Java Programming

Unit – 1
Introduction to OOP
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
01 Introduction - Need of OOP
02 Principles of OOP
3. Java Features
4. Installation of JDK
Object Oriented Programming
 Object Oriented
Programming
• Object oriented programming is an approach that provides a way
of modularizing programs by creating partitioned memory area of
both data and functions that can be used as templates for creating
copies of such modules on demand.

• Object is considered to be a partitioned area of computer memory

that stores data and set of operations that can access the data.
 Introduction and Need
of OOP
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is the term used to describe a
programming approach based on objects and classes.
The object-oriented paradigm allows us to organise software as a
collection of objects that consist of both data and behaviour.

• The object-oriented programmingapproach encourages:

1. Modularisation: where the application can be decomposed into modules.

2. Software re-use: where an application can be composed from existing and

new modules.
Principles of Object Oriented
Programming
• Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc.
•Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software development and
maintenance by providing some concepts:
1. Object
2. Class
3. Encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism
6. Abstraction
 Class
• A class is a set of objects with:
– Same interface, same behavior, different identify
• Classes allow modeling of simple classification in the real world, and simplify
design
• An object is an “instance” of a class
Objects

• An object has “memory”

Object State:
– A bank account: a number, a name, an
address, a balance, an overdraft limit, a
branch, a PIN number

Object Behaviour
– A bank account: withdraw, deposit, calculate
interest, print statement.
Encapsulation
● Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is
known as encapsulation. Example: Class

● For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

 Inheritance
● When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent
object i.e. known as Inheritance.

● It provides code reusability.

 Polymorphism
● A property of object oriented software by which an abstract operation may be
performed in different ways in different classes.

○ Requires that there be multiple methods of the same name

○ The choice of which one to execute depends on the object.

 Abstraction

● Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction.

● For example: phone call, we don't know the internal processing.
 Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming
• The unit in procedural programming is function, and unit in object-
oriented programmingis class

• Procedural programming concentrates on creating functions, while

object-oriented programming starts from isolating the classes, and
then look for the methods inside them.

• Procedural programming separates the data of the program from the

operations that manipulate the data, while object-oriented
programming focus on both of them
Applications of OOP

Main application areas of OOP are:

• User interface design such as windows, menu.
• Real Time Systems
• Simulation and Modeling
• Object oriented databases
• AI and Expert System
• Neural Networks and parallel programming
• Decision support and office automation systems etc.
Advantages of OOP
 History of
Java
• Java is related to C++, which is a direct descendant of C.
• From C, Java derives its syntax.
• Many of Java’s object-oriented features were influenced by C++.

• HotJava
- The first Java-enabled Web browser

• JDK Evolutions

• J2SE, J2ME, and J2EE

 The Creation of
Java
• Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth,
Ed Frank, and Mike Sheridan at Sun Microsystems, Inc. in 1991.
• It took 18 months to develop the first working version. This language
was initially called “Oak,” but was renamed “Java” in 1995.

• Gosling and others began work on a portable, platform-independent

language that could be used to produce code that would run on a
variety of CPUs under differing environments.

• The second force was the World Wide Web.

JDK
Versions
• JDK 1.02 (1995)
• JDK 1.1 (1996)
• Java 2 SDK v 1.2 (JDK 1.2, 1998)
• Java 2 SDK v 1.3 (JDK 1.3, 2000)
• Java 2 SDK v 1.4 (JDK 1.4, 2002)
• J2SE 5 (JDK 1.5, 2008)
• J2SE 6 (2010)
 JDK Editions
• Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
- J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone applications
or applets.
• Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
- J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as
Java servlets and Java Server Pages.
• Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
- J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile devices
such as cell phones.
 Java Compiled &
Interpreted
• Usually a computer language is either uses compiler or interpreter.
• But Java Combines both these approaches.
• First Java Compiler translates source code into byte code instructions.
Byte code is not machine instructions.
• Second Java Interpreter directly executes the byte code.

. Java file . Class file Machine code

Compiler Interpreter
Byte Code
Java Features / Buzzwords
• Architecture-neutral
• Simple
• Interpreted
• Secure
• Portable • High performance

• Object-oriented • Distributed
• Robust • Dynamic
• Multithreaded • Platform
Independent
 Simple
•Java was designed to be easy for the professional programmer to learn
and use effectively.
•If we already understand the basic concepts of object-oriented
programming, learning Java will be even easier.
•If we are an experienced C++ programmer, moving to Java will require
very little effort. Because Java inherits the C/C++ syntax and many of
the object-oriented features of C++.
•No Pointers in java.

