Somalia 2024 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan (HNRP)

HUMANITARIAN NEEDS
HUMANITARIAN
PROGRAMME CYCLE
2024
AND RESPONSE PLAN ISSUED JANUARY 2024
SOMALIA
SOMALIA - HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND RESPONSE PLAN
At a Glance
PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED REQUIREMENTS (US$) OPERATIONAL
PARTNERS
6.9M 5.2M $1.6B 405

Strategic Objective 1 Strategic Objective 2 Strategic Objective 3
Prevent loss of life by decreasing Sustain people’s lives by ensuring Address critical protection risks arising
the prevalence of hunger and acute safe, equitable, inclusive and dignified from exclusion, displacement, and
malnutrition, public health threats, access to livelihoods and critical indiscriminate attacks on civilians and
and the impact of armed conflict and basic services. their objects.
natural disasters.
S$1.02B required S$479M required US$81M required
4.3M people targeted 3.8M people targeted 2.8M people targeted
People in need and targeted

BAB EL
GULF OF ADEN
DJIBOUTI MANDEB
Awdal ARABIAN SEA

Sanaag
%67 Bari
Woqooyi %80
Galbeed Togdheer
%79
%72 Sool
%73
%73 Nugaal
%70
ETHIOPIA
Mudug
Galgaduud %77 INDIAN OCEAN
Bakool %79
Hiraan
%80 People in need

%79
Middle
Gedo Shabelle
Bay Percentage of %XX
Banadir PiN targeted
%68
%78
%79
%78
%73 People targeted
Middle Inter-sectoral need
Lower
Juba Shabelle
KENYA
Lower Juba %77 Minimal
Stress (2 districts) Number of people
%74
Severe (48 districts) 1,800k
Extreme (24 districts) 1,000k
500k
Catastrophic 200k
02
Key Planning Figures
SECTOR / CLUSTER REQUIREMENTS (US$) PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED % OF PIN TARGETED
% change 2024 % change % change
2024 2024 2024 % IN 2023
since 2023 since 2023 since 2023
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene $146M -44% 6.6M -20% 4.2M -31% 64% 30%
Health $122M -38% 6.6M -1% 3.8M -36% 58% 88%
Nutrition $165M -62% 4.8M -2% 3.0M -36% 63% 96%
Shelter and NFIs $80M -6% 4.6M -6% 1.4M 0% 30% 29%
Food Security and Livelihoods $560M -49% 4.3M -36% 2.7M -60% 63% 100%
Camp Coordination Camp Management $61M -7% 3.9M +4% 2.7M 10% 93% 88%
Protection $174M -18% 3.8M -24% 2.7M -34% 71% 64%
Gender-Based Violence $73M -9% 3.2M +7% 1.0M -5% 31% 67%
Child Protection $63M -12% 3.0M -14% 2.1M 0% 70% 60%
Explosive Hazards $9M 13% 2.3M +53% 321k -20% 14% 27%
Housing, Land and Property $5M -50% 1.7M -47% 616k -66% 36% 56%
Education $63M -36% 2.4M -38% 898k -6% 37% 25%
Refugee Response $72M -9% 40k -22% 40k -22% 100%

100%
Multi-Purpose Cash $70M – 3.9M – 2.7M – -

69%
Logistics $35M 21% – – – –
$33M 1% – – – –
Enabling Programmes
Inter-Sector $1.6B -38% 6.9M -17% 5.2M -32% 75% 92%
Trends 2019-2024
2.6B
8.3M
7.8M 2.3B
7.6M 7.6M 6.9M
97% 92%
5.9M 2.1B
5.2M 91% 1.6B
4.2M 5.2M
75% 1.1B 1.1B
4.0M 1.0B
68% 1.1B
3.4M
3.0M 0.9B 0.9B 42%
81% 0.8B
58% 82% 82%
80%
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
People in need People targeted Funding required Funding received (US$)
03
SODMA Foreword
Somalia has achieved significant progress in recent years, country is prepared to respond to and recover from all types
especially in establishing political institutions and improving of emergencies. SoDMA will provide leadership, contribute
security. However, the country is still vulnerable to recurring to risk reduction, and reduce fatalities from disasters
climate-related hazards and the frequency of droughts, by enhancing its capacities for mitigation, preparedness,
flash floods and riverine floods has increased in Somalia response, and recovery across the country. To mitigate the
over the past 30 years, disrupting people’s livelihoods and impact of the El Niño Phenomenon, SODMA developed a
the economy. Climate change – compounded with other national anticipatory action framework on flood to ensure an
factors such as poor adaptation, an economically vulnerable inclusive and targeted approach that will lead to a timelier,
population, poor infrastructure, weak river embankments, effective, efficient, and dignified solution to respond and
and poor-quality soil are exacerbating the level of flood ultimately reduce humanitarian needs. SODMA has also
damage affecting local communities. In addition to drought, developed a five-year comprehensive strategic plan (2024-
floods and conflict, other drivers of acute food insecurity and 2028) that leverages strengths, addresses challenges,
malnutrition in Somalia include high food prices and disease and augments disaster management capacities through
outbreaks. While Somalia has successfully averted famine inclusive collaboration and coordination. As Somalia charts
in 2023 due to concerted efforts of humanitarian actors, its course through a complex disaster landscape, a robust
government institutions, and the communities, coupled with disaster management strategy is indispensable. It not
favourable above-average Gu rains, about four million people only safeguards lives but also ensures the sustenance of
continue to be food insecure. According to the Humanitarian livelihoods and paves the way for sustainable progress. The
Needs and Response Plan (HNRP), an estimated 6.9 million unwavering commitment to this strategy and the emphasis
people, a reduction of 17 per cent from last year, will require on collective efforts in disaster management are crucial for
humanitarian assistance in 2024. Somalia's future resilience.
The Federal Government is extremely concerned about the With the support of the international community and
significant humanitarian and infrastructure impact caused the tireless work of the humanitarian and development
by excessive rains, flash and riverine floods, which have communities in Somalia, we were able to avert projected
been particularly acute in late 2023 due to the El Niño famine in Somalia in 2022 and 2023. I sincerely thank our
phenomenon. The floods have prompted the destruction partners for all their good and valuable work; the donors for
of property, loss of access to basic services, further their continued support, and humanitarian actors for their
displacements, and led to an increase in cholera and determined effort to always improve their effectiveness. In
other water-borne diseases, particularly affecting children, conclusion, I am confident that by working closely with our
women, the elderly and people with disabilities. More than key stakeholders and donors, we will be well prepared to
80 per cent of displaced people are women and children handle multiple crises and play a significant role in the 2024
who face significant protection risks, which are heightened humanitarian response. Our common goal is to address the
by pre-existing inequities. The impact of climate change, underlying causes of Somalia’s crises, improve livelihoods
conflict and insecurity, and other factors have continued and build long-term durable solutions. We must continue
to push Somali civilians away from their homes and into our efforts to alleviate the suffering of the most vulnerable
overcrowded towns and cities. Consequently, the number communities in Somalia while laying the foundation for a
of internally displaced persons (IDPs) has reached close more peaceful and sustainable country .
to four million people, one of the largest globally. Upsurge
in displacement is expected to continue in 2024 if the Mohamud Moalim Abdulle
government accelerates the ongoing large offensive Commissioner, Somalia Disaster Management
military operation against Al-Shabab in Galmudug, Jubaland, Agency (SODMA)
Southwest and Hir-Shabelle State.
Poverty, the lack of efficient institutions, the impact of

