BAUCHI TSATE UNIVERSITY, GADAU

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION

B.Sc. Degree in Chemistry

Philosophy, Aims and Objectives of the Degree Programme

Chemistry is the index of industrial development. The giant strides made by man in the
understanding and exploitation of nature, synthesis of new materials essential to the enhancement
of the quality of life, and the surge in and sustenance of economic and technological progress have
benefited immensely from chemistry. A degree programme in chemistry should foster in the
undergraduate an appreciation of the centrality of chemical science to human well-being, as well as
its inevitable linkage to, and interactions with, other branches of science.

A degree programme in chemistry should therefore aim to:

 Stimulate in the students sustained interest and enthusiasm in chemistry and applications

 Build in students a culture of continuing enquiry

 Provide students with a broad and balanced base of chemical knowledge and practical skills

 Develop in students a range of skills applied in chemical and non-chemical areas that can provide
confidence for employment

 Provide students with a solid base of chemical knowledge and skills that are required for
postgraduate studies and research, and

 Inculcate in students an appreciation of chemistry in all human endeavours.

Admission and Graduation Requirement

For entry into 1oo level

Five SSCE/GCE O/Level credits obtained in not more than two (2) sitting in English Language,
Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics and any other relevant science subjects at the Senior Secondary
School Certificate or its equivalent.

For Direct entry into 200 level

A candidate seeking admission into 200 level must satisfy the following requirements:

(a) Minimum five ‘O’ level credits which must include English Language, Mathematics,
Chemistry, Physics and any one of Biology, Geography or Agricultural science.
(b) Passes in two (2) Major Subjects in NCE which must include Chemistry.
(c) OND Upper Credit from any recognized institution

Duration of the programme

A minimum of 8 semesters and a maximum of 12 semesters through UTME and minimum of 6

semesters and a maximum of 10 semesters through direct entry into 200 level.

Graduation Requirement
In order to satisfy the requirements for the award of degree in B.Sc. Chemistry,a candidate is
required to complete a minimum of 144 units for Graduation, 60 of which must come from the
student’s discipline. A minimum of 15 and a maximum of 28 credit units per semester is allowed to
be registered by a student.

PROGRAMME COURSE STRUCTURE

100 LEVEL

First semester

Course code Course title Credit unit(s)

BIO 1201 General Biology I 2
BIO 1203 General Biology III 2
CHM 1201 Inorganic Chemistry 2
CHM 1203 Organic Chemistry 2
MTH 1301 Elementary Mathematics I 3
PHY 1105 Physics Practical I 1
PHY 1201 Mechanics 2
PHY 1203 Electricity and Magnetism 2
STA 1311 Probability 2
GSP 1201 Study skills 2
Total 18

Second semester

Course Code Course title Credit unit(s)

BIO 1202 General Biology II 2
BIO 1204 General Biology IV 2
CHM 1202 Physical Chemistry 2
CHM 1204 Practical Chemistry 2
PHY 1202 Behaviour of mater 2
PHY 1104 Physics Practical II 1
MTH 1302 Elementary Math II 3
MTH 1304 Elementary Math IV 3
GSP 1202 Use of Library and Computer appreciation 2
Total 16

200 level

First semester

Course code Course title Credit unit(s)

CHM 2201 Organic Chemistry 2
CHM 2203 Physical Chemistry 2
CHM 2205 Structure and Bonding 2
 MTH 2203 Linear Algebra 2
PHY 2101 Renewable Energy 1
PHY 2107 Physics Practical 1
PHY 2303 Electric circuit and electronics 3
PHY 2305 Elementary Modern physics 3
GSP 2201 Foundation of Nigerian Culture 2
GSP 2203 Nigerian Government and Economy 2
Total 20

Second Semester

Course code Course title Credit unit(s)

CHM 2202 Computing in Basic Chemistry 2
CHM 2204 Practical Chemistry 2
CHM 2206 Analytical Chemistry 2
CHM 2208 Organic Chemistry II 2
CHM 221O Inorganic Chemistry 2
MTH 2302 Elementary Differential Equation 3
PHY 2304 Thermal Physics 3
GSP 2202 Peace and Conflict Resolution 2
Total 18

