ANDRES BONIFACIO COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
College Park, Dipolog City

Notes on CE 324
HYDROLOGY (SE)
8:00 AM – 9:00 AM WF

ANALYTICAL METHOF OF
ESTIMATING EVAPORATION

ABAYON, MARK GIL C,

APILAN, ROMEO O.
ACAS KENT J.
FLORES JEMAR ALDRIEN

ENGR. GERALD E. SALAVERIA

INSTRUCTOR
 AY 2023 – 2024

ANALYTICAL METHOF OF ESTIMATING EVAPORATION

Estimation / Measurement of Evaporation

This is done by the following methods

1. Using evaporimeters
2. Using empirical equations
3. By analytical methods

Analytical Methods of Evaporation Estimation

1. Water Budget Method

2. Energy Budget Method
3. Mass Transfer Method

Water Budget Method

A water budget is a hydrological tool used to quantify the flow of water in and
out of a system. In other words, it is an accounting of all water stored and exchanged on
the land surface (rivers, lakes), subsurface (aquifer, groundwater), and atmosphere
(precipitation, evaporation).

WHAT IS CATCHMENT AREA IN WATER BUDGET EQUATION?

The area of land draining into a stream or a water course at a given location is known
as the catchment area. It is also called drainage area or drainage basin. In another
country, it is known as watershed. A catchment area is separated from its neighboring
areas by a divider called ridge or watershed line

An analysis of a catchment areas is a change in volume or elevation

∆ E∨∆ S

The concept behind a water budget is that the rate of change of water stored in an area
is balanced by the quantity and rate at which water flows into and out of that area. This
concept is used by hydrological engineers to form the basis of effective water-resource
sustainability, management, and environmental planning.

∆ S=inflow−outflow
 or
∆ E=inflow−outflow

∆ S∨∆ E=Vin−Vout

Where: ∆ S -is the change in storage, increase or decrease (in terms of volume)
Vin- is the Volume inflow to the lake or catchment area (mostly precipitation)
Vout -is the volume outflow from the lake ( ground water outflow, infiltration,
evaporation, transpiration)
∆ E - is the change in elevation (in terms of distance)

Rainfall – Runoff- Relationship

Runoff = Precipitation – loss due to infiltration

Where: loss due to infiltration cause an addition to soil moisture and ground water
storage

runoff
Runoff coefficient =
rainfall

Where: rainfall is due to precipitation

Example:
A lake has a water surface elevation of 103.2m above datum. In a month the lake
receives an average inflow of 6m3/s and in the same period, the outflow from the lake
was 6.5m3/s. In that month, the lake receives a rainfall of 145mm and the evaporation
from lake surface was estimated as 6.1cm. Using the water budget equation, find the
water surface elevation of the lake at the end of this month. Surface area of the lake is
5000 hectares.

Common unit conversion:

1 hectare = 104 m2
100 hectares = 1km2
1000 m = 1km
6 2 2
10 m = 1km
1000mm = 1m
1m = 100cm
1hr = 3600 sec
∆ E=inflow−outflow
 EF−Ei=inflow−outflow

SINCE: EF – Ei - is express in terms of distance so we need to convert everything into

distance.

Given:
Inflow: 6m3/s
Rainfall: 145mm
Outflow: 6.5m3/s
Evaporation:6.1cm
Initial elevation of surface = 103.2 m

Solution:

Converting the given in terms of distance or elevation (meters)

For inflow and outflow

= m3/s [ 1
surface area ]
× secs∈ a month=m/month

[ ]
1 60 s 60 min 24 hrs 30 days
× × × × =0.3144 m/month
= 6m3/s 10 4
1 min 1 hr 1 day 1month
5000 ha ( )
1 ha

[ ]
1 60 s 60 min 24 hrs 30 days
× × × × =0.3 3696 m/month
=6.5 m3/s 10 4
1 min 1 hr 1 day 1month
5000 ha ( )
1 ha

For rainfall

=145mm/month [ 1m
1000 mm ]
=0.145m/month

For evaporation

=6.1cm/month [ 1m
100 cm ]
=0.061m/month

m m m 0.061 m
EF−103.2=(0.3144 + 0.145 )−(0.33696 + )
month month month month
EF=¿103.26144 m/month

The key in solving is to :

1.) Identify the given ( what are the inflow and outflow)
2.) Convert anything in terms of (elevation or volume)
3.) Then lastly follow the formula

Example no.2 )

A small catchment of 150 ha received a rainfall of 10.5cm in 90 minutes due to a storm.

