Chapter 2

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Solutions

SECTION - A
1. Answer (2)
Genetic material (DNA) duplication takes place during S-phase (synthesis phase).

2. Answer (3)
Given diagram shows transition to metaphase because chromosomes are going to align at metaphasic plate.
3. Answer (1)
In animal cells, cytokinesis is achieved by furrow formation with the help of microfilaments.
4. Answer (3)
Site for attachment of spindle fibre is a proteinaceous disc in centromere region. This proteinaceous disc is
called kinetochore.
5. Answer (3)
The final stage of prophase I is marked by terminalisation of chiasmata. Final stage of prophase I is diakinesis.
6. Answer (3)
A pair of homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent. During pachytene stage bivalent becomes distinct.
It consists of 4 chromatids and two centromeres.
7. Answer (4)
Mitosis is helpful in growth, healing and regeneration, repair and maintenance of cell size.
8. Answer (4)
Cell cycle has two phases i.e., interphase and mitotic phase. Interphase comes between two successive M
phases, called preparatory phase.
9. Answer (1)
The cells that do not divide, exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called quiescent stage (G0) but, these
are metabolically active.

10. Answer (4)

Chromosomal condensation starts during prophase of cell division and completed by metaphase stage.
11. Answer (1)
Metaphasic chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids, which are held together by the centromere.
18 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Solutions of Assignment

12. Answer (2)

Splitting of centromere occurs during mitotic anaphase and meiotic anaphase II.

13. Answer (4)

The gap between meiosis I and meiosis II is interkinesis. During interkinesis DNA replication does not occur.

14. Answer (1)

Homologous chromosomes pair to form bivalent in zygotene stage of meiosis I.

15. Answer (1)

Recombination is the result of crossing over. Recombination is completed by the end of pachytene stage of
prophase-I.

16. Answer (2)

Leptotene – compaction of choromosomes
Diplotene – chiasmata formation,
Pachytene – use of recombinase enzyme
Diakinesis – terminalisation of chiasmata.

17. Answer (4)

Meristematic cells are responsible for the growth of plants. Mitotic division occurs in meristematic cells.

18. Answer (1)

DNA amount is
Pre mitotic gap phase (G2 )
 double but no change
Synthetic phase (S)
 in chromosome
Prophase (M)  number

Post mitotic gap phase (G1) – Amount of DNA is half as compare to S, G2 and M phases.

19. Answer (2)

Centrosomes radiate some microtubules called asters.

20. Answer (3)

Splitting of centromere and the separation of chromatids occur at anaphase.

21. Answer (3)

In plants, cytokinesis occurs by formation of cell plate while in animal cells, it occurs by formation of furrow.

22. Answer (1)

A pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is known as a bivalent.

23. Answer (4)

Synaptonemal complex forms at zygotene stage however it dissolves at diplotene stage.

24. Answer (1)

25. Answer (4)

26. Answer (2)

27. Answer (4)

Solutions of Assignment Cell Cycle and Cell Division 19
28. Answer (1)

29. Answer (1)

30. Answer (1)

31. Answer (4)

SECTION - B

1. Answer (2)
At the end of prophase cells do not show golgi complex, ER, nucleolus and nuclear membrane.

2. Answer (3)
Mitotic metaphase or metaphase II.

3. Answer (4)
Mitosis form one nucleus per daughter cell.
Multinucleate cell – when cytokinesis is not followed by karyokinesis.

4. Answer (3)
Diakinesis – transition to metaphase I.

5. Answer (1)
Anaphase I – homologous chromosomes separate.

6. Answer (1)
DNA replication, bivalent, formation and equational division occur once in meiosis.

7. Answer (1)
Yeast cell – divides in 90 mins
Cell cycle – interphase & M-phase
M-phase – starts with karyokinesis

8. Answer (1)
Amitosis

9. Answer (2)
Pachytene – Recombination nodule/crossing over

10. Answer (4)

Zygotene – Synaptonemal complex

11. Answer (4)

Metaphase – Chromosomes are thickest.

12. Answer (4)

Individuality of chromosomes is lost in telophase.

