: This attribute is used to change the color of the entire web page. Its color value can be defined as
RGB code, hexadecimal code or by color name. For instance.to set the back ground color of the web page to
green we can use these value: rgb (0, 255, 0):#00FF00: green EG <body bg color=”green” >.
Back ground: This attribute id\s used to display an image as the background of the web page. Its value will
be the reference ir URL of the background image. EG<body background=”image”. Jpg”>.
Q11 How we can create a hyper link to an external web page or within in same web page?
ANS 1 Use the <a> element to define a link.
2 Use the href attribute to define the link address.
3 Use the target attribute to define where to open the linked document.
4 Use the <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link. More item.
Q12 What type of html elements is used to display data in rows and column? Discuss some of its
formatting features.
ANS 1 Tables: Table allow displaying the content (like text, image, and links) in the form of rows and
columns. The coordinating placed of a row with a column is called cell.
2 Rows and columns: Rows are horizontal lines and columns are vertical lines.
3 Table heading: Table heading allows defining a header for the columns of our table. Cell is define
by <th> tag is placed inside a<tr> row tag it is used for the definite from the content placed inside
normal<td> tags data cells. To make the entire header raw stand our from the rest of the table content s,
define <th> tags foe all columns of tge first <tr> row tag of any <table> tag.
 Page 27 of 28

4 Table data: The content is placed inside a cell in table by using <td> table data tag. A cell can
contain any type of data such as text. Image. Media, links etc.
5 Cell attribute:
S Attribute value Description
no
1 Align Left: Specifics the alignment of the content inside the cell.
Center:
Right
2 Valign Top: Vertically aligns the content in a cell.
Middle:
Bottom:
Baseline
3 Cols pan number Specifies the number of columns a cell should merge into
4 Rows pan Number Sets the number of roes a cell should merge into.

Q13 Explain frames and freshet along with their attributes?

ANS Frames: HTML frames are powerful element which allow displaying the content or another. HTML
document within web page. A web page can be divided into multiple section and each section can display all
content from a different web page by using frames.
S no Attribute Value Description
1 Src Url Define the url of the page which should be displayed in the frame.
2 Margin high pixels Define top and bottom spaces of a frame.
3 Margin pixels Define left and right spaces of a frame.
width
4 No resized No resize Define if the user can change the frame size or not.
5 scrolling Yes :no :auto Define if the scroll bar should be displayed within the frame or not.

Framesets: Framne sheets define how a web page is divided in to woes and columns to display
multiple frames on that web page. It is define by <frameset> tag and contains one or more <frame> tags.
S no Attribute Value Description
1 cols Pixels:% Define the number and the size of frame columns.
2 rows Pixels:% Define the number and size of frame rows.

Q14 List some popular text editor and tools which help in designing and development of websites.
ANS Following is the list of some of the tools thqat helps in designing and development a website
.
S no Tools Text editor
1 Microsoft Not
front page epa
d
2 Coral draw Text mate
3 Adobe Dreamweaver Vim
4 Word press PS pad
5 Microsoft visual studio Coda
6 WIX APTANA
 Page 28 of 28

7 Figma etc. Aptana