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Control Notes 1

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Apr 29, 2023

Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor

The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit processor available as a 40-pin IC package and

uses +5 V for power. It can run at a maximum frequency of 3 MHz. Its data bus width
is 8-bit and address bus width is 16-bit, thus it can address 216 = 64 KB of memory.
The internal architecture of 8085 is shown is Figure.

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Fig. Internal Architecture of 8085

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

The ALU performs the arithmetic and logical operations such as Addition (ADD),
Subtraction (SUB), AND, OR etc.
Apr 29, 2023

It uses data from memory and from Accumulator to perform operations. The results of
the arithmetic and logical operations are stored in the accumulator.

Registers

The 8085 includes six registers, one accumulator and one flag register, as shown in
Figure. In addition, it has two 16-bit registers: stack pointer and program counter. They
are briefly described as follows.

The 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data; these are identified as
B, C, D, E, H and L. they can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE and HL to perform
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some 16-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data
into the register by using data copy instructions.

Fig. Register organization

Accumulator

The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of ALU. This register is used to store
8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The result of an operation
is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is also identified as register A.

Flag Register

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Apr 29, 2023

The ALU includes five flip-flops, which are set or reset after an operation according to
data condition of the result in the accumulator and other registers. They are called
Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P) and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags. Their bit
positions in the flag register are shown in Fig. 4. The microprocessor uses these flags
to test data conditions.
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Fig. Flag register

Program Counter (PC)

This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of instructions. This register is
a memory pointer. The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of
the instructions.

The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address from which the
next byte is to be fetched. When a byte is being fetched, the program counter is
automatically incremented by one to point to the next memory location.

Stack Pointer (SP)

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register, used as a memory pointer. It points to a
memory location in R/W memory, called stack.

The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16- bit address in the stack pointer.

Instruction Register/Decoder

It is an 8-bit register that temporarily stores the current instruction of a program.

Latest instruction sent here from memory prior to execution.

Decoder then takes instruction and decodes or interprets the instruction. Decoded
instruction then passed to next stage.

Apr 29, 2023

Control Unit

Generates signals on data bus, address bus and control bus within microprocessor to
carry out the instruction, which has been decoded.

Typical buses and their timing are described as follows:

Data Bus: Data bus carries data in binary form between microprocessor and
other external units such as memory. It is used to transmit data i.e. information,
results of arithmetic etc between memory and the microprocessor. Data bus is
bidirectional in nature. The data bus width of 8085 microprocessor is 8-bit.
Address Bus: The address bus carries addresses and is one way bus from
microprocessor to the memory or other devices. 8085 microprocessor contain 16-
bit address bus and are generally identified as A0 - A15. The higher order address
lines (A8 – A15) are unidirectional and the lower order lines (A0 – A7) are
multiplexed (time-shared) with the eight data bits (D0 – D7) and hence, they are
bidirectional.
Control Bus: Control bus are various lines which have specific functions for
coordinating and controlling microprocessor operations. The control bus carries
control signals partly unidirectional and partly bidirectional. The following control
and status signals are used by 8085 processor:
ALE (output): Address Latch Enable is a pulse that is provided when an address
appears on the AD0 – AD7 lines, after which it becomes 0.
RD (active low output): The Read signal indicates that data are being read from
the selected I/O or memory device and that they are available on the data bus.
WR (active low output): The Write signal indicates that data on the data bus are
to be written into a selected memory or I/O location.
IO/M (output): It is a signal that distinguished between a memory operation and
an I/O When IO/M = 0 it is a memory operation and IO/M = 1 it is an I/O operation.
S1 and S0 (output): These are status signals used to specify the type of operation
being performed; they are listed in Table 1.