Secure : Java Programs run inside virtual machine . No pointers in

java.
Portable

• Portability is a major aspect of the Internet because there are many different
types of computers and operating systems connected to it.
•If a Java program were to be run on virtually any computer connected to the
Internet, there needed to be some way to enable that program to execute on
different systems.
• Write once, run everywhere

Object Oriented
•Everything in Java is an Object. All program code and data reside within
objects and classes.
•Java comes with an extensive set of classes arranged in Packages.
Robust
• Robust means strong. Java is robust because
• It uses strong memory management system. Automatic garbage collection.
• Java is a strictly typed language, it checks your code at compile time. However,
it also checks your code at run time.Java handles exceptions using Exceptional
handling.

Multithreaded
• Java was designed to meet the real-world requirement of creating interactive,
networked programs.
•To accomplish this, Java supports multithreaded programming, which allows
you to write programs that do many things simultaneously.
Architecture - Neutral

•Operating system upgrades, processor upgrades, and changes in core system resources
can all combine to make a program malfunction.
•The Java designers made several hard decisions in the Java language and the Java Virtual
Machine in an attempt to alter this situation. Their goal was “write once; run anywhere,
any time, forever.”

Distributed
• Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet because it handles
TCP/IP protocols.
• Java also supports Remote Method Invocation (RMI). This feature enables a program to
invoke methods across a network.
 Interpreted and High Performance

• Java enables the creation of cross-platform programs by compiling into an intermediate

representation called Java bytecode.
• This code can be executed on any system that implements the Java Virtual Machine.
• Java bytecode was carefully designed so that it would be easy to translate directly into
native machine code for very high performance by using a just-in-time compiler.

Dynamic

• Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of run-time type information that is
used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run time.
 Cr e a t e/Modify So ur ce Co de

Creating So ur ce Co de

and Co m p ile So ur ce Co de
i.e. jav ac Welcome.java

Compiling If compilation e r r o r s

Programs By t eco de

Run By t eode
i.e. ja v a W elcome

On command line
Result

javac file.java
If runtime e r r o r s o r incorrect result
 Executing Application

On command line Bytecode

java classname

Java Java Java

Interpreter Interpreter Interpreter
...
on Windows on Linux on Sun Solaris
Java Virtual Machine

• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is an abstract computing machine.

• Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is an implementation of the JVM.
•Java Development Kit (JDK) contains JRE along with various
development tools like Java libraries, Java source compilers, Java
debuggers, bundling and deployment tools.

• Just In Time compiler (JIT) is runs after the program has started
executing, on the fly. It has access to runtime information and makes
optimizations of the code for better performance.
Java Virtual Machine

• JVM becomes an instance of JRE at runtime of a Java program.

• It is widely known as a runtime interpreter.
• The Java virtual machine (JVM) is the cornerstone on top of which the
Java technology is built upon.
• It is the component of the Java technology responsible for its hardware
and platform independence.
• JVM largely helps in the abstraction of inner implementation from the
programmers who make use of libraries for their programmes from JDK.
Java Virtual Machine
 Difference between C
and Java
• Java does not support Struct and Union keywords
• Java does not support user defined data types like typedef and enum.
• Java does not support functions like sizeof() and goto
• In Java we cannot use #include and #define headers
• Java adds a new operators like instanceof and labeled break and
continue statements.
Difference between C++
and Java
• Java is a true object oriented language while C++ is basically C
with Object Oriented extension.
• Java does not supports Operator Overloading.
• Java does not support template classes.
• Java does not support pointers
• Java does not support global variables.
• Java does not support multiple Inheritance. This is accomplished
using a new feature called “Interfaces”
• Java has replaced the destructor function with a “finalize()”
method.
Program
Structure
 Program
Structure
• A Java program consists of different sections.

• Some of them are mandatory but some are optional.

• The optional section can be excluded from the program

depending upon the requirements of the programmer.