floods, drought, conflict, and epidemic outbreaks have
contributed to the increased vulnerability of the Somali
population. To effectively address the underlying causes of
food insecurity and displacement humanitarian needs, the
Somali Disaster Management Agency (SoDMA), which was
reinstated in August 2022, has continued to ensure that the
04
HC Foreword
The 2024 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan (HNRP) people and communities in newly accessible areas. Further,
is a comprehensive strategy developed in close consultation planning for readiness and anticipatory action ahead of
with Federal and State authorities. In 2024, Somalis continue predictable shocks has been integrated in the 2024 HNRP,
to suffer the impacts of shocks which unfolded in 2023 with a focus on mitigating the humanitarian impact of
and before: the 2020-2023 drought which came to an end anticipated Gu flooding from March to June 2024. Early
in the second quarter of last year was one of the worst on funding is required to implement these measures as from
record; the heavy flooding caused by the Deyr rainy season January. I appeal to our donors to step up and provide timely
exacerbated by El Niño from October to December was the humanitarian funding.
worst seen in decades; and high levels of new displacement –
mainly driven by these climatic shocks. The structural drivers of humanitarian needs in Somalia
cannot be tackled through humanitarian assistance. In 2024,
As a result of the end of drought conditions, the number of the HCT will deepen its collaboration with development
people in need in 2024 has decreased by 17 per cent, from and international financing partners to support progress
8.3 million in 2023 to 6.9 million; yet this number remains and scale-up in a number of areas aligned with Somalia’s
alarmingly high and well above the five-year average. National Development Plan: resilience-building, food
Displaced people continue to be in most severe need, as they systems, water management, disaster risk reduction,
are often unable to meet basic needs and face significant durable solutions to displacement, and social protection
protection concerns. Likewise, across all population groups, frameworks. Government leadership in these areas will be
women, children, people with disabilities and minority groups critical. Sustainable progress on reducing humanitarian
remain disproportionately impacted. needs in the mid- and long-term will only be possible through
strong complementarity between humanitarian, development,
In addition to climatic shocks, conflict and insecurity, and peace-building efforts. Somalia reaching the Heavily
widespread poverty and disease outbreaks will continue to Indebted Poor Countries Completion Point and joining the
drive humanitarian needs this year. The drawdown of the East African Community both present opportunities in
African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) will this regard.
likely render the security situation more complex. In a context
where 23 of 74 districts are considered hard or extremely In a challenging and complex operating environment,
hard to reach, the drawdown will likely further complicate humanitarian assistance is preventing worse outcomes. I am
humanitarian access and increase the cost of humanitarian very proud of the tireless efforts of humanitarians working
operations – all at a time when we expect reduced to support people in need in Somalia. Despite a challenging
humanitarian funding, following only 43 per cent of funding operating and funding environment, humanitarian partners
received last year for the 2023 HRP. reached 3.8 million people per month on average in 20231
and are committed to building on these achievements.
The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) has made hard National and local non-governmental organizations are
choices to ensure strict prioritization for the HNRP: the critical for the response, and in 2024, I will encourage even
response will focus on assisting populations at greatest greater efforts to boost localization, including capacity
vulnerability and risk, living in ‘extreme’ and ‘catastrophic’ building and partnerships with national organizations.
levels of need, as defined at sector level, and be streamlined
to center on life-saving efforts. This has led to a significant I have confidence in the realistic and prioritized programmes
reduction in the number of people in need targeted outlined in the 2024 HNRP, and in the commitment of
for assistance through the HNRP, and also in financial the Federal Government of Somalia to foster long-term
requirements: in 2024, US$ 1.6 billion, 40 per cent less sustainable solutions. The HCT continues to work with
compared to 2023, is required to assist an estimated 4.8 the Federal Government of Somalia to further strengthen
million people, a 32 per cent reduction compared to the measures, including improved targeting, registration, data-
number of people targeted in 2023. sharing, and community feedback mechanisms, to mitigate
and prevent aid diversion and ensure that assistance reaches
In order to allocate limited resources efficiently, those most in need.
programmatic and geographic priorities have been defined
for the first quarter of 2024. This includes identification George Conway
of prioritized districts based on need, and strengthening Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator (RC/HC)
area-based and integrated responses to newly displaced
05
SOMALIA
Somalia - Administrative reference map
Administrative Reference Map (A4) As of 12 Feb 2024
Afar
Djibouti Caluula
GULF OF ADEN
Qandala ARABIAN
SEA
Zeylac Laasqoray Bossaso
Lughaye Ceerigaabo
Iskushuban
Baki Berbera
Borama Ceel
Awdal Woqooyi Sheikh Afweyn Sanaag Bari
Gebiley
Galbeed
Caynabo Qardho
Hargeysa Bandarbeyla
Owdweyne
Burco Xudun Taleex
Togdheer
Sool Nugaal
Buuhoodle Laas
Caanood Garoowe
Eyl
Burtinle
ETHIOPIA
Jariiban
Galdogob
Gaalkacyo
Mudug
Cabudwaaq Cadaado
Hobyo
Galguduud
Dhuusamarreeb
Ceel Hiraan Ceel Xarardheere

Barde Belet Buur
Weyne
Rab Xudur
Dhuure
Bakool Ceel
Bulo Dheer
Doolow Luuq Waajid Tayeeglow Burto
Adan
Belet Gedo Baydhaba Jalalaqsi
Yabaal
Xaawo
Garbahaarey Bay
Jowhar Cadale
Ceel
Qansax Wanla Middle
Dheere Weyn
Waaq Buur Shabelle
Balcad
Hakaba
Afgooye
Baardheere Diinsoor
Qoryooley Mogadishu
Banadir
Saakow Kurtunwaarey INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA Sablaale Lower
Marka
Middle Juba Shabelle
Bu'aale
Baraawe
Afmadow
Jilib
Lower Juba Jamaame
Kismaayo
Badhaadhe
Creation date: 02 Oct 2023 Legend

Kilometers
Source: OCHA, OSM
Populated Points International boundaries Administrative boundaries Water 0 50 100
Feedback:
www.unocha.org www.reliefweb.int
National Capital International boundary Region (Admin1) River
Lake Spatial Reference:
The boundaries and names shown and the Undetermined District (Admin2)
Admin1 center Roads Name: WGS 1984 Web Mercator
designations used on this map do not imply boundary Transportation Auxiliary Sphere
United Nations. Neighbouring country Coastline Primary PCS: WGS 1984 Web Mercator
International Airports
Auxiliary Sphere
Secondary
Settlements Seaports GCS: GCS WGS 1984
Neighbouring country Datum: WGS 1984
primary Projection: Mercator Auxiliary Sphere
06
Table of contents
02 At a Glance
04 SODMA Foreword
05 HC Foreword
08 Part 1: Humanitarian Needs
08 1.1 Shocks and Impact in 2023
12 1.2 Analysis of People’s Priority Needs
14 1.3 Protection Risks and Vulnerable Groups
17 1.4 Severity and People in Need
19 1.5 Risk Analysis and Projections
21 Part 2: Humanitarian Response

21 2.1 Response Strategy
24 2.2 Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus
26 2.3 Centrality of Protection, Accountability and Inclusivity
29 2.4 Delivery Capacity
33 2.5 Risk-Informed Planning
35 2.6 Multi-Purpose Cash Programming
36 2.7 Cost of the Response
37 2.8 Monitoring
39 Part 3: Needs and Response by Cluster

40 3.1 Camp Coordination and Camp Management
42 3.2 Education
44 3.3 Food Security
47 3.4 Health
49 3.5 Logistics
51 3.6 Nutrition
53 3.7 Protection
55 3.7.1 Child Protection
57 3.7.2 Explosive Hazards
60 3.7.3 Gender-Based Violence
62 3.7.4 Housing, Lands and Property
64 3.8 Shelter and Non-Food Items
66 3.9 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
68 3.10 Enabling Programmes
70 Part 4: Refugee Response Plan

72 Annexes
07
Part 1: Humanitarian Needs
1.1 Shocks and Impact in 2023

Somalia’s population is battered by climate extremes, Timeline of worst climate extremes in Somalia
with the worst drought in decades followed by the
most extensive floods in generations within the span
of just a few months. Seasonal cycles of dry and wet
1997 1.2M
conditions have become more extreme and frequent.
The 2020-2023 drought, considered the most severe 2010-2011 4M
in four decades, brought the country to the brink of
famine; while sustained humanitarian assistance 2016-2017 6.7M
and the Gu rainy season from March 2023 averted
2020 1M
worse outcomes, an estimated 43,000 excess deaths
are estimated to have occurred in 2022 alone, half 7.8M
2020-2023
of them children under the age of five.2 Households
have struggled to recover since the end of drought, as 2023 2.5M
equally historic Deyr rains and flooding, exacerbated by
a strong El Niño and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole, hit
# People affected by floods # People affected by drought
the country in October and November 2023.
Deyr flooding has caused significant losses to agriculture,

