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Lecture 11

The document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It covers what Java is, why Java is used, notes for C++ programmers, data types, operators, control structures, classes and objects, exceptions, concurrency, and more fundamental concepts about the Java language.

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18 views

Lecture 11

The document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It covers what Java is, why Java is used, notes for C++ programmers, data types, operators, control structures, classes and objects, exceptions, concurrency, and more fundamental concepts about the Java language.

Uploaded by

myturtle game01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Java

1
What is Java?

• A programming language.
• A platform
– A virtual machine (JVM) definition.
– Runtime environments in diverse
hardware.
• A class library
– Standard APIs for GUI, data storage,
processing, I/O, and networking.

2
Why Java?

• Network Programming in Java is very


different than in C/C++
– much more language support
– error handling
– no pointers! (no garbage collection)
– threads are part of the language.
– some support for common application level
protocols (HTTP).
– dynamic class loading and secure sandbox
execution for remote code.
– source code and bytecode-level portability.
3
Java notes for C++
programmers
• Everything is an object.
– Every object inherits from java.lang.Object
• No code outside of class definition!
– No global variables.
• Single inheritance
– an additional kind of inheritance: interfaces
• All classes are defined in .java files
– one top level public class per file

4
More for C++ folks

• Syntax is similar (control structures are


very similar).
• Primitive data types similar
– bool is not an int.
• To print to stdout:
– System.out.println();

5
First Program

public class HelloWorld {


public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

6
Compiling and Running
javac HelloWorld.java
HelloWorld.java
compile
run
source code

java HelloWorld HelloWorld.class

bytecode
7
Java bytecode and interpreter

• bytecode is an intermediate
representation of the program (class).

• The Java interpreter starts up a new


“Virtual Machine”.

• The VM starts executing the users class


by running it’s main() method.
8
PATH and CLASSPATH

• The java_home/bin directory is in your


$PATH

• If you are using any classes outside the


java or javax package, their locations
are included in your $CLASSPATH

9
The Language

• Data types
• Operators
• Control Structures
• Classes and Objects
• Packages

10
Java Data Types

• Primitive Data Types:


– boolean true or false
– char unicode! (16 bits)
– byte signed 8 bit integer
– short signed 16 bit integer
– int signed 32 bit integer
– long signed 64 bit integer
– float,double IEEE 754 floating point

11
Other Data Types

• Reference types (composite)


– classes
– arrays

• strings are supported by a built-in class


named String
• string literals are supported by the
language (as a special case).

12
Type Conversions
• conversion between integer types and
floating point types.
– this includes char
• No automatic conversion from or to the
type boolean
• You can force conversions with a cast –
same syntax as C/C++.
int i = (int) 1.345;

13
Operators

• Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, …


• Numeric: +, -, *, /, %, ++, --, …
• Relational: ==. !=, <, >, <=, >=, …
• Boolean: &&, ||, !
• Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, …

Just like C/C++!


14
Control Structures

• More of what you expect:


conditional: if, if else, switch
loop: while, for, do
break and continue (but a little different
than with C/C++).

15
Exceptions

• Terminology:
– throw an exception: signal that some
condition (possibly an error) has occurred.
– catch an exception: deal with the error (or
whatever).

• In Java, exception handling is


necessary (forced by the compiler)!
16
Try/Catch/Finally
try {
// code that can throw an exception
} catch (ExceptionType1 e1) {
// code to handle the exception
} catch (ExceptionType2 e2) {
// code to handle the exception
} catch (Exception e) {
// code to handle other exceptions
} finally {
// code to run after try or any catch
} 17
Exception Handling

• Exceptions take care of handling errors


– instead of returning an error, some method
calls will throw an exception.
• Can be dealt with at any point in the
method invocation stack.
• Forces the programmer to be aware of
what errors can occur and to deal with
them.