Documentation Section
• It includes the comments that improve the readability of the
program. A comment is a non-executable statement that helps to
read and understand a program especially when your programs
get more complex.
• A good program should include comments that describe the
purpose of the program, author name, date and time of program
creation.
• This section is optional and comments may appear anywhere in
the program.
Documentation Section
Single line (or end-of line) comment:
It starts with a double slash symbol (//) and terminates at the end of
the current line.
Ex: // Calculate sum of two numbers
Multiline Comment:
This style of comments can be used on part of a line, a whole line or
more commonly to define multi-line comment.
Ex: /*calculate sum of two numbers and it is a multiline comment */
Documentation comments:
Such comments begin with delimiter /** and end with */.
Ex: /** The text enclosed here will be part of program documentation */
Package
Statement
• A package is a collection of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
A sub package contains collection of classes, interfaces and sub-
sub packages etc.

• Ex: package institute;

• This statement declares that all classes and interfaces defined in
this source file are part of the institute package.

• Only one package declaration can appear in the source file.

 Import
statements
• Java contains many predefined classes that are stored into
packages.
• An import statement is used for referring classes that are
declared in other packages.
• The import statement is written after a package statement but
before any class definition.
• You can import a specific class or all the classes of the package.
Ex: import java.util.Date;
import java.applet.*;
 Interface
Section
• An interface is similar to a class but contains only constants and
method declarations.
• Interfaces cannot be instantiated.
• They can only be implemented by classes or extended by other
interfaces.
 Class
Definition
• Java program may contain multiple class definition.
• Classes are primary feature of Java program.
• The classes are used to map real world problems.
Main Method Class
Section
• Every program in Java consists of at least one class, the one that
contains the main method.
• The main () method which is from where the execution of
program actually starts.
• The main method can create objects, evaluate expressions, and
invoke other methods and much more.
• On reaching the end of main, the program terminates and
control passes back to the operating system.
• The class section is mandatory.
Example

public class Welcome

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Welcome to Java “);
}
}
• name of class is same as name of file (which has .java extension)
• body of class surrounded by { }
• this class has one method called main
1. all Java applications must have a main method in one of the classes
2. execution starts here
3. body of method within { }
• all other statements end with semicolon ;
 Java keywords

• public
- visibility could be private
• static
- the main method belongs to the Hello class, and not an
instance (object) of the class
• void
- method does not return a value
Compile
Welcome.java
javac Welcome.java

Output: Welcome.class
Run
java Welcome
Output: Welcome to Java
Installation of
JDK
Step 0: Un-Install Older Version(s) of JDK/JRE
Step 1: Download JDK
Goto Java SE download site @
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html.
Step 2: Install JDK
Run the downloaded installer
Step 3: Include JDK's "bin" Directory in the PATH
Step 4: Verify the JDK Installation
Step 5: Write a Hello-World Java Program
Step 6: Compile and Run the Hello-World Java Program
 JavaProgramming
• Unit – 1 ProgrammingConcepts
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
1. Java Tokens
2. Control Structures
3. Classes and Objects
4. Garbage Collection
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 53
Java Tokens

Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 54

Variables
• A variable is a location in memory that can hold values of a certain
data type
• Each variable must be declared before it is used
• The declaration allocates a location in memory to hold values of
this type
• Variable types can be
- primitive
- reference to an object
Variables
• we have to declare variables before we use them
• unlike C, variables can be declared anywhere within block
• use meaningful names
• start with lower case, capitalise first letter of subsequent words
public class VariableExample {
public static void main(String[] args){ int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x); x = 4;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
Data types
int 4 byte integer (whole number)
range -2147483648 to +2147483648

float 4 byte floating point number

decimal points, numbers outside range of int

double 8 byte floating point number

15 decimal digits (float has 7) so bigger precision and range

char 2 byte letter

String string of letters
boolean true or false (not 1 or 0)
Primitive Data Types

• A data type is defined by a set of values and the operators you can
perform on them

• The Java language has several predefined types, called primitive data
types

• The following reserved words represent the eight different primitive

data types:
– byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, char

Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 59

Integers
• There are four integer data types. They differ by the amount of
memory used to store them

Type Bits Value Range

byte 8 -127 … 128

short 16 -32768 … 32767

int 32 about 9 decimal digits

long 64 about 18 decimal digits

Floating Point
There are two floating point types

Type Bits Range Precision

(decimal digits) (decimal digits)
float 32 38 7

double 64 308 15
 Characters
• A char value stores a single character from the Unicode characterset
• A character set is an ordered list of characters
‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, … , ‘a’, ‘b’, … ,‘0’, ‘1’, … , ‘$’, …