livestock and critical infrastructure. By end-November people are currently displaced in Somalia, with most
2023, almost half of the country’s districts had households displaced more than once.6
recorded flooding, with riverine and flash flooding
greatest along the Shabelle and Juba Rivers in the Civilians continue to pay the price of conflict and
south and south-west.3 2.5 million people were insecurity. Following a sharp increase in civilian
affected and more than 1.5 million hectares of casualties in 2022 due to an escalation of hostilities,
farmland were inundated. The floods damaged or this trend continued in 2023, with almost 1,300 civilian
destroyed critical water, sanitation, health, education casualties recorded between January and September.7
and logistics infrastructure, threatening to reverse Somalia also remains among the countries recording
modest gains from infrastructure investments in the highest number of grave violations against
previous years. children worldwide. Between January and September
2023, 1,742 grave violations against 1,660 children
Climatic shocks and conflict displaced a record 2.9 were verified. Critical civilian infrastructure, which
million people in 2023 alone.4 The vast majority of is protected under international humanitarian law,
people who fled their homes – 2.3 million or 75 per continues to be targeted, including 34 schools and 18
cent – were displaced by climate shocks (1.7 million hospitals attacked in the first nine months of 2023.8
by flooding and 531,000 by drought). At the same time,
the number of people newly or re-displaced due to Ongoing conflict contributes to a volatile and difficult
conflict and insecurity in 2023 – 653,000 people – also operating environment for humanitarians. Attacks
stood at an all-time high.5 In total, more than 3.8 million on humanitarian workers and infrastructure, and
restrictions on movements have exacerbated access
08
and operational challenges. An estimated 580,000 People affected by Deyr flooding

people live in areas which are hard to access by the
BAB EL
humanitarian community, the majority being women DJIBOUTI
MANDEB
GULF OF ADEN
ARABIAN
and children. Out of 74 districts, 23 are either hard SEA
or extremely hard to reach. The changing security

landscape in Somalia resulting from the drawdown Bandarbeyla
of ATMIS and the potential for shifting patterns of

Eyl
insecurity will require adaptability by humanitarians ETHIOPIA

Burtinle
Jariiban
to stay and deliver, and promote acceptance for Gaalkacyo
humanitarian interventions.
Cabudwaaq
As a result of these shocks, an estimated 6.9 million Belet Weyne
people – almost two in five Somalis – remain in need

Ceel Dheer
Doolow Bulo Burto
Luuq Waajid
Belet
Xaawo Jalalaqsi
of humanitarian assistance in 2024. While this 17

Baydhaba
Garbahaarey
Qansax Wanla Jowhar
Ceel
Dheere Buur Weyn
Waaq
per cent decrease compared to 2023 is mainly due to

Balcad
Hakaba INDIAN OCEAN
Baardheere
a slight reduction in food insecurity and malnutrition

Saakow Marka
KENYA Bu'aale
levels, 4.3 million people remain acutely food insecure. Afmadow Jilib # People affected by Deyr flooding
(Oct-Dec 2023)
Jamaame
In a context where 54 per cent of households already Kismaayo 60k
lived below the national poverty line before the 2020- Badhaadhe 200k
430k
2023 drought, more than half of all households have
suffered further income reductions due to loss of households and displaced populations on frequently
employment, livestock and other assets.9 The more ill-suited, flood-prone lands. Going into 2024, needs
recent destruction of farmlands and standing crops for access to food, safe water, sanitation and health
caused by the late-2023 flooding, in combination specifically are expected to increase in flood-affected
with disrupted livelihoods and damage to shelter areas, due to flood damage to crops, WASH, and
and homes, further aggravates the situation for health facilities and the widespread contamination of
many households. The poorest households therefore water sources.
continue to struggle to access food, income and
critical services such as water, health, education Underlying contextual factors of the humanitarian crisis in
and protection. Somalia have been outlined in greater detail in previous HNOs,
including the 2023 Somalia HNO.
At the same time, the record inflow of newly displaced
people into mainly urban and peri-urban areas has put Number of people in need
further pressure on already stretched WASH, health 2019-2024
and shelter conditions, and increased protection risks 8.3M
7.8M
linked to exploitation and abuse. The overwhelming 6.9M
5.9M
majority of people who were displaced due to conflict 5.2M
in 2023 do not intend to return any time soon.10 Needs 4.2M
for access to food, water, livelihood opportunities,
sanitation, health, education and protection services,
especially in settlements and informal sites hosting
internally displaced people, therefore remain
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
significant.
In turn, while most flood-driven displacement is

expected to be temporary in nature, its scale highlights
the unsustainable living conditions of the poorest
09
Displacement trends
DJIBOUTI GULF OF ADEN
ARABIAN SEA
Awdal Bari
Woqooyi
Sanaag
Galbeed
Togdheer
Sool
Nugaal
ETHIOPIA
Mudug
Displaced people living
in camp settings 3.6M
Displaced people living

Galgaduud 246k
outside camp settings
Bakool
Hiraan Top 5 districts hosting
District
displaced people
Banadir 1.46M
Gedo
Middle INDIAN OCEAN
Bay Baydhaba 425k
Shabelle
Kismaayo 145k
Lower Burco 144k

Shabelle
Middle Doolow 143k
KENYA Juba
#newly displaced people #displaced people by district

Lower Juba
Jan-Dec 2023 (PRMN) (IDP Working Group)
≤ 25k ≤ 100k ≤ 200k above 200k ≤ 25k ≤ 50k ≤ 100k ≤ 200k above 200k
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Number of newly
305k 1.1M 884k 673k 1.3M 511k 1.6M 2.9M
displaced people by year
Triggers
Floods 3.4k 6.9k 280k 416k 919k 28k 13k 1.7m
(1%) (1%) (32%) (62%) (69%) (5%) (1%) (57%)
Drought 114k 892k 257k 105k 157k 207k 1M 531k

(37%) (79%) (29%) (16%) (12%) (41%) (65%) (18%)
Conflict 157k 203k 320k 416k 141k 260k 547k 653k
(57%) (18%) (36%) (62%) (21%) (51%) (34%) (22%)
10
Timeline of events in 2023
January August
• 4 January: Mahas bombings, more than 20 • 19 August: joint organization of a World

people killed Humanitarian Day event to commemorate the
humanitarians who lost their lives in the line of duty.
February
September
• Laas Caanood erupts, conflict displacing
hundreds of thousands • 18 September: post-Gu IPC findings released, with
• 8 February: 2023 HRP launched 4.3 million people projected to be food insecure
between October-December 2023.
March
October:
• Marking the end of drought conditions between
2020-2023, the Gu rainy season starts, • Deyr rains commence, exacerbated by a strong El
displacing thousands Niño and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
April November
• 11 April: UN Secretary-General visits Mogadishu • 24 November: Somalia joins the East

African Community
• Cholera outbreak in the south of the country with
nearly 7,000 cases December
May • 1 December: UN Security Council unanimously

adopts Resolution 2714, lifting an arms embargo on
• 26 May: al-Shabaab attack on Ugandan forces,
the Federal Government of Somalia which had been
leaving 54 Ugandan soldiers dead
in place since 1992
June • 13 December: Somalia achieves the HIPC
Completion point and secures comprehensive debt
• Gu seasonal floods weaken after having affected
relief (US$ 4.5bn)
over 468,000 people, killing 30 and displacing at
least 247,000 from their homes • By late December, more than 2.5M people are
affected by heavy Deyr rains and both riverine and
July flash flooding – a level not seen since 1997.
• 24 July: at least 30 Somali Army soldiers are killed

and many others wounded after an al-Shabaab
militant suicide attack on an army training camp
in Mogadishu.
11
1.2 Analysis of People’s Priority Needs
Priority needs as ranked by households: has disrupted cropping activities and exacerbated
household income losses from agricultural labour.
1st
Food or income to buy food (67%)
2nd Drinking water (47%)
More than 4.3 million people suffer from acute hunger
and malnutrition. While the number of food insecure More than half of the population is water insecure,
people has come down from 6.7 million at the peak of with rates even higher among displaced people.
the drought in late 2022, 4.3 million people – almost Access to drinking water has increased as a priority
one fourth of the population – remain acutely food across all population groups compared to one year ago
insecure in 2024. Internally displaced people are in when households ranked it the fourth most important
most severe need, with 13 per cent classified as having need. Next to a lack of food, drought-reduced access
emergency food insecurity levels (IPC phase 4).11 to water was the key driver for displacement in the first
half of 2023.
Approximately 1.5m children under the age
of five are expected to suffer from acute Almost two thirds of displaced
malnutrition in 2024 (1.8 million in 2023). households are considered water-
insecure.
Lack of purchasing power remains a key concern, with
half of all households reporting income reductions due One out of four households report not having enough
to loss of employment, livestock and other productive water, with rates again higher among displaced people.
assets during the drought.12 At the same time, food A third of all households use untreated water sources.
prices, while now below their highs in 2022, remain Most people (73 per cent) do not treat water before
above the five-year average. The most vulnerable consumption15, contributing to a high prevalence
households spend more than 70 per cent of their of waterborne diseases such as AWD and cholera,
income on food, limiting their ability to afford services with particularly serious consequences for child and
such as healthcare or education, or critical items such maternal health. Late-2023 flooding has worsened
as mattresses and soap.13 Three in four households are already precarious water and sanitary conditions,
indebted and 28 per cent have exhausted emergency as water access points such as boreholes were
coping strategies, such as selling the last productive contaminated and thousands of people temporarily
animal, drastically reducing future income sources and displaced to areas with no or limited WASH facilities.
capacity to cope with shocks. Newly displaced people By December 2023, increases in AWD and cholera were
are most frequently forced to rely on emergency coping reported across 21 of 72 districts, and projections for
mechanism, including scavenging and begging for cholera cases in 2024 were about 30 to 40 per cent
food/money (34 per cent).14 above 2023 levels.
Food insecurity and malnutrition are expected to 3rd Healthcare (42%)

