Design Examples

1. Two identical bar racks; mechanically cleaned,  = 75°; bar spacing (clear) = 2.5
cm;
Qpeak = 1.321 m3/sec; Q max = 0.916 m3 /sec; Qave = 0.441 m3 /sec
Velocity through rack at Qpeak = 0.9 m/sec
Velocity through rack at Q max = 0.6 m/sec
Velocity through rack at Qave = 0.4 m/sec
Diameter of the conduit = 1.53 m;
slope of the conduit = 0.00047 m/m; velocity at Q peak = 0.88 m/sec; depth of flow in the
conduit at Qpeak = 1.18 m
A. Design bar racks
1.Compute bar spacing’s and dimensions of the bar rack chamber
Use peak wet weather flow for the rack chamber design.
Clear area through rack openings = Qpeak/vmax = 1.321 m3/sec  0.9 m/sec = 1.47 m2

Clear width of the rack opening = A/d = 1.47 m 2/1.18 m = 1.25 m

Provide 50 clear spacing’s at 25 mm
Total clear width of the rack chamber 50 * 25 mm * 10 -3 m/mm = 1.25 m
Total number of bars = 49
 Provide bars with 10 mm width
Width of the chamber = 1.25 m + 49 * 10 mm*10 -3 m/mm = 1.74 m
2. Calculate the efficiency coefficient
Clear opening 50∗25
Efficiency coeff. = = = 0.72
Width of the chamber 1740

3. Compute the actual depth of flow and velocity in the rack chamber at Q peak
2 2
𝑣1 𝑣2
Energy equation 𝑍1 + 𝑑1 + = 𝑍2 + 𝑑2 + + ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔

2 2
𝑣1 − 𝑣2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝑒 ( )
2𝑔

The chamber floor is horizontal; Z = 0; the invert of the incoming conduit = 8 cm above the
2
reference datum; K = 0.3
e

0.882 (1.321/(1.74 ∗ 𝑑2 ))2 0.882 (1.321/(1.74 ∗ 𝑑2 ))2

0.08 + 1.18 + = 0 + 𝑑2 + + 0.3 ( − )
19.62 19.62 19.62 19.62

Simplifying the previous equation:

3 2
d − 1.288 d + 0.021 = 0
2 2
Solving the above equation by trial and error
𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎
𝟐
𝑣2 = 1.321⁡(1.74 ∗ 1.28𝑚) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
4. Compute velocity V through the clear opening

Flow 1.321
𝑉= = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝒎/𝒔 < 𝟎. 𝟗𝒎/𝒔
Net area at the rack 1.25∗1.28

May redesign with 48 or 49 clear openings. The width of the chamber will be reduced and higher
velocity through the screen will be encountered.

5. Compute headloss through the bar rack

1 𝑉 2 − 𝑣2 2 1 0.832 − 0.592
ℎ𝐿 = ( )= ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒎
𝐶 2𝑔 0.7 19.62
 𝑊 4⁄3 49 ∗ 10 4⁄3 0.832
ℎ𝐿 =  ( ) ℎ𝑣 sin  = 2.42 ∗ ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛75° = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝒎
𝑏 50 ∗ 25 19.62

6. Compute the flow depth and velocity in the rack chamber below the rack Depth and velocity in
2 2
𝑣2 𝑣3
the chamber 𝑑2 + = 𝑑3 + + ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔

0.592 (1.321/(1.74 ∗ 𝑑3 ))2

1.28 + = 𝑑3 + + 0.025
19.62 19.62

Simplifying this equation:

3 2
𝑑 − 1.273 𝑑 + 0.029 = 0
3 3
Solving the equation by trial and error, d = 1.25 m and v = 0.61 m/sec.
3 3

7. Compute the headloss through the rack at 50% clogging

At 50% clogging of the rack, the clear area through the rack is reduced to half and the headloss
through the rack is obtained from the energy equation
2 2
𝑣́ 2 𝑣3
𝑑́2 + = 𝑑3 + + ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔
’ ’
Assume outlet channel do not change. i.e., d = d and v = v
3 3 3 3
1 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 − 𝑣́ 2 2
ℎ50 = ( )
0.7 2𝑔

