2.

61 Internal Combustion Engine

Quiz 3/16/2017 — Open book

Problem 1 (10 points)

The engine map for a passenger car is shown in the

accompanying figure. (It is the Toyota 3 liter, 6-
cylinder SI engine for the Camry vehicle.) The
vehicle specifications are:

Vehicle weight with passengers= 1500 kg

Frontal width x height = 1.8m x 1.5 m
Gear ratios:

1st 3.60
2nd 1.88
3rd 1.19
4th 0.84
5th 0.64
Final drive 3.89

The overall gear ratio is the product of the gear

ratio and the final drive ratio.
Engine map of Toyota 1MZ-FE 3 liter-6 cylinder
Tire is P205/55R16; tire diameter = 0.63 m. engine. The engine is for the Camry vehicle.
Drag coefficient of the vehicle is 0.3
Ambient air density is 1.2 kg/m3
The coefficient of rolling friction is 0.015
The drive system transmission efficiency is 0.85.

Other useful numbers:

Density of gasoline fuel = 0.78x103 kg/m3; heating value = 44 MJ/kg; 1 gallon = 3.785 L

Consider vehicle operation on a level road cruising at 65 mph (29.1 m/s) at 5th gear.

1. What are the engine speed and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP)?
2. Locate the operating point on the engine map. What are the specific fuel consumption in g/kW-hr,
and gas mileage in miles per gallon?
3. Cylinder deactivation technology is applied to dynamically reconfigure the engine from a 6-cylinder/
3 liter to a 3-cylinder/1.5L one under this cruise condition. Assuming the engine BMEP map is the
same for the new engine configuration, what are the specific fuel consumption (g/kW-hr) and gas
mileage (mpg)? (In practice, the friction of the 3-cylinder engine will be higher because the 3
activated cylinders have to drive the 3 deactivated cylinders.)
4. Explain where the gain in efficiency comes from.
Problem 2 (10 points)

There are a lot of “stranded” natural gas; i.e. natural gas in areas where delivery of the gas to the market is
not feasible. For example, in oil fields in remote areas, natural gas is discovered together with the oil.
The gas is difficult to be transported because of its low density (compared to a liquid fuel) so that the gas
is either flare off or pumped back into the ground. A solution to utilize this natural gas is to convert it to
methanol, a liquid, which can then be readily transported.

The first step in the conversion process is to produce synthesis gas (a mixture of CO and H2) from which
methanol can be synthesized. The process is exothermic. A proposed scheme is to use an internal
combustion engine to process the gas under fuel rich condition to produce the synthesis gas. Then the
mechanical energy extracted by the engine is used to run the conversion plant.

The engine is to be run at significantly fuel rich condition (<1). The exhaust is a mixture of CO, CO2,
H2, H2O and N2. The species composition corresponds to the equilibrium composition of the water gas
shift reaction at 1900K. (This temperature is higher than the conventional value at 1740K because of the
very rich condition.) The water gas shift reaction is H2  CO2  CO  H2O

The measured CO to CO2 molar ratio is Species h 0f Log10Kp

3:1 in the exhaust. To simplify the @1900K
analysis, the natural gas is assumed to be (MJ/kmol)
pure methane (CH4). The heat of CH4 -74.9 -3.281
formations and equilibrium constants for
CO2 (gas) -393.5 10.898
the individual species are shown in the
accompanying table. CO (gas) -110.5 7.631
H2O (gas) -241,8 3.886
(a) What is the equilibrium constant at H2 (gas) 0 0
1900K for the water gas shift reaction? N2 (gas) 0 0
(b) For each mole of CH4, how many
moles each of CO, CO2, H2 and H2O
are produced in the exhaust? (Hint: the
exhaust gas is frozen with the thermal equilibrium composition at 1900K)
(c) What is the air equivalence ratio ()?
(d) What is the heat of reaction (i.e. energy released in converting the reactants to products at 298K and 1
atmosphere, with the H2O in vapor state) per kmol of CH4 consumed?
(e) The lower heating value for CH4 is 50MJ/kg. What is the combustion efficiency of the engine?
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2.61 Internal Combustion Engine
Quiz 3/11/14 — Open book

