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ES202 - Signal Conditioning

The document discusses signal conditioning circuits including amplifiers and operational amplifiers. It describes analog to digital and digital to analog converters, including the quantization and encoding process to convert analog signals to digital form. It discusses resolution and quantization in ADCs as well as different types of ADCs such as dual slope and flush ADCs. The document also covers digital to analog conversion.

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himadeepthi sayani
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48 views40 pages

ES202 - Signal Conditioning

The document discusses signal conditioning circuits including amplifiers and operational amplifiers. It describes analog to digital and digital to analog converters, including the quantization and encoding process to convert analog signals to digital form. It discusses resolution and quantization in ADCs as well as different types of ADCs such as dual slope and flush ADCs. The document also covers digital to analog conversion.

Uploaded by

himadeepthi sayani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal conditioning Circuits

Amplifiers

 Electrical signals produced by most transducers are at a low


voltage and/or power level.
 It is necessary to amplify them before they are suitable for
transmission
 Requirement of analog or digital processing, indication, or
recording.
 The use of operational amplifiers in the construction of some
simple "homemade" devices.
Operational Amplifier
Data-Converter Circuits : Analog to Digital
(A/D) and Digital to analog (D/A)
 An electronic integrated circuit which transforms a
signal from analog (continuous) to digital (discrete)
form.
 Analog signals are directly measurable quantities.
 Digital signals only have two states. For digital
computer, we refer to binary states, 0 and 1
 Microprocessors can only perform complex processing on digitized signals.
 When signals are in digital form there are less effects of additive noise.
 ADC Provides a link between the analog world of transducers and the digital
world of signal processing and data handling. ADC are used virtually everywhere
where an
 analog signal has to be processed, stored, or transported in digital form.
 Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone, thermocouples,
and digital oscilloscope.
 Microcontrollers commonly use 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs, our micro controller
uses an 8 or 10 bit ADC
A/D converter and D/A Converters
Analog to Digital Digital to Analog

What parts of your iPhone Your internet access: Analog ?


operation are Analog ? / Digital Digital ?
Quantization and encoding
Most signals are
Need to Sample an analog
analog signal
Then convert to digital
by A/D converter

Are sensor outputs Analog ?

11
Quantization and encoding
Resolution and Quantization
Resolution and Quantization
Analog  Digital Conversion
2-Step Process:

• Quantizing - breaking down analog value to


set of finite states
• Encoding - assigning a digital word or number
to each state
Step 1: Quantizing
Example: a 3 bit A/D , N=23=8 (no. of steps)

Output Discrete Voltage


States Ranges (V)
0-10V signals. 0 0.00-1.25
Separated into discrete
states with 1.25V 1 1.25-2.50
increments. 2 2.50-3.75
Analog quantization size: 3 3.75-5.00
Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/N = (10V
– 0V)/8 = 1.25V 4 5.00-6.25
5 6.25-7.50
6 7.50-8.75
7 8.75-10.0
Encoding
give value to each state
Output Output Binary Equivalent
States
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Accuracy of A/D Conversion
two ways to improve accuracy:

• Increase resolution: improves accuracy in measuring


analog signal amplitude

• Increase sampling rate: increases max frequency


that can be measured.
Dual Slope A/D Converter
Dual Slope A/D Converter
Dual Slope A/D Converter
Flush A/D converter
D/A Conversion
Normal Output from digital domain is staircase
Filtered to produce smooth Analog output
Digital to Analog Conversion

Weighted Summing Circuit

vo = - [(Rf / R1) * v1 + (Rf / R2) * v2 +….+ (Rf / Rn) * vn]


Digital to Analog Conversion

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