particularly increase in the five southern regions
most affected by the Deyr floods (Banadir, Bay, Lower People struggle to physically access healthcare and
Shabelle, Lower Juba and Middle Shabelle). Already to pay for it. The Somali health system remains weak,
before the floods, these five (of 18) regions alone disrupted by decades of conflict and inadequate
accounted for over half of the population in IPC phase investments in infrastructure, maintenance, and
4 and of severely malnourished children under five technical personnel. Somalia ranks last place in terms
years of age, respectively. Flooding in these areas
12
of health security, as its morbidity and mortality levels shelter needs often stem from households’ inability
continue to be among the worst worldwide.16 to afford rent and lack of formal agreements to prove
occupancy arrangements.20 As a result, eviction of
Most of Somalia's disease outbreaks can be attributed people from privately owned sites is on the rise,
to low WASH coverage, low vaccination rates, a with more than 120,000 people forcefully evicted
shortage of functional health facilities, and low between January and October 2023, sixty per cent
capacities for surveillance and rapid response to of whom were in Mogadishu. Across all population
disease alerts. Inadequate healthcare infrastructure groups, blankets and sleeping mats are the two most
and a shortage of trained staff and essential medical reported missing NFIs. Against this background, the
supplies hamper the delivery of comprehensive number of people in need of shelter and NFIs in 2024
reproductive, nutrition and other critical health services. remains comparatively high, at 4.6 million. Shelter
related needs are expected to increase as flooding
has damaged and destroyed thousands of shelters in
Top three barriers to accessing health care: urban and peri-urban areas, including in settlements for
displaced people.
1. Absence of a functional health facility (40%)
2. unaffordability of treatment or Sanitation services / hygiene
medicines (20%) 5th
NFIs (12%)
3. lack of required medicines, treatment or
services (14%). Poor sanitary and hygiene conditions have worsened.
One in four households report not having a functional
The top three reported barriers preventing households sanitation facility, compared to 17 per cent in 2022.
from accessing healthcare in 2023 were the absence Protective and privacy features of sanitation facilities,
of a functional health facility in their proximity (40 per such as doors and walls, have worsened.21 80 per cent
cent), unaffordability of treatment or medicines (20 per of households lack a handwashing facility, up from
cent), and the lack of required medicines, treatment or 67 per cent in 2022, with soap missing in almost half
services (14 per cent).17 With more than ten per cent these households.
of the country’s health facilities reported damaged or
submerged during the Deyr floods 18, health coverage 28 per cent of households report not
in affected areas is expected to be even further having a functional sanitation facility.
constrained, increasing the need for mobile health
services in the short term. These trends result from the significant inflow
of displaced populations into camp settings and
4th Shelter/ housing (42%) urban areas, stretching available WASH services
and facilities, as well as households not being able
Shelter needs, particularly in displaced settings, are to affords critical items such as soap. Access to
considerable. The high number of newly displaced menstrual materials appears to be a greatest concern
people in 2023 has led to significant demand for for women who live in protracted displacement
shelter and housing solutions, both in and outside conditions, half of whom report lack of access.
camps. Displaced populations have the highest Sanitation conditions are expected to have worsened
shelter needs.19 during the floods, as people displaced to and
congregated in temporary sites with often no or
One in two newly displaced households
insufficient WASH infrastructure, while sanitation
live in makeshift shelters (53 per cent). facilities in areas of origin, including IDP settlements,
were destroyed and need to be rebuilt.
Families with pregnant and lactating mothers in
particular often find themselves living in overcrowded
shelters, with lack of privacy and exposure to health
and safety risks. Outside organized camp settings,
13
1.3 Protection Risks and Vulnerable Groups
Protection risks and in the Protection Cluster and Protection AoRs

sections in Part 3 of this plan.
Protection risks in Somalia include gender-
based violence (GBV), kidnapping and abduction, Differential impact of the crisis
discrimination, family separation, abuse, forced
eviction and destruction of properties, presence of Age, gender, minority status and disability and the
mines and other explosive ordnance, civilian death or inter-section between these and other dimensions
injury, and child recruitment into armed groups, among strongly affect how people are impacted by the
others. Minority-affiliated groups, women, children, the humanitarian crisis in Somalia, and to what extent
elderly, and persons with disabilities face particularly they can both access and inform the design of
high protection risks. humanitarian assistance.
Protection threats stem from: Children constitute almost two thirds of all people
in need and are particularly vulnerable to shocks,
• Exclusion and denial of access to assistance,
violence, and abuse. 298 children were maimed and
including as a result of diversion of humanitarian
157 killed in the first nine months of 2023, with boys
assistance, intimidation, abuse, and exploitation
at particular risk of abduction (88 per cent of 568
by powerful influencers in aid distribution who
verified cases) and forced recruitment (88 per cent
block equitable distribution of assistance and
or 498).24 Girls continue to be exposed to rape and
access to those most in need. This is exacerbated
other grave forms of sexual violence, with verified
by communities frequently having limited and
cases (139) likely significantly underreported. These
inaccessible information on how to seek assistance,
violations often take place in isolated areas such as
with minority, persons with disabilities, and other
village outskirts areas or farming/grazing fields, and
marginalized groups most affected.
in and around IDP sites. Children also remain the
• Forced displacement,during which protection population group most at risk of mines and unexploded
threats are exacerbated due to the particular ordinance, representing 80 per cent of all casualties
vulnerabilities of displaced communities in both recorded in 2023.25
managed and informal sites, frequently leading
to the widespread adoption of negative coping Over the last three decades, Somalia’s under-5
strategies to address immediate household needs. population has consistently suffered from some of the
• Indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian worst malnutrition and mortality levels globally.26 The
objects, as the armed conflict in Somalia primarily psycho-social impact of these conditions on children
affects civilians. Over the past four years, for are neither comprehensively assessed nor addressed,
example, 55 per cent of improvised explosive device given the lack of mental health and psychosocial
(IED) casualties (4,495) were civilians, while more support (MHPSS).27 By way of illustration, Somali
than 80 per cent of explosive ordnance (EO) victims caseworkers offering specialised child protection
were minors.22 services currently handle caseload numbers ten times
above minimum standards.28 While school attendance
Limited humanitarian access amplifies these has increased from 2022, only half of all school-
protection risks. Displaced populations and those in aged children attend school, with non-attendance of
areas with heavy access restrictions frequently have displaced children even higher and lack of affordability
low awareness of their rights, leading to discriminatory cited as the most important reason.29
norms and harmful practices such as female genital
mutilation and child marriage. A more detailed analysis Women are socio-economically particularly
of protection risks in Somalia can be accessed here23 vulnerable in the Somali context, as they face higher
14
constraints in accessing employment and finance People with disabilities face attitudinal, institutional,
for entrepreneurial activity; more frequently adopt communication and physical barriers to accessing
harmful coping strategies; and tend to have higher humanitarian assistance, basic services and income
levels of food insecurity and limited access to critical opportunities, and to engaging in decision-making on
services, including health. Women’s poverty is a need priorities and how to address them.33 Applying the
barrier to tenure security and their ability to claim global estimate of 15 per cent yields a population of
other housing, land and property (HLP) rights. GBV around 1.2 million people living with disabilities in the
in Somalia primarily affects women and girls, with a country, although the actual number is certainly higher
deteriorating household economy, displacement and due to the impact of years of conflict.
continued conflict in 2023 presumed to be the driving
factors for a generalized increase in reported intra- While type of disability, displacement status, gender,
partner violence (52 per cent compared to 37 per cent clan affiliation and family/community support
in 2022) and rape (15 per cent compared to 11 per cent networks shape needs at an individual level, people
in 2022).30 The demand for GBV response and referral with disabilities in Somalia most frequently lack:
services far outpaces availability; while the GBV Areas
• access to inclusive, disability-friendly
of Responsibility (AoR) estimates that 3.2 million
education (65 per cent) due to, amongst
people will be in need of GBV services in 2024, only a
others, inaccessible school or temporary
fraction of referral mechanisms are operational. Fifty
learning facilities, unsafe transport, and lack of
one percent of households report a lack of services
assistive devices and alternative or augmented
for women and girls, including psychosocial support,
communication;
reproductive health services and GBV services, in their
• livelihood opportunities to meet basic needs
communities.31 Access to duty bearers is limited,
such as food (63 per cent);
especially in IDP sites. The long-anticipated enactment
• specialized health services, including
of the Sexual Offences Bill continues to face delays.32
psychological support, rehabilitation services
and assistive devices, and reproductive health
Minority and marginalised communities in Somalia,
(58 per cent); and
estimated to comprise 30 per cent of the population,
• protection services such as legal assistance,
face a long history of discrimination, exclusion from
GBV, and child protection (28 per cent).34
access to services and participation in decision-
making processes which directly affect them. Households headed by or living with members with a
Internal displacement exacerbates and increases disability typically experience higher food insecurity
their vulnerabilities and protection risks. Members levels as they incur additional costs for healthcare
of the Somali Bantu community face additional and assistive devices, spend more time on care,
challenges due to descent-based discrimination. and disproportionately struggle to access income
Similarly, linguistic minorities, such as the Jiido, the opportunities, with 59 per cent reporting gifts or
Baravenese, the Garre, the Dabare, the Tuni, the Somali begging as the primary house¬hold income source.35
Bantu (Mushunguli speakers) and the Bajuni, are Lack of mobility and access to transportation is a
disproportionately affected. These groups are found in specific challenge during community displacements
parts of southern Somalia which are severely affected due to sudden shocks such as floods or an escalation
by the protracted armed conflict and cycles of climate in violence.36 In displaced settings, people with
extremes. Minority women are particularly vulnerable disabilities often miss out on assistance and critical
to violence and abuse, including Sexual and Gender- information as they are not included in decision
Based violence (SGBV), perpetrated from within their processes; physically struggle to access WASH, health
communities as well as by militias, armed forces and and education facilities; and may be forced to live in
members of majority clans. Minority communities are particularly risk-prone and unsafe shelter conditions
more reliant on obtaining information from third party in informal and unplanned settlements.37 Women and
sources, such as the radio, as they are less likely to be girls with disabilities, particularly when from a minority
consulted or attend community meetings. group, are considered to be in most severe need.
15
Key Facts
Crisis context
Environment & Climate Change Economy

