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Topic 3

The document discusses the elements and types of propositions in logic. It defines judgment and propositions, and explains the key elements of a proposition including quantifiers, subject and predicate terms, copula, and quality.

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Shineeljay Tumipad
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9 views9 pages

Topic 3

The document discusses the elements and types of propositions in logic. It defines judgment and propositions, and explains the key elements of a proposition including quantifiers, subject and predicate terms, copula, and quality.

Uploaded by

Shineeljay Tumipad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JUDGMENT

AND
PROPOSITION
The second act of intellect is judgment that announces the agreement and
disagreement of ideas. The agreement or disagreement of ideas is the expression
of truth or its error. It is therefore, the affirmation or denial of one concept with
another. Not all statements are judgment: it has to fulfill its prerequisite before it
could be considered a judgment.

A person must have an understanding of two concepts that he/she intends to


make a judgment of. It is important that those ideas are clear and comprehensible
to the individual. The mind must also have an understanding of the identity or
nonidentity of the two concepts for the agreement and disagreement to establish.
Then compare the two concepts objectively so that agreement or disagreement
can be compared. It is composed of different ideas and the pronouncement
whether they are in agreement or not.
A statement has truth value – it can be true or false. All propositions are
sentences but not all sentences are propositions. Statements are primarily
designed to provide information. It may also be used to express feelings, or elicit
emotional response. Thus, a proposition must state a judgment. A proposition is
a judgment expressed in a sentence. Propositions may affirm or deny
anything and it may express truth or falsity.

Elements of the Proposition

Q – Quantifier
S – Subject
C – Copula
P – Predicate
The Quantifiers

This indicates the number of subject in a proposition. There are several types of
quantifier.

1. Universal Quantifier. A term is said to be universal if it is introduced by all,


anything, anyone, everybody, each, no, nothing, no one, whoever, and articles
a and an for universal ideas.

Examples:

All pencils are writing materials.


CJ Nazareno is the first female Chief Justice.

Universal Quantifiers – anybody, always, every, never, whatever, whichever.


2. Particular Quantifier. A term that uses words such as some, few, majority, etc.
indicates partial proposition. These quantifiers claim at least that one member
of the class is a member of the class.

Examples:

Some items in the test are difficult to answer.


At least one student is an officer.

Particular quantifiers – someone, something, somebody, sometimes, several,


plenty, most, many, a good number, almost all, practically all, not many, not all, the
use of numbers like 5 kilos, 30% or 200.
Subject Term and Predicate Term

Something that is affirmed or denied in a proposition is the subject term. The


term that is affirmed or denied of the subject term is the predicate term. The
subject is usually the first term before a copula. The predicate term usually
comes after the copula.

Examples:

All college professors are literate.


No public servant is corrupt.
Copula

The linking verbs is, are, was, were and others are used as copula indicating an
agreement or disagreement between subject term and predicate term. It gives the
form of a proposition. It is an indication whether the statement is positive or
negative.

Examples:

Every man is mortal.


Some animals are not created equal.
Quality

There are only two qualities of a proposition. It is either affirmative (positive) or


negative. To determine the quality of a proposition, one has to consider looking into
the copula. It determines the relationship between the subject term and the
predicate term.

If the subject affirms or is in unity with the predicate, then it is said to be an


affirmative proposition.

Examples:

All citizens are rational.


Some dogs are pug.
A negative proposition also exists when a proposition begins with no or not.

Examples:

No politicians are irrational.


Not all officers are irresponsible.

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