13. Answer (3)

Formation of new cell wall begins with cell plate.
20 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Solutions of Assignment

14. Answer (2)

Insulin & gibberellin – mitogens.
Rest all are mitotic poisons.

15. Answer (4)

Transition to metaphase.

16. Answer (3)

Chiasmata formation occur in diplotene stage.

17. Answer (4)

G0-quiescent stage (metabolically active but do not proliferate)

18. Answer (4)

Centromere splits – Anaphase II

19. Answer (3)

Prophase I – longest phase of meiosis I.

20. Answer (3)

M-phase (mitosis) – restore nucleocytoplasmic ratio.

21. Answer (3)

Complete disintegration of nuclear membrane marks the beginning of metaphase.

22. Answer (1)

Interkinesis do not show DNA synthesis.

23. Answer (3)

G1 phase – most of the cell organelles duplicate.
S phase – DNA synthesis

24. Answer (2)

A – Metaphase I, B – Anaphase I

25. Answer (3)

Meiosis produces haploid gametes that after fusion form diploid organisms.

26. Answer (1)

BAC

27. Answer (3)

In animal cells cytokinesis is centripetal.

28. Answer (2)

G1 = 20, S = 20, M - 20 as mitosis is an equational division

29. Answer (3)

Higher plants lack centriole and asters.

30. Answer (1)

Amitosis or direct cell division – lack spindle fibres.
Solutions of Assignment Cell Cycle and Cell Division 21

SECTION - C
1. Answer (3)
Crossing over takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes at pachytene stage

2. Answer (3)
Meiosis I is reductional division thus the resultant cell just after meiosis I will have half the number of
chromosomes as compared to diploid parent cells. Therefore if the parent cell has 4C amount of DNA the
daughter cell will have 2C amount of DNA and each gamete will have 1C amount of DNA.

3. Answer (4)
The correct sequence of phases of cell cycle is
G1  S  G2  M

4. Answer (2)
Synaptonemal complex disintegrates. Terminalisation begins at diplotene stage i.e. chiasmata start to shift
towards end.

5. Answer (2)
The correct sequence of events during mitosis would be as follows
(i) Condensation of DNA so that chromosomes become visible occurs during early to
mid-prophase.
(ii) Nuclear membrane disassembly begins at late prophase or transition to metaphase.
(iii) Arrangement of chromosomes at equator occurs during metaphase, called congression.
(iv) Centromere division or splitting occurs during anaphase forming daughter chromosomes.
(v) Segregation also occurs during anaphase as daughter chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
(vi) Telophase leads to formation of two daughter nuclei.

6. Answer (3)
Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) is a protein necessary for separation of daughter chromosomes during
anaphase. If APC is defective then the chromosomes will fail to segregate during anaphase.

7. Answer (1)
DNA replication occurs in S-phase of cell cycle.

8. Answer (1)
G1 / S check point of cell cycle is a major check point.

9. Answer (1)
Pachytene - Stage of crossing over
Metaphase-I - Chromosome align at equatorial plate
Diakinesis - Terminalisation of chiasmata
Zygotene - Pairing of homologous chromosome

10. Answer (2)

Leptotene - Condensation of chromatin
Zygotene - Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
Pachytene - Crossing over
Diplotene - Dissolution of synaptonemal complex and appearance of chiasmata
Diakinesis - Terminalisation of chiasmata
22 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Solutions of Assignment

11. Answer (3)

Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes

12. Answer (1)

Synapsis is pairing of homologous chromosomes. It occurs during zygotene stage of meiosis.

13. Answer (3)

The sequence of events during meiosis are
(i) Synapsis (Zygotene) (ii) Crossing over (Pachytene)
(iii) Terminalisation of chiasmata (iv) Disappearance of nucleolus

14. Answer (3)

15. Answer (4)

G1  2C ; S  4C ; G2  4 C ; M  2 C

16. Answer (1)

S- phase  Synthesis phase. DNA replication occurs in this phase.

17. Answer (1)

Recombinase enzyme is responsible for crossing over.

18. Answer (4)

19. Answer (2)

20. Answer (4)

Reproductive cells or germ cells.