Somalia ranks worst on the INFORM Climate Change Risk Index. Somalia joined the East African Community on 24 November 2023.
Recurring climatic shocks are expected to intensify. In addition, $US4.5bn in debt were relieved on 13 December 2023,
Long-term projections indicate a temperature increase from 3 to 4.5 increasing prospects for economic growth.
degrees Celsius by 2100.
Poverty Security
55 per cent of the population lives below the national poverty line. The Securitymandate for the African Union Transition Mission in
An estimated 70 per cent of the population do not have access to Somalia (ATMIS) runs until 30 June 2024 (as of HNRP publication on
electricity. 30 January 2024).
Shocks
Drought Flooding
The 2020-23 drought is considered to be one of the worst on record, Only half a year after the end of drought was declared, the worst Deyr
with an estimated 7.8 million people affected and 43,000 excess flooding in decades affected 2.5 million people in the last quarter of
deaths in 2022 alone. 2023.
Conflict Price Increases

Conflict intensified in 2023, both with non-state armed groups and Prices for food and other key staples, while now below their highs in
between clans. 23 of 74 districts are currently hard or very hard to 2022, remain above the 5-year average.
access by humanitarian organizations.
Impact
Displacement Loss of income and Debt

A record 2.9 million people were newly and re-displaced in 2023, with Almost 50 per cent of households report loss of income, employment
climatic extremes driving almost 80 per cent of all new displacement. and/or livestock as result of the drought, with losses aggravated by
late-2023 flooding.
Civilian Casualties / Rights Violations Basic Service Functionality

1,300 civilian casualties were recorded and 1,742 grave violations Somali caseworkers offering specialized protection services to
against children were verified from January to September 2023. children currently handle caseload numbers ten times above
minimum standards.
Humanitarian needs
Overall Trends Acute Food Insecurity and Malnutrition

Despite the end of drought conditions, the number of people in need Approximately 1.5m children under the age of five are expected to
in 2024 has only decreased by 17 per cent, from 8.3 million in 2023 to suffer from acute malnutrition in 2024 (1.8 million in 2023). As in
6.9 million in 2024. PIN remains well above the five-year average. previous years, Somalia ranks amongst the three worst affected
countries on the Global Hunger Index 2023.
Protection Access to Shelter and Basic Services

Over the past four years, 55 per cent of improvised explosive device Two thirds of all newly displaced households are water insecure and
(IED) casualties (4,495) were civilians. Fifty one percent of half live in a makeshift shelter. 44 per cent report that their children
households report a lack of services for women and girls, including under age six have not received any vaccinations and only one third
psychosocial support, reproductive health services and GBV services, indicate that their children attend school.
in their communities.
* Highlight key points as relevant 16
1.4 Severity and People in Need
The revised JIAF 2.0 methodology Overall PiN and inter-sector severity
was applied in October 2023 to BAB EL MANDEB
estimate 2024 need severity and DJIBOUTI GULF OF ADEN
ARABIAN SEA
PiN at both cluster and inter-
cluster level.
Severity
2024 classification indicates a

general decrease in inter-sectoral ETHIOPIA
need severity compared to 2023,

with no district classified as in
‘catastrophic’ severity (phase 5),
compared to 11 districts in 2023.
This decrease is due to the end of
drought conditions in the second
quarter of 2023 which led to
reduced food insecurity, nutrition
INDIAN OCEAN People in need
and WASH severity levels. Across
the country (in 72 of 74 districts),
KENYA
levels of deprivation across all Number of people
sectors are still considered ‘severe’ 1,800k
500k
(phase 3) and ‘extreme’ (phase 4) 250k
50k
15k
(48 and 24 districts, respectively). Severity of needs
INDIAN OCEAN
1 2 3 4 5
Compared to 2023, ten districts
Severity classi cation Minimal Stress Severe Extreme Catastrophic
(Ceel Barde, Luuq, Belet Weyne,
Bulo Burto, Jalalaqsi, Jamaame, Ten districts with highest PiN
Kismaayo, Wanla Weyn, Jowhar, DISTRICT PEOPLE IN INTER-CLUSTER SEVERITY
and Laas Caanood) have seen an NEED CATEGORY
increase in inter-sector severity
Banadir 1.8M 4
in 2024, typically from ‘severe’ to
Baydhaba 425k 4
‘extreme’. This increase in severity
indicators across sectors results Bossaso 211k 3
from heightened insecurity and Jowhar 207k 4
protection risks in these districts
Afgooye 201k 3
as well as inflows of people
Kismaayo 196k 4
displaced by conflict, drought and
flooding, aggravating inadequate Hargeysa 174k 3
access to basic services, shelter Jamaame 162k 4
and livelihoods.
Gaalkacyo 158k 3
Burco 149k 3
Percentage of total PiN 53%
17
food and/or income to afford food (15 districts), or (c)

People in need
indicating prevalence of malnutrition (14). 57 per cent
In line with severity trends, the number of people of people in need live in areas classified as in ‘extreme’
estimated to be in need in 2024 has decreased to 6.9 inter-sectoral need severity (phase 4). Compared
million, a 17 per cent reduction from 8.25 million in to 2023, the inter-sector number of people in need
2023. PIN figures at district level are principally driven has increased in the following five districts: Doolow,
by three sectors and estimates regarding the number Baardheere, Kismaayo, Banadir, and Xarardheere.
of people having (a) inadequate access to safe water
and critical sanitation services (23 districts), (b) facing
extreme levels of food insecurity and lacking adequate
PiN and target breakdown by SADDD, population group and inter-sector severity
PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED
6.9M 5.2M
BY SADDD BY SADDD
Boys 31% Boys 30%

Girls 32% Girls 34%
Men 17% Men 19%
Women 16% Women 14%
Elderly 4% Elderly 4%
Disabilities 15% Disabilities 15%
BY POPULATION GROUP BY POPULATION GROUP
Displaced 79.2% Displaced 59.1%