Problem 1 (10 points)

The engine map for a passenger car is shown in the

accompanying figure. (It is the Audi 5 cylinder
diesel engine.) The vehicle specifications are:

Vehicle weight with passengers= 1500 kg

Frontal width x height = 1.8m x 1.5 m
Gear ratios:

1st 3.60
2nd 1.88
3rd 1.19
4th 0.84
5th 0.64
Final drive 3.89

Tire is P205/55R16; tire diameter = 0.63 m.

Drag coefficient is 0.3
Ambient air density is 1.2 kg/m3
The coefficient of rolling friction is 0.015
The drive system transmission efficiency is 0.85. Engine map of Audi 2.5L turbo-charged direct
injection diesel engine; the MEP is brake value.
Other useful numbers:
Density of diesel fuel = 0.8x103 kg/m3; heating value = 43 MJ/kg
1 gallon = 3.785 L

Consider vehicle operation on a level road.

1. The vehicle is cruising at 35 mph (15.7 m/s) at 5th gear. What are the brake mean effective pressure
(BMEP) and engine speed?
2. What are the specific fuel consumption in g/kW-hr, and gas mileage in mpg?
3. The gas pedal is floored without change of gear. What is the vehicle acceleration?

Extra credit:

4. If the gear is first shifted from 5th to 3rd gear and then the gas pedal is floored, what is the vehicle
acceleration?
Problem 2 (10 points)

In coal rich countries such as China, one fuel option is to convert the coal to Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3)
as a transportation fuel. We are to evaluate the energetic (i.e. the energy balance) of this process.

To simplify the analysis, coal will be treated as solid carbon. Useful numbers
DME MW = 46
(a) The first step in coal to DME conversion is to convert the coal to
syngas. Oxygen is used to oxidize coal under fuel rich environment Heat of formation
so that the product (syngas) is only CO. How much energy is h 0 (MJ/kmol)
f
released per kilo mole of coal as represented by solid C? C (solid) 0
(b) Production of DME needs both CO and H2. The feed gas should CO2 (gas) -393.5
have equal number of moles of CO and H2. The H2 is obtained by CO (gas) -110.5
steam reforming the CO using a catalyst. The steam will react with H2O (gas) -241,8
the CO in the feed stream to form CO2 and H2. Thus the ideal overall H2O (liquid) -285.8
reaction is as follows — input is water (H2O liquid) and the CO from DME (gas) -184.1
the rich oxidation of coal; output is CO2 and H2. The reaction is
represented by: Equilibrium constant at 800K
Log10 (kp)
H2O (liq.) + CO  H2 + CO2
H2 0
What is the energy released in this step at standard condition (1 CO2 25.830
atmosphere and 298K) per kmol of CO? CO 11.914
(c) In practice, not all the CO is steam-reformed to hydrogen and CO2. H2O 13.289
The output stream is a mixture of H2O, CO, CO2 and H2. If the feed
stream has one mole each of H2O and CO, and the output is driven to
equilibrium by the catalyst at a temperature of 800K. The equilibrium is represented by
H2O + CO  H2 + CO2
What is the composition of the output stream (i.e. how many moles of H2O, CO, CO2 and H2
respectively) are made from 1 mole each of H2O and CO in the feed stream? The equilibrium
constant informations are given in the accompanied table
(d) How much energy is released at stand condition (1 atmosphere and 298K) per mole of CO in the feed
stream in process (c)?
(e) The final step is to convert the CO and H2 to DME (C2H6O) via
3CO + 3H2  C2H6O + CO2
How much energy is released at standard condition per kmol of DME in this step?
Extra credit:
(f) How much energy is released per kmol of DME in the overall process if the path described in (c) is
taken?
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2.61 Quiz Spring, 2017
Problem 1 solution
Problem 2 solution
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Solution to Quiz
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