21. Answer (1)

22. Answer (3)

Because, representation is of exchange of genetic segment between non sister chromatids i.e., crossing over
which occurs during Pachytene stage of Prophase I of meiosis.

23. Answer (3)

24. Answer (1)

Poleward movement of chromosome  Anaphase

25. Answer (1)

26. Answer (1)

ER and nucleolus begin to disappear at early prophase where condensation of chromatin begins.

27. Answer (4)

A – Late Anaphase : because chromatids have reached to their respective poles.
B – Prophase : Chromatin material condensation and centriole movement begins.

28. Answer (2)

A–Karyokinesis, B–Anaphase, C–Cytokinesis
Solutions of Assignment Cell Cycle and Cell Division 23
29. Answer (3)
Homologous chromosomes are two similar chromosomes contributed by both parents.

30. Answer (3)

DNA replication and histone protein synthesis occurs in S-phase.

31. Answer (4)

Movement of chromosomes towards poles, it provides site for attachment of spindle fibres.

32. Answer (3)

Small cells - Surface area to volume ratio high exchange rate of nutrients fast.

33. Answer (3)

In a cell cycle DNA synthesis occurs only in S-phase.

34. Answer (3)

Metaphase – Metaphasic plate

35. Answer (2)

Because number of chromosome remain same in mitosis  it is equational division.

36. Answer (4)

Because centromere split and chromatid move towards respective poles.

37. Answer (3)

Colchicine checks assembly of microtubules and prevents their polymerisation.

38. Answer (1)

Nuclear envelope reappears in telophase.

39. Answer (1)

Centriole is not present in plant cell.

40. Answer (2)

175
In 175 minutes  = = 5 time division will occur
35
5
1 2 4 8 16 32 × 10
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

41. Answer (3)

Kinetochore is a disc like structure present at centromere.

42. Answer (2)

Because it is apical meristem where actively dividing cells are present.

43. Answer (2)

Because colchicine affects microtubules synthesis
thus, arrest cell division at anaphase stage, 2n  4n

44. Answer (1)

Metaphase stage can be most conveniently looked because at this stage chromosomes are completely
condensed.
24 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Solutions of Assignment

45. Answer (2)

Farmer and Moore coined the term meiosis.

46. Answer (1)

Meiocyte = 2C
at G2 stage = 4C = 20
20
Meiotic II products = C = = 5 pg
4
 5 pg

47. Answer (3)

Tubulin protein is composition of microtubules which in turn form mitotic spindle.

48. Answer (2)

Homologous chromosomes

Non-Sister
Sister chromatids
chromatids

SECTION - D

1. Answer (2)
2. Answer (2)
G1  S  G2
2n = 20 2n = 20 2n = 20
2C = 20 Pg 4C =40 Pg 4C = 40 Pg
(end of S-phase)
3. Answer (2)
4. Answer (2)
Meiosis has single cycle of DNA replication but two cycle of nuclear and cell division.
5. Answer (4)
6. Answer (4)
a – G2, b – M, c – G1, d – G1, e – S
7. Answer (1)
M-phase is the most dramatic period of cell cycle.
8. Answer (2)
Plants  centrifugal cytokinesis, animals  centripetal cytokinesis
9. Answer (1)
Cells remain metabolically active.
10. Answer (2)
Solutions of Assignment Cell Cycle and Cell Division 25
11. Answer (4)
12. Answer (2)
2n = 20
Number of bivalents/tetrads = Haploid set of chromosomes.
13. Answer (3)
Meiosis is responsible for conservation of specific chromosome number across the generation in sexually
reproducing organisms.
14. Answer (2)
15. Answer (4)
16. Answer (2)
Colchicine – Mitotic poison
17. Answer (1)
Metaphase-I – Bivalent chromosomes align at equator
18. Answer (3)
Crossing over occurs in meiosis
19. Answer (1)
(2), (3) & (4)  occur during meiosis
20. Answer (3)
Interphase share > 95% duration of cell cycle.
21. Answer (3)
Equational or mitotic division in meristems results in continuous growth of plants
22. Answer (2)
23. Answer (4)
Anaphase I – Homologous chromosomes separate, Anaphase II – chromatids separate.
24. Answer (3)
Number of bacterial cells = 2n
Total time in minute (min)
n
Time of binary fission (min)
180
So, n  6
30
Number of bacterial cells = 26 × 109
= 64 × 109 cells
25. Answer (1)
Duplication of genes or chromosome occurs only once during S-phase of interphase.
26. Answer (3)
It is formed by mitotic cyclin and cdc 2 kinase.
27. Answer (3)
CDKs are responsible for controlling cell cycle.
28. Answer (3)
Chromosome number remains same only DNA content doubles in S-phage of cell cycle.
26 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Solutions of Assignment