300 level

First semester

Course Code Course title Credit unit(s)

CHM 3201 Instrumental Methods of Analysis 2
CHM 3203 Inorganic Chemistry I 2
CHM 3205 Inorganic Chemistry II 2
CHM 3207 Applied Spectroscopy 2
CHM 3209 Organic Chemistry 2
CHM 3211 Physical Chemistry 2
CHM 3213 Atomic and Molecular Structure and Symmetry 2
CHM 3215 Environmental Chemistry 2
CHM 3217 Polymer Chemistry 2
CHM 3221 Organometallic Chemistry 2
CHM 3223 Natural Products I 2
CHM 3229 Industrial Chemical Process I 2
CHM 3231 Applied Surface and Colloids 2
Total 26

Second Semester

Course Code Course title Credit unit(s)

CHM 3600 SIWES 6
Total 6

400 LEVEL
First Semester

Course code Course title Credit unit(s)

CHM 4200 Seminar 2
CHM 4201 Analytical Chemistry 2
CHM 4203 Physical Organic Chemistry 2
CHM 4205 Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy 2
CHM 4207 Applied Electrochemistry 2
CHM 4209 Industrial Chemical Process II 2
CHM 4211 Heterocyclic Chemistry 2
CHM 4213 Organic Synthesis 2
CHM 4223 Group Theory and Symmetry 2
19

Second Semester

Course Code Course title Credit unit(s)

CHM 4600 Research Project 6
CHM 4302 Coordination Chemistry 3
CHM 4204 Polymer Chemistry II 2
CHM 4210 Carbohydrate Chemistry 2
CHM 4212 Statistical Mechanics 2
CHM 4220 Organometallic Chemistry 2
CHM 4224 Chemical Kinetics 2
CHM 4226 Quantum Chemistry 2
Total 21

COURSES DISCRIPTION FOR 100 LEVEL

CHM 1201 (Inorganic Chemistry)

Atoms, molecules and chemical reaction; chemical equations and stoichiometry, Atomic structure;
discovery and properties of fundamental particles of atom. Concept of isotopy, Atomic and
molecular mass, Empirical and Molecular formula. Electronic structure Modern electronic structure;
2Energy levels, Quantum numbers and electronic configuration. Periodic table and periodicity;
General properties of periodic table; atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energy, density, electron
affinity, electronegativity, melting point, boiling point and oxidation states. Introduction to transition
metals; their electronic configuration and General properties..Types of chemical bonding and
intermolecular forces. Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry.

CHM 1203 (Organic Chemistry)

Historical survey of the development and importance of Organic Chemistry; IUPAC Nomenclature
and classification of organic compounds; Homologous series, hybridization of carbon atom to reflect
tetravalency, Electronic theory in organic chemistry,Functional groups; Isolation and Purification of
organic compounds; Qualitative and quantitative organic chemistry; introduction to
Stereochemistry. Determination of structure of organic compounds;Empirical and molecular
formulas. Saturated hydrocarbons; cycloalkane and their basic chemistry,structuralisomerism.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons; preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes, alkynes, cis,Trans
isomerism, simple electrophilic addition reaction, polymerization.

CHM 1202(Physical Chemistry)

Interconversion of some physical units, properties of ideal and real gases; Equation of state,
PV=Nrtand its application, Deviation from ideality and Van der Waal’s equation, Elementary kinetics
molecular Theory of gases, Thermodynamics and enthalpy of reaction, Bond energies, Hess’s Law
and Born-Haber cycle. Chemical equilibrium; Dynamic equilibrium, Keq, Kc and Kp. Kc.Kp relationship
and Le chantelier’s principle. General concept of acids and bases. Ionic equilibrium. Kw, PH, POH,
Buffer solutions, indicators, Solubility product and its application, common ion effect.
Electrochemistry; Oxidation- reduction, electrode potential and Gibb’s free energy change
relationship. Solids; General properties of solids, unit cells and lattice point.Introduction to
Nanochemistry

CHM 1204(Practical Chemistry)

Laboratory instruction and experimental product should be conducted from the following subjects:

Physical:Determination of heats of reaction, effects of solute on boiling point of solvents, partition

coefficient.