1.321 2.114
Velocity through rack openings at 50% clogging 𝑣 = ́ =
1.25∗0.5∗𝑑́2 𝑑́2
1.321 0.76
v2 ́ = =
1.74 ∗ d́2 d́2
2 2 2
(0.76⁄d́2 ) 0.612 1 (2.114⁄d́2 ) − (0.76⁄d́2 )
d́2 + = 1.25 + + ( )
19.62 19.62 0.7 19.62

Simplifying this equation:

’ 3 ’ 2
𝑑 − 1.269 𝑑 − 0.254 = 0
2 2
’ ’
Solving this equation by trial and error: d = 1.40 m and v = 0.54 m/s
2 2

Velocity through rack openings = 2.114/1.4 = 1.51 m/sec

 The headloss under 50% clogging:⁡ℎ50 = 1.4 𝑚 − 1.25 𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎
1 V 2 − v2 2 1 1.512 − 0.542
h50 = ( )= ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝐦
C 2g 0.7 19.62

v = 2 ∗ v = 2 ∗ 0.83 = 1.66 m/sec, v

= 0.59 m/sec⁡
50 2
1 𝑉 2 − 𝑣2 2 1 1.662 − 0.592
ℎ50 = ( )= ( ) = 0.18𝑚 > 0.15m
𝐶 2𝑔 0.7 19.62
Headloss increase due to 50% clogging = 0.18 - 0.025 = 0.155m
 2. Design of Primary Sedimentation basin
The average flow rate at a small sewage treatment plant is 20000 m3/d. The observed peak
flow rate is 50000 m3/d. Design rectangular primary clarifier with a channel width of 6 m.
Use minimum two clarifiers. Calculate the scour velocity to determine if settled material will
become resuspended. Estimate the BOD and TSS removal at average and peak flow. Adopt
an overflow rate of 40 m3/m2.day at average flow and side water depth of 4 m.

Solution:
1) Assume surface settling rate = 40 m3/m2 .d
Therefore, the surface area of the tank = Q/Vo = 20000 / 40 = 500 m2
2) Length of tank (L) = A/W = 500/ (2*6) = 41.7 (42 m) (For two tanks)
3) Detention time and overflow rate at average flow
Tank Volume = 4* 2 (42*6) = 2016 m3
Overflow rate = Q/A = 20000/2(6*42) = 39.7 m 3/m2.d
Detention time = Vol/Q = (2016*24)/20000 = 2.42 h
4) Detention time and overflow rate at peak flow
Overflow rate = Q/A = 50000/2(6*42) = 99.2 m 3/m2.d
Detention time = Vol/Q = (2016*24)/50000 = 0.97 h
The scour velocity is

=
Horizontal velocity for peak flow = Q/A = 25000/(2*6*3.5) = 595.24 m/d = 0.0069 m/sec
Which is < 0.063 m/sec, Hence O.K.
TSS removal rate R = t/(a+b.t) = 2.1/(0.0075+0.014*2.1) = 56.9%
At peak flow = 437.5/12500 = 0.84 h
TSS removal = 0.84/0.0075+0.014*0.84 = 43.61%