At the outlet of the catchment, the stream draining the catchment was dry before the
storm and experienced a runoff lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge of
1.5m3/s. The stream was again dry after the runoff event.

a. What is the amount of water not available to runoff due to the combined effect of
infiltration, evaporation, and transpiration?

b. What is the runoff coefficient?

Given:
Catchment area = 150 ha
Rainfall = 10.5cm
Runoff = 1.5m3/s

a.) Task is to find

L ( loss due to infiltration)

Runoff = Precipitation – loss due to infiltration

R = P -L

Convert in terms of volume ( “amount of water”)

[ ]( )
4
1m 10 m 3
10.5 cm × 150 ha× =157500 m
100 cm 1 ha

1.5m3/s× ( 1min
60 s 60 min
×
1 hr
× 10 hrs )=54000 m 3
Substitute to the formula

54000m3 = 157500 m3 - L

L=103500m3

b.) Task
runoff
Runoff coefficient =
rainfall

3
54000 m
Runoff coefficient = 3
157500 m

Runoff coefficient = 0.343

ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION

This method is widely used for estimating the amount of evaporation from a large
body of water such as lakes, reservoirs etc

Consider an evaporation pan of a circular tank containing water, in which the rate of
evaporation is measured by the rate of fall of the water surface (Er = -dh/dt). Based on the
continuity and energy equation, one can derive the energy balance equation for evaporation as

1
Er= ( Rn−Hs−G )
lv ρw

If the sensible heat flux Hs (sensible heat loss to surroundings atmosphere to raise
the temperature) and the ground heat flux G are both zero, then an evaporation
rate Er can be calculated as the rate at which all the incoming net radiation is

Rn
Er=
lv ρw

where = lv latent heat of vaporization (J/kg), [lv (kJ/kg) = 2500 - 2.36 T (° C) up to 40° C]
w = water density (kg/m3 )
Rn = net radiation (W/m2 )
Er = rate of evaporation (m/s)
 Temp (C) Water density Latent Heat(J/kg) L(W/m2)/(mm/day)
(kg/m3)
0 1000 2500000 28.94
5 1000 2499988 28.94
10 1000 2499976 28.93
15 999 2499965 28.91
20 998 2499953 28.88
25 997 2499941 28.85
30 996 2499929 28.82
35 994 2499917 28.76
40 992 2499906 28.70

EXAMPLE 1.

On 24 January 2013, in the Upper Brushy Creek watershed, the net radiation
averaged over the day from the National Land Data Assimilation System, is 52 W/m2 .
The average air temperature through the day is 17°C. Compute the corresponding
potential evaporation rate using the energy balance method.

Solution

The potential evaporation by the Energy Balance method is given by Eq. (3.5.10):

R n Rn
Er = =
ρw l v L
 Where L = 𝜌𝑤 𝑙𝑣 is the Latent Heat factor given in Table 1. For a temperature of
17°C, the corresponding factor is L = 28.89 (W /m2 )/(mm / day) .Hence, the potential
evaporation by the energy balance method for a net radiation of 52 W /m2 is:

Rn 52
Er = = =1.80 mm/day
L 28.89

EXAMPLE 2.

Calculate by the energy method the evaporation rate from an open water surface,
if the net radiation is 200 W /m2 and the air temperature is 25 C, assuming no sensible
heat or ground heat flux.

Solution:

The latent heat of vaporization at 25 C is l v =2500−2.36 ×25=2441 kJ /kg . Density of

water at 25 C is 997 kg /m3

Rn 200 −8
Er = = =8.22 ×10
ρw l v 2441 ×1000 ×997

−8 mm
¿ 8.22 ×10 × 1000× 86400
day

mm
¿ 7.10
day
References:

 https://greenstories.co.in/water-budget-equation/#:~:text=WATER%20BUDGET
%20EQUATION%20%E2%80%93%20THEORY%20OVERVIEW%2C
%20PROBLEMS%20AND,a%20period%20%3D%20%CE%94t%20%3D
%201%20year%20
 https://trenchlesspedia.com/definition/3144/water-budget?
fbclid=IwAR2cIM63zEdxeWFoqctvCXS48Lc9hPW4Irctznzj40qqs7Gqb1xaDxLm
REo
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bM1Dlyy_jWY