Organic Chemistry: Safety precaution, classification of Organic compounds by their solubilities in

common solvents. The lassaigne’s tests for qualitative analysis of common elements in organic
compounds. Identification and classification of acids and bases functional groups. Identification and
differentiation of the following neutral functional groups; alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, esters,
anhydrides and ethers. Acetylation of aniline as an example of the preparation of solid aniline
derivatives. An electrophilic addition reaction.

Inorganic Chemistry: Qualitative and quantitative analysis; molarity, concentration and percentage
purity.

COURSES DISCRIPTION FOR 200 LEVEL

CHM 2201 (organic Chemistry)

Factors affecting structure and physical properties of organic compounds; atomic orbitals, bonding
and hybridization. Factors availability of electrons; Inductive effect, mesomeric and steric effect.
Stereochemistry; optical activity, Chirality etc. E- Z system of naming geometrical isomers.
Conformational isomers; conformational analysis of open chain and ring system. Methane, energy of
activation and free radical substitution reactions in alkanes. Electrophilic and Nucleophilic
substitution reaction, elimination reactions. Aromaticity and electrophilic reactions.

CHM 2202 (computing in basic for Chemistry)

Introductory concept, basic language, basic commands, branching and loop, basic in Chemistry.
CHM 2203(Physical Chemistry)

Thermodynamic; Laws of thermodynamics, Entropy, Gibb’s and Helmeltz’s free energies. Feasibility
of chemical systems. Equipartition principle; Cv and Cp for perfect gas. Phase rule and its application.
Kinetics and rate of reactions; rate law, order and factors affecting rate of reactions. Introduction to
collusion. Photochemical reactions and Basic electrochemistry.

CHM 2204 (Practical Chemistry)

At least 10 laboratory practical are to be conducted chosen from the following subject areas:

Organic:Determination of melting points of organic solids, mixtures, boiling points of organic liquids.
Simple and fractional distillation of two or more components at normal and reduced pressures.
Crystallization and re-crystallization of organic solids. The refluxing techniques. Use of separating
funnel. Thin layer and column chromatography. Aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.
Determination of partition coefficient of organic compounds.

Inorganic: Study of some typical reaction of transition metals redox titration. Ion exchange
technique.

Physical: Measurement of boiling points and enthalpy, Gibb’s free energy and other related
parameters for ideal and real solutions. Determination of rates, order and other activation of energy
of reactions. Effect of catalyst on kinetics parameters.

Analytical:Statistical treatment of analytical data. Experiments to be designed based on gravimetric,

titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods of analysis.

CHM 2205 (structure and bonding)

Idea of bonding and degenerate state. Atomic orbitals, shape and energy. Electronic structure of
atoms and experimental basis survey (Millikan, Rutherford Bohr etc). Simple valence bond theory,
electron pairrepulsion theory, atomic spectra. Methods of determining molecular shape, bond
lengths and angles.Structureand bonding in ionic crystal, isomorphism and polymorphism, crystal
lattice, lattice energy and polarization of ions. Chemistry of some representative main group element
compounds.

CHM 2206(Analytical chemistry)

Brief introduction to analytical chemistry, Fundamental concepts such as mole, concentration etc.
Theory of Errors and statistical treatment of data: Theory of sampling. Chemical methods of analysis
including volumetric, gravimetric and physiochemical methods, Optical methods of analysis;
separation methods.

CHM 2208(Organic Chemistry II)

Preparation, properties and reaction mechanisms of Alcohol, Ethers, Epoxides, Aldehydes, Ketones,
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives and alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compounds..
CHM 2210 (Inorganic Chemistry)

Introduction to co- ordination chemistry including elementary treatment of crystal field theory.
Stereochemistry and molecular orbital theory of simple molecules containing homo and
heteroatoms. Hydrogen; Structure of ice and water, the hydron ion, protonic acids oxoacids,
hydrides.

Group IA; Electronic structures and general properties. Anomalous behaviour of Lithium, Alkali
metals in liquid ammonia, binary and complex compounds of Alkali metals.

Group IIA; Electronic structure and general properties, compositionof beryllium with other elements
in this group. Binary and complex compounds of group IIA elements. Concept of hard and soft acids
and bases. Oxidation- reduction reactions. Chemistry in aqueous and non-aqueous media.