Boolean
• A boolean value represents a true/false condition.
• It can also be used to represent any two states, such as a light bulb being on or
off
• The reserved words true and false are the only valid values for a boolean type
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 62
Datatypes
Identifiers: Syntax
• Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a program
• Identifier syntactic rules:
- Can be made up of any lengthof
- letters
- digits
- underscore character (_)
- dollar sign ($)
- Cannot begin with a digit
• Java is case sensitive
-User and user are completely different identifiers
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 64
Naming Conventions for
Identifiers
• Classes
- Names given in lowercase except for first letter of each word in the name
• Variables
- Same as classes, except first letter is lowercase
• Constants
- All caps with _ between words
• Methods
- like variable names but followed by parentheses
Keywords

• Keywords are predefined, reserved words used in Java

programming that have special meanings to the compiler.
- Ex: int score;
• Here int is a keyword. It indicates that the variable score is of Integer
type.
• These are predefined words by Java so it cannot be used as a
variable or object name.
Keywords
Literals – Examples

Integers - 4, 19, -5, 0, 1000

Doubles - 3.14, 0.0, -16.123

Strings - “Hi Mom” “Enter the number : “

Character - 'A' 'X' '9' '$' '\n'

Boolean - true, false

Constants

• We may declare that a variable is a constant and its value may never change.

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int CHINA_OLYMPICS_YEAR = 2008;

• Advantages:
- readability
- efficiency
- error detection

Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 69

Expressions
• An expression is a combination of one or more operators and operands
• Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results and make use of the
arithmetic operators: Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %

• If either or both operands used by an arithmetic operator are floating point,

then the result is a floating point
Division and
Remainder
• If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers, the result is an integer
(the fractional part is discarded)

14 / 3 equals 4

8 / 12 equals 0

• The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder after dividing the second
operand into the first
14 % 3 equals 2

8 % 12 equals 8
Operator
Precedence
• Operators can be combined into complex expressions
result = total + count / max - offset;

• Operators have a well-defined precedence which determines the

order in which they are evaluated

• Multiplication, division, and remainder are evaluated prior to addition,

subtraction, and string concatenation

• Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are evaluated from

left to right, but parentheses can be used to force the evaluation order
Operator Precedence
Examples
Expression Result
10 - 7 - 1 2

10 - (7 - 1) 4

1+2*3 7

(1 + 2) * 3 9

1-2*3+4*5 15
Arithmetic Operators
• An operator is a mapping that maps one or more values to a single
value:
• Binary Operators:
a + b adds a and b
a - b subtracts b from a
a * b multiplies a and b
a / b divides a by b
a %b the reminder of divining a by b
• Unary Operator:
-a The negation of a
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 74
Simple Arithmetic
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int j, k, p, q, r, s, t;
j = 5; > java Example
k = 2; p = 7
q = 3
p = j + k; r = 10
q = j - k; s = 2
r = j * k; t = 1
s = j / k; >
t = j % k;
System.out.println("p = " + p);
System.out.println("q = " + q);
System.out.println("r = " + r);
System.out.println("s = " + s);
System.out.println("t = " + t);
}
}
Shorthand Operators +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

Common Shorthand
a = a + b; a += b;
a = a - b; a -= b;
a = a * b; a *= b;
a = a / b; a /= b;
a = a % b; a %= b;
Shorthand
Operators
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int j, p, q, r, s, t;
j = 5; > java Example
p = 1; q = 2; r = 3; s = 4; t = 5; p = 6
q = -3
p += j; r = 15
q -= j; s = 0
r *= j; t = 0
s /= j; >
t %= j;
System.out.println("p = " + p);
System.out.println("q = " + q);
System.out.println("r = " + r);
System.out.println("s = " + s);
System.out.println("t = " + t);
}
}
Shorthand Increment and Decrement ++ and --