18
Concurrent Programming
• Java is multithreaded!
– threads are easy to use.
• Two ways to create new threads:
– Extend java.lang.Thread
• Overwrite “run()” method.
– Implement Runnable interface
• Include a “run()” method in your class.
• Starting a thread
– new MyThread().start();
– new Thread(runnable).start();

19
The synchronized Statement

• Java is multithreaded!
– threads are easy to use.
• Instead of mutex, use synchronized:

synchronized ( object ) {
// critical code here
}

20
synchronized as a modifier

• You can also declare a method as


synchronized:

synchronized int blah(String x) {


// blah blah blah
}

21
Classes and Objects

• “All Java statements appear within


methods, and all methods are defined
within classes”.
• Java classes are very similar to C++
classes (same concepts).
• Instead of a “standard library”, Java
provides a lot of Class implementations.

22
Defining a Class

• One top level public class per .java file.


– typically end up with many .java files for a
single program.
– One (at least) has a static public main()
method.
• Class name must match the file name!
– compiler/interpreter use class names to
figure out what file name is.

23
Sample Class
public class Point {
public double x,y;
public Point(double x, double y) {
this.x = x; this.y=y;
}
public double distanceFromOrigin(){
return Math.sqrt(x*x+y*y);
}
}

24
Objects and new

You can declare a variable that can hold


an object:
Point p;
but this doesn’t create the object! You
have to use new:
Point p = new Point(3.1,2.4);
there are other ways to create objects…

25
Using objects

• Just like C++:


– object.method()
– object.field

• BUT, never like this (no pointers!)


– object->method()
– object->field

26
Strings are special

• You can initialize Strings like this:

String blah = "I am a literal ";

• Or this ( + String operator):

String foo = "I love " + "RPI";

27
Arrays

• Arrays are supported as a second kind


of reference type (objects are the other
reference type).
• Although the way the language supports
arrays is different than with C++, much
of the syntax is compatible.
– however, creating an array requires new

28
Array Examples

int x[] = new int[1000];

byte[] buff = new byte[256];

float[][] mvals = new float[10][10];

29
Notes on Arrays

• index starts at 0.
• arrays can’t shrink or grow.
• each element is initialized.
• array bounds checking (no overflow!)
– ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
• Arrays have a .length

30
Array Example Code
int[] values;

int total=0;

for (int i=0;i<value.length;i++) {


total += values[i];
}

31
Array Literals

• You can use array literals like C/C++:

int[] foo = {1,2,3,4,5};

String[] names = {“Joe”, “Sam”};

32
Reference Types

• Objects and Arrays are reference types


• Primitive types are stored as values.
• Reference type variables are stored as
references (pointers that we can’t mess
with).
• There are significant differences!

33
Primitive vs. Reference Types
int x=3;
There are two copies of
int y=x; the value 3 in memory

Point p = new Point(2.3,4.2);


Point t = p; There is only one Point
object in memory!
Point p = new Point(2.3,4.2);
Point t = new Point(2.3,4.2);
34
Passing arguments to methods
• Primitive types: the method gets a copy
of the value. Changes won’t show up in
the caller.

• Reference types: the method gets a


copy of the reference, the method
accesses the same object!

35
Example
int sum(int x, int y) {
x=x+y;
return x;
}

void increment(int[] a) {
for (int i=0;i<a.length;i++) {
a[i]++;
}
}
36
Comparing Reference Types

• Comparison using == means:


– “are the references the same?”
– (do they refer to the same object?)
• Sometimes you just want to know if two
objects/arrays are identical copies.
– use the .equals() method
• you need to write this for your own classes!

37
Packages

• You can organize a bunch of classes


and interfaces into a package.
– defines a namespace that contains all the
classes.
• You need to use some java packages in
your programs
– java.lang java.io, java.util

38
Importing classes and packages
• Instead of #include, you use import
• You don’t have to import anything, but
then you need to know the complete
name (not just the class, the package).
– if you import java.io.File you can
use File objects.
– If not – you need to use java.io.File
objects.

39
Sample Code

• Sum.java: Sample program that sums two


numbers and prints the result.
• Source file: Sum.java (notice the capital “S”)
• Need to use Hayward server or install SDK
– (telnet palazzi.mcs.csuhayward.edu)
• Type “javac Sum.java” to compile
• Note: Sum.class is created (executable file)
• Type “java Sum” to run (no quotes)

40
End of Lecture

• Next Lecture
– More Java programming Techniques
– Java Applets

41

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