COURSES DISCRIPTION FOR 300 LEVEL

CHM 3201(Instrumental Methods of Analysis)

Theory and working of selected instruments and their applications to problems of organic and
inorganic chemistry. UV Visible Spectrometry, IR Spectrometry, Flame Emission and Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry. Fluorescence and phosphorescence Spectrometry. Quantitative analysis.
X-ray and radiochemical methods of analysis. Nuclear Magnetic resonance.

CHM 3203(Inorganic Chemistry I)

Group IIIA: Chemistry of boron and its compounds. Group IV; Group trend, diamond, graphite,
carbides and compounds with C-N and C-S bonds. Chemistry of Silicon and its compounds such as
halides oxyhalides, Silicones and silicate. Group VA; Group trend, anomalous behaviour of nitrogen.
Important compounds of nitrogen and Phosphorus including hydrazine, hydrazoic acid and hydroxyl
amine. Group VIA; Group trend, chemistry of peroxides and peracids of Oxygen and Sulphur,
Sulphur- Nitrogen compounds. Group VIIA; the halogens. General trend within group. Binary ionic
halides, molecular halides oxohalides, oxoacids of halogens and their salts. Interhalogen compounds,
polyhalides. Charge transfer compounds of halogens.

CHM 3205 (Inorganic Chemistry II)

Introduction to transition Elements: General Comparison of elements of second row and third row
transition series with the elements of first series. Study of the following elements and their
important compounds: [ Zr, Hf], [Nb, Ta], [Mo, W], [Te, Re], [ the Platinum metals] and [Ag, Au].
Separation of metal; solvent extraction, ion exchange techniques. Role of metals in biochemical
system.

CHM 3207 (Applied Spectroscopy)

Principles and applications of UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy to the determination and
elucidation of structures of organic compounds. Practical instrumentation.

CHM 3209 (Organic Chemistry)

Carbonion: I Acidity of alpha- hydrogen, Claisen and crossed Claisen Condensation, tautomerism and
reformtsky reactions. Carbonion II: Malonic ester and Aceto-acitic ester synthesis, Decarboxylation
of beta- Keto acids, Chemistry of Amines. Introduction to Heterocyclic Chemistry; five and six
membered heterocylics with one or two heteroatoms.

CHM 3211 (Physical Chemistry)

A review of Gibbs and Helmoltz’s Functions. Chemical thermodynamics of gases Introduction to

statistical thermodynamics. Ideal solutions. Non-Ideal solutions. Properties of electrolytes.
Colligative Properties.

CHM 313(Atomic and Molecular structure and symmetry)

Introduction to quantum mechanics, Schrodinger equation, Electron spin and Paul exclusion
principle, simple application of Born- Oppnheimer approximations, molecular orbital for diatomic
molecules, Huckel theory for simple pi electron systems discussion of Huckel (4n+2) rule, walsh rule,
comparison between molecular and valence bond theories, simple application of rotational,
vibrational and electronic spectra in determining bond lengths and angles, Atomic spectra,
Russelsaunders Coupling for orbitals, spin and total angular momentum, Term symbols and selection
rules and molecular symmetry.

CHM 3215(Environmental Chemistry)

Concepts of elementary cycles. Characteristics of the atmosphere. Sources, types and effects of
environmental pollution. Waste water treatment. Composition of domestic/industrial wastes and
waste management. Water chemistry and analysis. Chemical and Physical instrumentation in
environmental Sciences. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment.

CHM 3117 (Polymer Chemistry)

Introduction to polymer: Classification and nature of Polymer nomenclature; Polymerisation process,

condensation polymerisation in details. Solubility and solution properties of polymers. Structure and
properties of polymers. Fibre forming polymers.

CHM 3221(Organometallic Chemistry)

Classification of Organometallic compounds. Preparation, structure and reactions including

abnormal behaviour of organometallic compounds. Synthetic utility of organometallics of Alkali and
Alkali earth metals.
CHM 3223 (Natural products I)

Biosynthesis and chemistry of Terpenoids, Carotenoids, Steroids, Alkaloids, Lipids, Flavonoids,

prostaglandins and Chlorophylls. Mode of isolation and identification.