Non-Displaced 20.6% Non-Displaced 40.7%
Refugees 0.2% Refugees 0.2%
BY SEVERITY CLASS BY SEVERITY CLASS
1 Minimal 1 Minimal
2 Stress 2 92K 2 54K
2 Stress
3 Severe 3 2.9M 3 Severe 3 2.2M
4 Extreme 4 3.9M 4 Extreme 4 3.0M
5 Catastrophic 5 Catastrophic
18
1.5 Risk Analysis and Projections
In 2024, the most significant hazards expected to Flooding

(continue to) affect communities are conflict and
insecurity, flooding, cholera/AWD outbreaks, and Somalia experiences two types of flooding, river
drought. Based on available data and collective review floods along the Juba and Shabelle Rivers in southern
as of mid-December 2023, inter-clan violence, floods Somalia, and flash floods that can occur across the
(Gu rainy season from late March-June 2024) and country. Flooding usually takes place during the two
cholera/AWD are expected to generate more severe main rainy seasons, the Gu (March to June) and Deyr
humanitarian impact compared to risk projections (October to November). Even in years with overall
made in early 2023. Planning to mitigate the average rainfall, flooding – especially flash flooding –
humanitarian impact of these risks through can occur. With El Niño conditions expected to persist
strengthened readiness, anticipatory action (AA) and until at least April 202438, seasonal forecasts indicate
early response is outlined in Section 2.5. an increased likelihood of above-average Gu rains
and associated flooding.39 Based on historical impact
Risks 2024 analysis and information available in early January
2024, it is anticipated that at least 770,00 people could
Likelihood Score Impact Score
Risk Score
Risk
2023 2024 2023 2024 2024 be affected by Gu flooding from March to June 2024.40
Non-Intl Armed Conflict 5 5 5 5 25 This estimate is conservative and below the number of
Interclan Violence 5 5 4 5 25 people affected by the 2023 Deyr floods (2.5 million).
Flood 4 4 4 5 20
Cholera/AWD 5 5 3 4 20
Historic flood exposure during the Gu rainy season
Drought 4 3 5 3 9
(March-May)
BAB EL
MANDEB
Conflict
GULF OF ADEN
DJIBOUTI
The on-going Government-led offensive against

non-state armed actors, the resulting volatile
security situation as well as the transition of security
ETHIOPIA
responsibility from ATMIS to the Somali National
Security Forces (SNSF) are already impacting
humanitarian access and programme delivery. The
existence of diverse armed actors with varying
command structures and geographical presence, as INDIAN OCEAN
well as rapidly changing national, bilateral and regional

forces have created an environment where territorial
Typically more impacted
control by loosely allied groups shifts regularly. It is districts
expected that the conflict and insecurity situation KENYA

Flood scan and WorldPop
population exposed
will remain highly complex in 2024, including further
escalations of inter-clan violence in parts of the Data derived from:
Flood Fraction: AER Floodscan SFED (1998-2016)
country. This will continue to generate displacement Population: WorldPop 2020 UN adjusted
and significant protection risks, and impede

humanitarian access in parts of the country.
19
Historic ranges for number of people exposed to Gu flooding time, hundreds of thousands of people have been
(March-May, 50-95th percentiles) displaced from sites or settlements which had some
BAB EL
level of WASH infrastructure to areas where WASH
MANDEB
DJIBOUTI
GULF OF ADEN facilities were non-existent or overwhelmed. Access
constraints in some affected areas are expected to
slow down required health and WASH interventions.
The cholera caseload climbed to almost 60 per cent
above the three-year average by end-November 202341,
ETHIOPIA with more than 29 districts affected. It is projected that
the number of cholera cases will increase to at least
22,000, an increase by about 20 per cent compared
to end-November. This is concerning as the CFR for
cholera in Somalia has historically been above regional
or global CFR average42 , with children and pregnant/
lactating amongst the populations groups who are
INDIAN OCEAN
most at risk. In addition, an increase in acute watery
KENYA diarrhoea (AWD) will likely be seen in most parts of the
country. Outbreaks of malaria, measles, dengue and
Analysis from: Rift Valley Fever also remain a key concern.
Flood Fraction: AER Floodscan SFED (1998-2022)
Population: WorldPop 2020 UN adjusted
Drought
Cholera / AWD
For 2024, the likelihood of drought is uncertain. While
Structural causes for cholera and AWD outbreaks in seasonal forecasts for the 2024 Deyr season (October-
Somalia include weak WASH and health infrastructure December) are not yet available, and a pivot to
and service capacity. In 2024, an increase in cholera below-average rainfall conditions cannot be excluded.
and AWD cases is expected, including outbreaks in Humanitarian impact of a below-average Deyr 2024
areas where cholera has not been observed in years. would manifest late in 2024 and in early 2025. Building
This increase is anticipated due to 2023 Deyr flooding on lessons learned from the last prolonged drought
having damaged WASH facilities and health/cholera caused by five consecutive below-average rainy
treatment centers (CTCs), and polluting water sources seasons between 2020 and 2023, the situation will
such as boreholes and shallow wells. At the same need to be closely monitored.
Seasonal Calendar (FEWS NET)

AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
JUL JUL
Land preparation and planting Land preparation and planting
Gu Deyr
Deyr
Gu harvest off-season Deyr rainy season off-season Gu rainy season
harvest
harvest harvest
Camel Camel
Pastoral lean season Agricultural lean season
calving calving
Cattle calving Kidding and Cattle calving Kidding and

in the south lambing in the south lambing
Livestock migration to Livestock migration to Livestock migration to dry Livestock migration to wet
dry season grazing areas wet season grazing areas season grazing areas season grazing areas
Peak labor demand Peak labor demand
JUL JUL
AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
20
Part 2: Humanitarian Response
2.1. Response Strategy
Strategic Objective 1 Strategic Objective 2 Strategic Objective 3

Prevent loss of life by decreasing Sustain people’s lives by ensuring Address critical protection risks arising
the prevalence of hunger and acute safe, equitable, inclusive and dignified from exclusion, displacement, and
malnutrition, public health threats, access to livelihoods and critical indiscriminate attacks on civilians and
and the impact of armed conflict and basic services. their objects.
natural disasters.
S$1.02B required S$479M required US$81M required
4.3M people targeted 3.8M people targeted 2.8M people targeted
Key assumptions and risks non-humanitarian mechanisms. Against the backdrop

of a slight decrease in the people in need, tighter
Humanitarian funding for Somalia is expected to HNRP boundaries have led to a 32 per cent reduction
be further constrained, which will negatively impact in the HNRP target compared to 2023, from 7.6 to 5.2
operational reach. It will also coincide with an expected million people. Total financial requirements to enable
increase in both logistics and security costs for the this response stand at US$ 1.6 billion, a reduction by
humanitarian operation, linked to the drawdown of almost 40 per cent compared to 2023. Almost two
ATMIS and increased complexity in conflict dynamics. thirds of funding requested is required for life-saving
Conflict and insecurity, flooding and cholera are high programmes in line with Strategic Objective 1.
risks which are anticipated to generate above-average
humanitarian impact in 2024. Strengthened planning Integrated programming for rapid
for readiness and anticipatory action (AA) ahead of response
the 2024 Gu floods (late March-June 2024) specifically
have been incorporated in this HNRP. Building on lessons learned over the past two years,
the HCT’s Integrated Response Framework (IRF) will
Stricter response boundaries and targeting be adjusted to ensure a clearer focus on coordinated
emergency response to newly displaced and newly
The humanitarian community will implement a accessible populations within a 7-14 day window
more stringently targeted response in 2024, with (first-line response), based on a standardized set of
a focus on assisting populations in areas with commodities and services which will be adapted to
‘extreme’ and ‘catastrophic’ need severity at sector specific needs of different population groups. Standard
level.43 Programmatically, resilience, non-emergency operating procedures will be developed to enhance
livelihood as well as durable solutions support are operationalization of the IRF, including on the role
no longer included under Strategic Objective 2 of of subnational ICCGs and area-based coordination
the 2024 HNRP. These activities remain critical for structures; systematic conduct of rapid assessments;
enhancing people’s capacities to cope with shocks data sharing and joint registration; stronger inclusion of
but will need to be coordinated and financed through
21
NGO partners in delivery; adjustments to the minimum HNRP targeting: geographic concentration
delivery package, including critical protection activities;
and strengthened monitoring and reporting.
!
Critical dimensions for effective integrated first-line
response are:
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!!
Awdal
!
!
!
Sanaag
!
Woqooyi
• Rapid needs assessments: joint assessments of Galbeed ! ! Bari
market functionality, food security, nutrition, and

!
!
Togdheer
! ! ! !
mapping of existing/functional services.