3. Designing a long-rectangular settling basin for type -2 settling: A city must treat about
15000 m3/d of water. Flocculating particles are produced by coagulation, and a column
analysis indicates that an overflow rate of 20 m/d will produce satisfactory removal at a depth
of 3.5 m. Determine the size of the required tank.
SOLUTION:
1- Compute surface area (provide two tanks at 7500 m3/d each)
Q= vs . As
7500 m3/d =As × 20 m/d
As =7500/2= 375 m2
2-Select a length- to-width ratio of 3/1, calculate surface dimensions:
w× 3w= 375 m2 Width=11.18 say 11 m Length= 33.54 say 34 m
Design of Sedimentation Basins
3- Check the retention time:
T=volume/flow rate =(11m× 34m× 3.5m) /(7500 m3/d × 1 d/24h) =4.19 h
4-Check horizontal velocity: Vh =Q/As =(7500 m3/d× d/24h)/11m× 3.5m = 8.1 m/h
5-Check weir overflow rate. If simple weir is placed across end of tank, overflow length will 11 m
and overflow rate would be:
7500m3/d× 1d/24h× 1/11m =28.4 m3/h.m
Five times this length will be needed
4.Designing a circular settling basin: Using the data in above example, determine the
diameter required for settling basins.
Solution:
1- Again providing two tanks, the surface area is calculated as before As =375 m2
Design of Sedimentation Basins
2- The diameter is calculated by
πd2/4 = 375 m2 d=21.85 say 22 m

5. An activated sludge system is to be used for secondary treatment of 10,000 m 3/day of

municipal wastewater. After primary clarification, the BOD is 150 mg/L, and it is desired
to have not more than 5 mg/L of soluble BOD in the effluent. A completely mixed reactor
is to be used, and pilot - plant analysis has established the following kinetic values ;

 Y = 0.5 kg / kg
 kd = 0.05 1 / day
Assuming an MLSS concentration of 3,000 mg/L and an underflow concentration of 10,000 mg/L
from the secondary clarifier, determine ;

A. The volume of the reactor

B. The mass and volume of solids that must be wasted each day

C. The recycle ratio

Solution

A.The volume of the reactor

B. The mass and volume of solids that must be wasted each day
C. The recycle ratio
 6. A prefabricated package plant is to be used to treat the wastewater from a resort area
consisting of 550 individual family residences. The average occupancy has been
estimated to be 2.9 persons per residence. Use a flow of 230 L/person.day and a daily
peaking factor of 2.5 for flow, BOD 5 and SS. Use an hourly peaking factor of 4 for
sizing the sedimentation facilities. Select the type of package plant and size the
principal components of the plant. Effluent BOD 5 concentration of the process must
be or lower than 30 mg/L.
Solution...

1. The total number of person : (550 home)(2.9 person/home) = 1,595 person

2. The corresponding average flowrate : (1,595 person)(0.230 m3/person.day) = 366.85
m3/day
3. The corresponding peak daily flowrate : (366.85 m3 /day)(2.5) = 917.13 m3/day
4. The average BOD 5 load : (1,595 persons)(80 g BOD 5/person.day) = 127,600 g BOD5/day
5. The corresponding BOD 5 concentration : (127,600 g/day) / (366.85 m3 /day) = 348 g/m3
(mg/L)
6. The average SS load : (1,595 persons)(90 g SS/person.day) = 143,550 g SS/day
7. The corresponding SS concentration : (143,550 g/day) / (366.85 m 3 /day) = 391 g/m3
(mg/L)
8. The peak daily BOD5 load : (127.60 kg BOD5/day)(2.5) = 319.00 kg BOD5 /day
9. The peak daily SS load : (143.55 kg SS/day)(2.5) = 358.88 kg SS/day
10. An extended aeration activated sludge process package plant is selected
11. The aeration time : 1.0 day
12. The aeration tank volume : (366.85 m3/day)(1.0 day) = 366.85 m3
13. The oxygen transfer efficiency : 6 %
14. The specific weight of air : 1.26 kg/m3
15. The oxygen content : 23.2 %
16. The air requirement : (319.00 kg BOD 5/day) / (1.26 kg/m3)(0.232)(0.06) = 18,187.83
m3/day
17. The peak hour factor for the settling tank : 4
18. The overflow rate for settling tank : 24 m3/m2.day
19. The surface area of settling tank : (366.85 m3 /day)(4) / 24 m3 /m2.day = 61.14 m2
20. The hydraulic detention time for settling tank : 0.5 h
21. The volume of the settling tank : (366.85 m3 /day)(4)(0.5 h) / 24 h/day = 30.57 m3