Common Shorthand

a = a + 1; a++; or ++a;

a = a - 1; a--; or --a;
Increment and
Decrement
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int j, p, q, r, s;
j = 5; > java example
p = ++j; // j = j + 1; p = j; p = 6
System.out.println("p = " + p); q = 6
j = 7
q = j++; // q = j; j = j + 1; r = 6
System.out.println("q = " + q); s = 6
System.out.println("j = " + j); r >
= --j; // j = j -1; r = j;
System.out.println("r = " + r); s
= j--; // s = j; j = j - 1;
System.out.println("s = " + s);
}
}
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 79
Relational
> < >= <= == !=
Operators
Primitives
• Greater Than >
• Less Than <
• Greater Than or Equal >=
• Less Than or Equal <=

Primitives or Object References

• Equal (Equivalent) ==
• Not Equal !=

The Result is Always true or false

Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 80

Relational Operator
Examples
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int p =2; int q = 2; int r = 3;
> java Example
Integer i = new Integer(10);
p < r true
Integer j = new Integer(10); p > r false
p == q true
System.out.println("p < r " + (p < r)); p != q false
System.out.println("p > r " + (p > r)); i == j false
System.out.println("p == q " + (p == q)); i != j true
System.out.println("p != q " + (p != q)); >

System.out.println("i == j " + (i == j));

System.out.println("i != j " + (i != j));
}
}
Logical Operators (boolean)
&& || !

• Logical AND &&

• Logical OR |
|
• Logical NOT !
Assignment
Statements
• An assignment statement takes the following form

variable-name = expression;

• The expression is first evaluated

• Then, the result is stored in the variable, overwriting the value

currently stored in the variable

Logical Operators (Bit Level) &
|^ ~

• AND &

• OR |

• XOR ^

• NOT ~
Logical (bit) Operator
Examples
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10; // 00001010 = 10
int b = 12; // 00001100 = 12
int and, or, xor, na; > java Example
and 8
and = a & b; // 00001000 = 8 or 14
or = a | b; // 00001110 = 14 xor 6
na -11
xor = a ^ b; // 00000110 = 6 >
na = ~a; // 11110101 = -11
System.out.println("and " + and);
System.out.println("or " + or);
System.out.println("xor " + xor);
System.out.println("na " + na);
}
}
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 85
Shift Operators (Bit
<< >> >>>
Level)
• Shift Left << Fill with Zeros

• Shift Right >> Based on Sign

• Shift Right >>> Fill with Zeros

 Shift Operators << >>
int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3
int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4

a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3
a << 2 00000000000000000000000000001100 12
<<
Left b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4
b << 2 11111111111111111111111111110000 -16

a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3
>> a >> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0

Right b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4
b >> 2 11111111111111111111111111111111 -1
 Shift Operator
>>>

int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3
int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4

a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3
>>> a >>> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0

Right 0 b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4
b >>> 2 00111111111111111111111111111111 +big

Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 88

Shift Operator
Examples
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3 > java Example
int b = -4; a<<2 = 12
// ...11111100 = -4 b<<2 = -16
System.out.println("a<<2 = " + (a<<2)); a>>2 = 0
b>>2 = -1
System.out.println("b<<2 = " + (b<<2)); a>>>2 = 0
b>>>2 = 1073741823
System.out.println("a>>2 = " + (a>>2)); >

System.out.println("b>>2 = " + (b>>2));

System.out.println("a>>>2 = " + (a>>>2));
System.out.println("b>>>2 = " + (b>>>2));
}
}
 Ternary Operator
?:
Any expression that evaluates
to a boolean value.

boolean_expression ? expression_1 : expression_2

If true this expression is If false this expression is

evaluated and becomes the evaluated and becomes the
value entire expression. value entire expression.
Ternary ( ? : ) Operator
Examples
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean t = true;
> java Example
boolean f = false; t?true:false true
t?1:2 1
System.out.println("t?true:false "+(t ? true : false )); f?true:false false
f?1:2 2
System.out.println("t?1:2 "+(t ? 1 : 2 )); >
System.out.println("f?true:false "+(f ? true : false ));
System.out.println("f?1:2 "+(f ? 1 : 2 ));
}
}
String (+) Operator (Automatic Conversion with Primitives)

"The number is " + 4

"The number is " + "4"

"The number is 4"

Type Conversion
• Widening numeric conversions
int to long, float, or double
long to float or double
float to double
• Narrowing numeric conversions
int to byte, short, or char
long to int
float to int or long
double to int, long, or float
Moving Between Bucket "Casting"
i = (int)l; Narrowing

l = i;
(long)i; Widening

l long l;
int i;
i

int long
32 bit 64 bit
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 43
Type Casting

Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)

Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
Flow of Control
• Java executes one statement after the other in the order
they are written
• Many Java statements are flow control statements:
Alternation : if, if else, Nested If, Else If, switch
Looping : while, do while, for
Escapes : break, continue, return
 Simple If

The if statement evaluates an

expression and if that evaluation is true
then the specified action is taken

if ( x < 10 )
x = 10;
 If… else
The if … else statement evaluates an
expression and performs one action if
that evaluation is true or a different
action if it is false.

if (x != oldx) {
System.out.print(“x was changed”);
}
else {
System.out.print(“x is unchanged”);
}
 Nested if … else
if ( myVal > 100 )
{
if ( remainderOn == true)
{
myVal = mVal % 100;
}
else {
myVal = myVal / 100.0;
}
}
else
{
System.out.print(“myVal is in range”);
}
 Else If Ladder

Useful for choosing between alternatives:

if ( n == 1 )
{
// execute code block #1
}
else if ( j == 2 ) {
// execute code block #2
}
else {
// if all previous tests have failed,
execute code block #3
}
umar - 49
 The switch Statement

switch ( n ) {
case 1:
// execute code block #1
break;
case 2:
// execute code block #2
break;
default:
// if all previous tests fail then
//execute code block
break;
}
while loop

int i=0;
while(i<10)
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 102

do {… } while loops

int i=0;
do
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while(i<10);
The for loop
Loop n times
for ( i = 0; i < n; n++ ) {
// this code body will execute n times
// i from 0 to n-1
}
Nested for:
for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
for ( i = 0; i < 20; i++ ){
// this code body will execute 200 times
}
}
For loops
Break
• A break statement causes an exit from the innermost
containing while, do, for or switch statement.
for ( int i = 0; i < 10, i++ ) {
if ( i == 3 )
{ break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 106
Break

Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 107

Continue
• Can only be used with while, do or for.
• The continue statement causes the innermost loop to start
the next iteration immediately
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
if ( i==3 ) continue;
System.out.println(i);
}
Continue
Labeled break and continue
• Labeled block
- Set of statements enclosed by {}
- Preceded by a label
• Labeled break statement
- Exit from nested control structures
- Proceeds to end of specified labeled block
• Labeled continue statement
- Skips remaining statements in nested-loop body
- Proceeds to beginning of specified labeled block
 Labeled Continue example
public class LabelledContinue if ( r == 5 )
{ continue stop;
public static void main( String args[] ) System.out.print(c);
{
}
stop:
System.out.println();
for ( int r = 1; r <= 10; r++ )
{ }

for ( int c = 1; c <= 5 ; c++ ) }

{ }
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 111
 Labelled break example
public class LabelledContinue if ( r == 5 )
{ break stop;
public static void main( String args[] ) System.out.print(c);
{
}
stop:
System.out.println();
for ( int r = 1; r <= 10; r++ )
{ }

for ( int c = 1; c <= 5 ; c++ ) }

{ }
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 112
 Streams
• A Stream is a continuous, seemingly infinite supply of or sink for data
• An ordered sequence of bytes flows in a specified direction
- in from some source
- can be sent out to some destination
• Acts as a pipe connected to your program
• A channel providing communication to and from the outside world
- Standard Input: System.in
- Standard Output: System.out
System output
•Java provides print methods in the class System.out
println(name);
•prints out what is stored in name, then goes to a new line
print(name);
•prints out what is stored in name, but does not start a new line
print("My name is " + name);
• put text in quotes
• use + to print more than one item
Program Input

• For now, we’ll get input from two sources

• Standard Input Stream

- Scanner class

• Command Line Arguments

 Scanner
• Scanner is a class that reads data from the standard input stream
and parses it into tokens based on a delimiter
• A delimiter is a character or set of characters that distinguish one token from
another
• By default the Scanner class uses white space as the delimiter
• The tokens can be read in either as Strings
next()
nextLine()
• Or they can be read as primitive types
Ex: nextInt(), nextFloat(), nextDouble()
Scanner Class
Example
import java.util.Scanner;
class scan
{ public static void main(String ar[])
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter A :");
int a=s.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter B :");
int b=s.nextInt();
System.out.println("\n After Adding A & B :"+(a+b));
}
}
Dr. Y. J. Nagendra Kumar - 117
End of Unit I