29. Answer (1)

During this phase if cell is signalled not to divide further then it enters quiescent stage where cell remains
metabolically active but do not proliferate unless they are called to do so.
30. Answer (2)
A – M-phase C – G1 phase
B – G0 phase D – G2 phase
31. Answer (2)

Chromatin fibre duplication

Genetic material - 4C
Chromosome duplication In nucleus
DNA replication

Centriole duplication in cytoplasm.

32. Answer (1)
Major cell organelles duplicate in G1 Phase.
33. Answer (2)
Because mitosis is equational division occuring in somatic cells.
34. Answer (2)
Because plant cell lack centriole and centrioles are responsible for formation of astral rays.
35. Answer (2)
Longest phase – Prophase
Shortest phase – Anaphase
36. Answer (4)
Because meristem cell will undergo mitosis and each mitotic division will yield 2 equal daughter cell from one
diploid cell.
 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

37. Answer (1)

Invisible phase of cell cycle – Interphase
Polar movement of chromatids – Anaphase
Recombination nodules formation – Pachytene
38. Answer (2)

Phragmoplast

In plant cell, cytoplasm divides by cell plate formation.

39. Answer (1)

Early prophase when chromosome appear as ball of wool is known as spireme stage.
Solutions of Assignment Cell Cycle and Cell Division 27
40. Answer (3)
Spindle apparatus without astral fibers and centrioles is called anastral and acentric.

41. Answer (3)

Spindle fibres  Microtubules  Tubulin proteins

42. Answer (2)

43. Answer (2)

Homologous pair of chromosome forms double metaphasic plate.

44. Answer (4)

Morphology of chromosome  Metaphase
Shape of chromosome  Anaphase

45. Answer (4)

Amount of DNA is also reduced to half after meiosis II, while chromosome number reduce to half after
meiosis I.

46. Answer (2)

First division is reductional i.e., Meiosis I and second is equational division i.e., Meiosis II

47. Answer (4)

Egg of an organism = 10 pg DNA because egg is haploid
i.e., (C) = 10 pg
Amount of DNA in diploid cell = 2C,
After S-phase DNA contents doubles
 in G2 phase = DNA content = 4C
 4C = 4 × 10
= 40 Pg

48. Answer (3)

Because 1 meiotic division will produce 4 haploid cell
For 102  Number of meiotic division (n)

102
  25.5 . But a division cannot be 0.5 so it must be 26.
4
49. Answer (3)
Synaptonemal complex and nuclear envelope completely disappear at the end of diakinesis.

50. Answer (3)

Diploid cell will have 2C and after S phase it will become 4C
 4 × 20 = 80 pg
28 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Solutions of Assignment

51. Answer (1)

Leptotene  Bouquet stage
52. Answer (3)
i.e., a  Desynapsis
c  Dictyotene stage
f  Longest phase of Prophase-I
53. Answer (3)
Stage of crossing over  Pachytene stage

54. Answer (3)

Longest phase of prophase I-Diplotene
55. Answer (2)

= Pachytene, where crossing over takes place.

56. Answer (3)

Chiasmata slips towards the end of chromosome-diakinesis.
57. Answer (3)
Diploid cell intially = 2C
In S-phase = 2 × 2C = 4C
 In G2 Phase = 4C
Meiotic products = C
32
  8 pg
4
58. Answer (1)
Meiosis reduces chromosome number to half in gametes thus maintains same chromosome number in zygote
of the species.

59. Answer (3)

Diplotene stage is suspended in oocytes of some vertebrates.
60. Answer (4)
Spindle fibre get shorten in anaphase.

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