! Sool! ! !
Nugaal
!
• Referrals: during the first-line response, partners will !
orient and refer affected communities to available

!
!
ETHIOPIA
! Mudug
services, for example referrals of SAM with medical ! !
complications and protection cases. !

Galgaduud
Bakool
! ! ! !
• Registration: registration conducted during the first- ! !
Hiraan
!! ! ! !
!
INDIAN OCEAN
line response is a critical enabler for a second-line
!
KENYA
! !
!
Gedo!
response. Where registration cannot be done jointly, !!
! Middle Shabelle
! ! Bay
!
!
!
! Middle Shabelle
data sets are shared among partners to ensure !Middle !Banadir
!
!
!
! ! Lower Shabelle Banadir
de-duplication of assistance. Common registration !
Juba
!
Lower Shabelle
! !
systems, including biometric, for all beneficiaries Lower Juba

! !
(displaced and newly accessible) will be used ! Targeting concentration (# of Number of people targeted
wherever available. ! Clusters targeting 50-80% of
! sector PIN per district) 1.4M
1-3 Clusters (12 districts) 500k
250k
50k
Inter-sectoral prioritization (January- 4-6 Clusters (40 districts)
7-9 Clusters (20 districts)
15k
March 2024) 10-12 Clusters (2 districts)
Underlining that the entire HNRP response requires

funding, the HCT has set clear programmatic and Districts with highest target numbers
geographic inter-sectoral response priorities for DISTRICT INTER-SECTOR % OF PIN
TARGET
the first quarter of 2024 to use available resources
effectively. Integrated response will be prioritized in ten Banadir 1.4M 78%
districts where : Baydhaba 340k 80%
• the Deyr floods from October to December 2023 Bossaso 169k 80%
have sharply exacerbated high preexisting needs Jowhar 131k 63%
across sectors;
Afgooye 141k 70%
• Deyr flood-related displacement, which occurred
Kismaayo 145k 74%
after 2024 PIN was finalized, is estimated to have
led to a particularly high proportion of the population Hargeysa 130k 75%
to be in humanitarian need; Jamaame 129k 80%

• a general scale-up of response is required to Gaalkacyo 127k 80%
improve comparatively low reach in 2023.
Percentage of total
54%
target
Priorities include multi-sectoral assistance to
households who remain displaced and those returning,
with a focus on access to water, sanitation and
22
health to mitigate ongoing outbreaks of cholera and Geographic prioritization (January-March 2024)
AWD; improved availability of and access to food, BAB EL
GULF OF ADEN
including high energy biscuits and ready-to-eat food, DJIBOUTI
MANDEB
ARABIAN
SEA
following agricultural, livestock and income losses for
subsistence agropastoralists and disrupted markets
in several areas; and emergency livelihood support
and rehabilitation of destroyed WASH and other key Garoowe
facilities in flood-affected communities, as informed by ETHIOPIA

Gaalkacyo
updated flood risk assessments.
Two out of the ten districts prioritized (Garoowe Belet

Weyne
and Gaalkacyo) are less flood-affected but saw a
Luuq
significant influx of displaced people due to drought Baydhaba
and conflict in early 2023. Assistance in these districts

INDIAN OCEAN
will focus on under-serviced displacement sites and
Baardheere
Banadir
settlements, improving access to WASH, health and KENYA

Afmadow
protection services as well as food. Jamaame
Kismaayo
10
Wherever market conditions allow, coordinated Multi- Prioritized districts
Purpose Cash (MPC) programming will be used as
an effective multi-sector response modality, enabling
households to meet their basic needs in a flexible assessments, IPC, conflict and insecurity indicators,
manner. The HCT/ICCG will update response priorities and level of available resources.
in March 2024, based on more detailed flood impact
Planning figures for prioritized districts

District # of sectoral 2024 PiN # of flood- # of newly PiN 2024 % of Response Priority
severity 4 (established affected displaced + flood- population reach in classification in
classifications Oct. 2023) people people in displaced 2023 August 2023
(Oct-Dec 2023 people
2023) (Oct-Dec 2023)
Luuq 5 66.8k 30.4k 119.7k 181.1k > 90% 90% High
Belet Weyne 6 143.9k 373.1k 491.4k 369.4k >90% 65% High
Baardheere 5 129.0k 120.5k 271.2k 219.8k >90% 83% High
Baydhaba 7 425.5k 429.8k 187.6k 515.3k 70% 61% High
Kismaayo 4 195.7k 171.0k 131.2k 292.4k 81% 72% High
Banadir 4 1.8M 21.1k 192.6k 1.8M 57% 23% High
Afmadow 5 119.5k 152.8k 42.3k 147.8k 54% 38% High
Garoowe 2 148.9k - 119.4k 149.2k 45% 39% High
Gaalkacyo 3 158.4k 393.2k 202.2k 353.2k 43% 52% High
Jamaame 5 161.8k 20.0k 5.2k 164.6k 37% 4% Medium
23
HNRP PiN and target methodologies

PIN Cluster level
• JIAF 2.0-based
Total Population 6.9M Inter-sector level
• Severity 4: 3.9M • JIAF 2.0-based, with adjustments. Overall PIN estimation following
18.7M • Severity 3: 2.9M
• Severity 2: 91K
sectoral PIN concentration at district level (avoid outlier PIN).
• Non-displaced: 14.8m • Rule-based estimation of overall PIN at district level: highest Cluster
• Displaced: 3.8M PIN chosen in 41% of districts; 2nd highest in 35%; and 3rd highest in
• Refugees: 40K 24%.
• Clusters driving overall PIN at district level: WASH (31% of all districts);
Food Security (20%); Nutrition (19%); Shelter (14%); Health (7%);
CCCM (5%); Protection (4%).
PIN
Targeting Cluster level
• HCT decision for Clusters to focus at least 70% of targets in sectoral
severity 4 and 5 areas (exceptions for Food Security, WASH and Nutrition,
5.2M considering high sectoral impact caused by Deyr flooding);
(75% of PIN)
HNRP Target • Severity 4: 57%
• Cluster targets consistently capped at maximum 80% of PIN at
district-level.
• Severity 3: 42%
• Severity 2: 1% Inter-sector level
• Programmatically, resilience, non-emergency livelihood as well as durable
solutions support no longer included under SO 2.
HNRP • Inter-sector target estimation at district-level: highest Cluster target
Priortities and less than 80% of overall PIN.
Inter-sectoral Prioritization
• 8 districts most impacted by Q3-2023 flooding (high pre-existing severity
2.58M and large proportion of population in need);
(49% of Target) • 2 districts with a high proportion of underserved newly displaced people
• 10 of 74 districts who fled drought and conflict in early 2023.
• Time-bound prioritization
January-March 2024,
then reviewed
2.2 Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus
Scaling up development and international vulnerable communities are more comprehensively