CHM 3229 (Industrial Chemical Process I)

Characterization and importance of chemical industry; Conversion efficiency, yield and

rationalization. Economic and Technical feasibilities as applied to Production of primary
intermediates and finished products. Synthesis of industrial organic chemicals; Polymers, adhesives,
dyes, explosives, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, flavouring agents and pharmaceutical.
Fermentation process. Flow characteristics; Black mixing, residence time, distribution and dispersion
models, catalytic reactions, designed operation of gas/liquid and liquid/liquid phases.

CHM 3231(Applied Surface and colloid Chemistry)

Surface Chemistry; surface and interfacial tension. Surface thermodynamics, spreading, wetting and
application to agriculture and animal husbandry. Detergents and soap. Criteria for effective washing
and dirt removal.Colloid: the colloidal state, classification of colloidal systems, structure, preparation
and purification. Lyophilic, lyophobic and hydrophilic systems, light scattering for particle size
measurements. Adsorption isotherm, BET application, Electrical potential of surface solid-gas
interface and liquid-solid interface.

CHM 3600(SIWES)

A total of 6 months industrial attachments.

This course is compulsory to all B.Sc. Chemistry students. It is designed to train students on the
industrial application of chemistry. The result is computed together with 400 level first semester
result.

COURSES DISCRIPTION FOR 400 LEVEL

CHM 4600(Research project)

A supervised project involving research in the laboratory and library. The student is expected to
spend at least 270Hrs.The results are to be presented in a typed bound dissertation which will be
orally examined by the supervisor, one other member of staff from related area of the subject and
the external examiner. The grade will be determined as follows:

External Examiner 30%

Internal Examiner 20%

Supervisor 40%

Oral presentation 10%

In case where a fail grade has been recorded, the examiner may require the candidate to carry out
further specified tasks and to resubmit the dissertation by specified date.

CHM 4200(Seminar Report)

Use of Chemical literature such as text books Chemical Abstracts, Journal etc. A topic involving a
literature search.

CHM 4201(Analytical Chemistry)

Potentiometric and pH methods. Conducto-metric methods. Electroanalytical

Methods.Amperometric, Colometric methods of analysis. Coupled, methods of analysis, GC-MS.
Sampling and Sample Pre-treatment. Radio-chemical methods, Chromatography.

CHM 4302 (Coordination Chemistry)

Nomenclature, isomerism, stability constant and their determination, stability of complex ions in
solution, chelate effect. Valance-bond theory, crystal field theiories, Molecular orbital their and
ligand field theories to explain bonding in coordination compounds.(in octahedral, tetrahedral and
square planar geometry). High spin and low spin complexes. The spectrochemical series: Crystal field
stabilization energies, solubility of haxaaqua-ions, John-Teller effect, electronic spectra of transition
metal complex. Magnetic and spectral properties of transition metal complexes, electron deficient
compounds: Boranes, borene anion, carboranes, metal alkyls and aryls. Preparation, reactions and
structure of complexes with pi- ligands as CN, CO, NO.

CHM 4203(Physical Organic Chemistry)

Methods for the study of organic reaction mechanisms. Nuleophilic substation reactions, elimination
and addition reactions re-arrangement reactions, preparation and reaction of stereoisomers;
stereoselectivity; neiboyring group effects. Hammette equation.

CHM 4204(Polymer Chemistry II)

Polymerisation mechanisms; detailed treatment of addition polymerisation.Kinetics of ionic and

free-radical polymerization. Stereo-specific polymerisation. Copolymensation (Introduction). Phase
systems for polymerisation-bulk, solution and suspension polymerization.Industrially important
thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers: Polyurethanes. Rubber elasticity. Mechanical properties
of polymers. Analysis and testing of polymers. Degradation of polymers.

CHM 4205(Theory of molecular Spectroscopy)

Quantum theory of rotation and vibration. Theory of microwave spectroscopy, infra-red

spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy, Ultra-Violet/Visible spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. General introduction to electron spin resonance, Mossbauer Effect. Nuclear
quadropole resonance and other modern techniques.

