Fundamentals of

Thermodynamics

Dr. Asmaa Ramadan El-Sayed

Mechanical Power Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Engineering – Ain Shams University
 Chapter 2
Ideal Gas Properties and
Work
 Outline
• Characteristics of ideal gases
• Equation of state
• 𝐶𝑝 & 𝐶𝑣
• Types of work
• Types of process
• How to present a process on T-V and p-V diagrams
 Types of Working Fluids

• Working fluids are divided in two main categories:

• Ideal gas (Ex: Air, 𝑁2 , 𝑂2 , CO, 𝐶𝑂2 , Ar, 𝐶𝐻4 , … etc)
• Pure substance (Ex: Water, Refrigerants,… etc)
 Working Fluids

Ideal Gases
Pure Substances
1. Properties = Function (p, T)
1. Properties = Function (p, T, phase)
2. Equations are used to determine
the properties 2. Tables are used to determine the
properties
 Characteristics of Ideal Gases

• Ideal gas follows postulate of kinetic theory of gases (KTG) which state that
they are like tiny point & don't interact between each other
• They have high molecular speed & collide each other with elastic collision.
• They follow only ideal gas equation pV=N𝑅𝑢 T
• An ideal gas can behave as real when it is brought at high pressures & low
temperatures
 Equation of State
pV = N𝑅𝑢 T
Where:
p = Absolute pressure (kPa)
V = Volume (m³)
N = Number of moles (kmol)
𝑅𝑢 = Universal gas constant = 8.314 kJ/kmol.K
T = Absolute temperature (K)
 Equation of State
In thermodynamics, the number of moles is not preferred in calculations so, N is replaced by
𝑚
the equation: N = , where m = mass (kg) & M = Molecular weight (kg/kmol)
𝑀
𝑚 𝑅𝑢
pV = N𝑅𝑢 T = 𝑅𝑢 T = m T = mRT
𝑀 𝑀
Also, pv = RT
Where:
p = Absolute pressure (kPa)
V = Volume (m³) , v = specific volume (m³/kg) , m = mass (kg)
𝑅𝑢 8.314
𝑅 = Specific gas constant = 𝑀
= 𝑀
(kJ/kg.K) , T = Absolute temperature (K)
Absolute and Gauge Pressure
 Ideal Gas Properties
• As demonstrated in this lecture, pressure (p), temperature (T) and specific volume (v)
are related by the equation of state.
• To calculate the specific internal energy (u) and enthalpy (h) we need more equations.
u = 𝐶𝑣 T
h = 𝐶𝑝 T
Where:
𝐶𝑣 = Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg. K = kJ/kg. ºC)
𝐶𝑝 = Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg. K = kJ/kg. ºC)
 𝑪𝒗 & 𝑪𝒑
• These properties describe the energy storage capability of a certain gas.
• 𝐶𝑣 is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
certain gas by 1 degree of temperature under constant volume.
• 𝐶𝑝 is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
certain gas by 1 degree of temperature under constant pressure.
• For all types of gas, 𝐶𝑝 > 𝐶𝑣 .
• k = 𝐶𝑝 / 𝐶𝑣 where, k is the specific heat ratio.
• Also, 𝐶𝑝 - 𝐶𝑣 = R = Specific gas constant
 Types of Work
2π𝑁
𝑊𝑠ℎ = T× × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
60
Shaft or
Mechanical work T: Torque (N.m)
N: rpm

𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 = V×I×time
Work Electric work V: Volt
I: Current (Ampere)

Displacement 2
work 𝑊𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙 =‫׬‬1 𝑝. 𝑑𝑉
 Isentropic Process
• For an ideal gas performing an isentropic 2
𝑊𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙 =‫׬‬1 𝑝. 𝑑𝑉
process:
2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑝𝑉 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = C 𝑊𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙 =‫׬‬1 . 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑘
𝐶𝑝 2 𝑑𝑉
Where k is the specific heat ratio, k= =C ‫׬‬1 𝑉 𝑘
𝐶𝑣
𝑘 𝑉 −𝑘+1 𝑉 −𝑘+1
𝑝1 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =C. = 𝑝𝑉 𝑘 ×
= &p= −𝑘+1 −𝑘+1
𝑝2 𝑉1 𝑉𝑘
pV 𝑝2 𝑉2 −𝑝1 𝑉1
= l12 =
−𝑘+1 1−𝑘
 Types of Process
Process Constant Value of n in Work displacement Relation between
property p𝑽𝒏 = C state 1 & 2 (For
ideal gases)
Isobaric p 0 p (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) 𝑉2 𝑇2
=
𝑉1 𝑇1
Isochoric = V ∞ 0 𝑝2 𝑇2
=
Isovolumetric 𝑝1 𝑇1

Isothermal T 1 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉
pV ln 𝑉2 = pV ln 𝑝1 = mRT ln 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑝1
1 2 1 =
𝑉1 𝑝2

𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛
Polytropic ------ n = polytropic 𝑛
𝑝1 𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑛−1
index 1−𝑛 = =
𝑝2 𝑉1 𝑇2

Isentropic S (reversible + k 𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑘
𝑘

adiabatic Q=0) 𝑝1 𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑘−1

1−𝑘 = =
𝑝2 𝑉1 𝑇2
 The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in the tire. When the air temperature is
25ºC, the pressure gage reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the tire is 0.0025 m³, determine the pressure rise in the tire
when the air temperature in the tire rises to 50ºC. Also, determine the amount of air that must be bled off to restore
the pressure to its original value at this temperature. Assume the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.

• T1= 25C=298 K, p1=210 kPa gage = 310 kPa, V_tire=0.0025 m3,

T2=50C=323 K.
• Delta_p = p2 – p1 = mRT2/V2 – m1RT1/V1 = m1R/V*(T2 – T1) = 27 kPa
• Go to state 1: apply eqn of state m1 = p1V1/RT1 = 310*0.0025/(0.287*298) =
in kg
• New state (state 3): mass will change, p3=310 kPa, T3=50C.
• Delta_m = m3 – m1 = p3V3/RT3 – m1 = 310*0.0025/(0.287*323) – m1
A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m³ of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and 120ºC. The nitrogen
is now expanded to a pressure of 100 kPa in a polytropic process with a polytropic exponent whose
value is equal to the specific heat ratio. Determine the final temperature and the boundary work done
during this process.

• V=0.07 m3, N2, p1=130 kPa, T1=120 C

• P2=100 kPa, T2? W1-2?
• Type of process: polytropic n=k
• T2 = p2V2/mR
𝑘
𝑝1 𝑉2 𝑘 𝑇1 𝑘−1
• 𝑝2
=
𝑉1
=
𝑇2
• (T2/(120+273))^(1.4/0.4) = (100/130), V2 = ((p1/p2)^(1/1.4))*V1
𝑝2 𝑉2 −𝑝1 𝑉1
• W12 = 1−𝑘
=
 Process Presentation

p-V diagram T-s diagram

QUESTIONS?