CHM 4207(Applied Electrochemistry)

Electrical double layer, potential at zero charge, polarizable and non-polarizable interface, mass
transport, concentration polarization, Fick's Laws, Levic equation. Electronics: kinetics of electronic
charge transfer, standard electrode potential. Over potential ohmic polarization, limiting and
exchange current: densities redox reactions, Nernst equation, Tafel equation andi-v polarization
principles. Polarography: cyclic voltammetry, Electro-Analytical principles. Battery technology and
gas production by electrolysis. Electro-organic equation.

CHM 4209(Industrial Chemical process II)

Industrial electrochemistry, electroplating, food canning and preservation. Chemical processing of

minerals. Metallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes, manufacture of some heavy inorganic
chemicals: cement, binding materials, inorganic fertilizer.

CHM 4210(Carbohydrate Chemistry)

Nomenclature, Classification and structures of Sugars.Monosaccharides, disaccharides and

polysaccharides. General reaction, preparations and reaction mechanisms. Configurations.
Empimerization. Starch, cellulose etc. synthetic significance of sugars in biosynthesis of nucleotides.

CHM 4211(Heterocyclic Chemistry)

The Synthetic and mechanistic aspects of fused heterocyclic system -particularly Quinolines, Iso-
quinolines, Benzofurans, Benzothiophenes, Indoles, Benzopyrilium salts, Coumarins and Chromones.
Application of heterocyclic systems in drug synthesis.

CHM 4212(Statistical Mechanics)

Stirling approximation formular, Langranges method of undetermined multiplier, Bose-Einstein

system, Fermi-Dirac system, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics; calculation of thermodynamic properties;
partition functions; heat capacities; entropy; equilibrium constants; use of spectroscopic
data;transition state theory, quantum effects.

CHM 4213 (Organic Chemistry)

Application of basic concepts of functional group chemistry through alkylation, acetylation,

halogenation, oxidation, reduction through rearrangement and miscellaneous other reactions used
in synthetic routes. A number of literature reactions will be examined and theit synthesis scheme
mastered.
CHM 4220(Organometallic Chemistry)

Introduction to Organometallic compounds of the transition elements. Classification of ligands

electron rule, bonding, preparation of organic transition metal compounds. Reaction and structures
of organometallic compounds of transition elements. The organic chemistry of Ferrocene and
related compounds. The role of organometallic compounds in some catalytic reaction. Reaction
intermediate from organotranstion compounds of industrial and synthetic uses. Stability and
thermochemistry of organometals. Charge transfer and charge transfer processes in the cleavage of
alkylmetals. Charge transfer interaction in reaction of organometals with acceptors. Reactions of
organometals electrophiles.

CHM 4223 (Group theory and symmetry)

Review of molecular symmetry operations. Definition of groups, Molecular symmetry groups.

Revision of linear algebra. Group presentation, character tables, irreducible presentations, group
presentations and quantum mechanics. Detailed study of groups Cn, Dn, Cov and full rotation group.
Applications: hybrid orbitals, symmetry orbitals, ligands field theory, normal modes of vibrations,
selection rules in vibrations and electronic spectra. General symmetry applications; dipole moments,
optical activity, woodward-Hoffman rules. Symmetry of crystal lattices, Block orbitals for infinite
system.

CHM 4224 (Chemical Kinetics)

Second and third order reactions. Accounting for the rate laws, concept of rate limiting step and
steady state approximation.

Collusion theory, transition state theory, reaction coordinates. Complexes reactions, Unimolecular
reaction theory, bimolecular reaction mechanisms, chain reactions mechanisms; heterogeneous
reaction (BET and Langmuir isomers);photochemical reaction mechanism: introduction to activation
and catalysis transition.

CHM 4226 (Quantum Chemistry)

Postulates of Quantum mechanics; operators; angular momentum solution of the hydrogcn atom
problem. Theory of atomic spectra.Hartress-Fock theory applied to atoms. Self-consistent theory;
choice of basic functions; use of abinito methods. Approximate molecular theory; parisier-pople
method and other extentions of Huckel theory; C.N.D.O; I.N.D.O; M.I.N.D.O; METHODS. Applications
of large systems of biological interest.