financing is key supported through non-humanitarian mechanisms and
financing instruments, particularly households with
The structural drivers for high baseline levels of comparatively lower levels of vulnerability and more
humanitarian needs in Somalia cannot be tackled time-bound, seasonal support needs. Government
through humanitarian assistance. These underlying leadership at all levels is key in this endeavour, with
drivers include, among others, multidimensional consistently increasing domestic revenue and the
poverty, with 55 per cent of the population living recently agreed relief of US$ 4.5 billion in debt under
below the national poverty line44; a lack of diversified the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative
livelihoods and equitable economic growth which are also increasing financial space.45
required to reduce extreme poverty; political division
and marginalization, which have contributed to conflict The HCT will deepen its nexus and advocacy efforts in
and insecurity; weak delivery of basic services such as the following three areas:
health, water, sanitation and education resulting from
1. Durable solutions for displaced people
dysfunctional infrastructure and a lack of technical
staff and maintenance; and Somalia’s high exposure Stronger collaboration with authorities, the World
and vulnerability to the effects of climate change, with Bank, IOM and UNHABITAT and other key actors is
climate shocks driving displacement and, increasingly, critical to address integration, housing, land, access
conflict dynamics themselves. to basic services, livelihoods and other challenges
faced by people living in protracted displacement.
A more targeted humanitarian response going forward Underlying vulnerability analysis of households, to
requires an even stronger focus on ensuring that which humanitarian can contribute significantly, will
24
be important to inform geographic and demographic flooding. These climate shocks cascade through food,
prioritization. There is significant scope, for example, urban and environmental systems, as they routinely
to expand joint UN-Government programmes such as displace people, deepen household income and asset
“Saameynta”, which supports 75,000 IDPs in Baidoa, losses, and destroy modest gains in basic service and
Bossaso and Belet Weyne, including via capacity- shelter infrastructures. Various Government strategies,
building on land management, urban planning and land including the National Water Resource Strategy
tenure security, with funding from the Somalia Joint 2021–2025, the National Climate Change Policy and
Fund and donors. These efforts, framed by the Federal associated programmes, aim at improving water
Government of Somalia’s National Durable Solutions management. Managing increasing water scarcity
Strategy and the UN Secretary General’s Action Agenda in Somalia resulting from drought, desertification
on Internal Displacement, need to be scaled up and and the long-term rise in temperature is key for food
financed appropriately. production, economic growth and poverty reduction;
investments in improved soil absorption, storage and
2. Supporting vulnerability-based, social safety exploration of untapped water sources, and climate-
net programming smart agriculture can help built more resilient systems
The Government’s social protection programme that can deliver food and water during droughts.47
“Baxnaano” had reached 200,000 households by the
At the same time, risks from flooding require improved
end of November 2023, with financial assistance from
prevention and mitigation efforts, including by water
the World Bank and implementation support by WFP.
diversion into natural flood plains, increased forest
The programme currently reaches seven per cent of
coverage, strengthened river embankments but also
households in the country. It focuses on the most
cross-boundary data exchange and coordination.
vulnerable 20 per cent of the population in 21 (of 74)
These measures will disproportionately benefit the
districts where registration has sufficiently advanced.
most vulnerable households who are most vulnerable
86 per cent of households assisted through the
to climate shocks as they more likely rely on rainfed
programme self-report improved food consumption
agriculture, live on the most marginal, flood-prone
and 78 per cent were able to protect productive asset46,
lands, and are most at risk from contaminated water
dramatically increasing their resilience and rendering
and inadequate sanitation; and who, for these very
them less likely to require humanitarian assistance
reasons, have been routinely supported through short-
as a result of future shocks. The programme includes
term humanitarian assistance in the absence of more
a temporary shock-responsive component through
comprehensive approaches.
which almost 600,000 households were reached
during the drought. Strengthened collaboration
Humanitarian interventions will therefore more
between these and similar programs and humanitarian
consistently link with adaptation and long-term disaster
organizations, particularly those implementing
risk reduction (DRR) efforts, for example by ensuring
seasonal or emergency MPC programming, is
that emergency livelihood and agriculture interventions
key; complementarities (trigger for disbursement,
support local water management priorities whenever
duration, and transfer values) will need to be mapped
feasible; shelter interventions and camp management
systematically to identify opportunities for better
more strongly link with urban planning, including
linking humanitarian MPC programming with national
improved information-sharing and cataloguing of flood
social protection programs, particularly in stable areas
risk mapping of recent/spontaneous IDP settlements;
with permissive access.
short-term cash-for-work/asset programming, for
3. Water management and disaster risk reduction example on river embankments and canal drainage,
support longer-term DRR interventions; and community
Somalia will remain at the forefront of climatic change flood preparedness is enhanced, including through
and risk, with most climate shocks water-related, early warning (EW) reaching remote communities
including likely intensified cycles of drought and
25
and being accompanied by arrangements for

Government-led evacuation, if required. Humanitarian partners will closely coordinate,
for example, with ongoing initiatives such as
In the immediate term, the extensive destruction of the Jowhar Off Stream Programme (JOSP)
critical infrastructure caused by the 2023 Deyr floods which seeks to restore functionality of a large
includes bridges, river embankments, health posts irrigation scheme in the Middle Shabelle region
and cholera treatment centres, and safe spaces for of Hirshabelle State. The multi-donor, multi-year
women and girls, among others. While post-disaster programme brings together five UN Agencies
needs assessments will provide more detailed and multiple line ministries to reduce flood
quantification of the damage sustained, it is evident risk (particularly in Middle Shabelle along the
that non-humanitarian support to rapidly rehabilitate riverine corridor), mitigate drought (particularly
and reconstruct these essential infrastructure assets for downstream populations in Lower Shabelle),
will be critical to support community recovery and limit support local production, and boost food
price increases for both food, key commodities and security for approximately 1.65 million people.
basic services, which in turn would affect humanitarian The programme focusses on integrated natural
caseloads and the cost of humanitarian operations. resource management, durable solutions, land
tenure, and governance.
2.3 Centrality of protection, accountability and inclusivity
In 2024 the HCT will build on ongoing efforts to defining and addressing roles of powerful
ensure that the humanitarian response is accountable, influencers in accessible and hard to reach areas
inclusive and focused on reducing protection risks. via trainings on protection principles, prevention
These efforts will not just strengthen the quality of the of sexual exploitation and abuse (PSEA), diversity,
response but also help mitigate and prevent risks of equality and inclusion; and enhancing dialogue with
post-delivery aid diversion. communities on entitlements, referral and feedback
mechanisms, and roles and accountability of leaders
Upholding the Centrality of and service providers;
Protection (CoP) • risks associated with forced displacement by
strengthening risk communication with communities
In 2023, the HCT set up a detailed implementation
and addressing negative coping mechanisms
plan and distinct workstreams to systematically track
such as child marriage, school dropouts and sex
and reduce protection risks linked to (1) exclusion
in exchange for assistance. Beyond advocacy
and denial of assistance, (2) displacement, and (3)
regarding land laws and/or moratoriums, the issue
protection of civilians. An updated HCT Protection
of forced evictions will require a multi-sectoral
Strategy for 2024-25 aims to better support HNRP
intervention that addresses immediate needs
partners in reducing protection risks during program
of evictees ;
design, implementation and monitoring. Specifically, it
• risks related to indiscriminate attacks on civilians
will mitigate and respond to
and civilian objects by responding to the needs of
• risks of exclusion and denial of assistance by civilians during and after pre-emptive displacements
ensuring access to assistance in safety and dignity, due to escalating insecurity. The drawdown of
with beneficiary selection based on vulnerability; ATMIS and anticipated protection risks due to
26
complex security dynamics requires an intersectoral CFM will support this effort and will be rolled out
response to prevent and mitigate threats and gradually in 2024; it will complement existing CFMs
to transition some interventions currently and support with systematizing feedback and redress
undertaken by ATMIS. patterns to inform decision-making.
Consult the HCT Centrality of Protection Action Plan

Among others, making more community feedback
for 2024-2025.
mechanisms (CFM) available in areas with currently
low coverage is therefore a priority in 2024. A common
Delivering an accountable response
CFM will support this effort and will be rolled out
Community feedback on assistance delivered largely gradually in 2024; it will complement existing CFMs
being satisfactory demonstrates that community and support with systematizing feedback and redress
engagement and accountability (CEA) efforts are patterns to inform decision-making.
having a positive impact, yet much remains to be
Consult the 2024 Strategic Priorities by the CEA TF and
done.48 60 per cent of households are aware of who
detailed information on community feedback received.
to ask about assistance delivered in their community,
a significant upward trend from only 32 per cent Inclusive response
being aware in 2022. 40 per cent reported barriers
to accessing humanitarian aid, with levels slightly Minorities and marginalized groups: humanitarian
higher among displaced people. Almost one in four partners will enhance effort to ensure meaningful
households expressed dissatisfaction with the way aid participation of minorities and marginalized groups in
workers generally behave. all aspects of programming, including identification
of people to be assisted. Consultations and decision-
Among others, making more community feedback making processes that affect beneficiaries must not
mechanisms (CFM) available in areas with currently be limited to a small number of camp leaders/elders
low coverage is therefore a priority in 2024. A common which increases risks of exploitation and exclusion.
This requires a change in the modus operandi. To
limit language barriers and exclusion errors, members
Barriers to assistance
of minorities and marginalized groups should
40 per cent of households report barriers for benefit from greater employment opportunities in
accessing humanitarian assistance, the top the humanitarian sector. In addition, participation of
three being: minority-led organizations in the cluster system will
be strengthened to increase the trust and voices of
1. Lack of information about aid delivery time, those usually left behind. Regularly updated mapping
date and/or entitlements cited as the most of minorities and marginalized groups will be availed to
important barrier (32%) facilitate inclusion.
2. Assistance is conditioned to favors or
payment (20%) Disability Inclusion: In 2024, the Disability Inclusion
Working Group (DIWG) Somalia will scale up its
3. Non-inclusion in assistance/
activities to enhance inclusive responses in line with
registration (18%).
the IASC guidelines on Inclusion of Persons with
Nepotism by gatekeepers and restricting disabilities in humanitarian action. The DIWG will
access to food, water and aid, are flagged as work closely with clusters and their members to build
a particular concern by organizations working their capacity on disability inclusion, provide technical
with minority claims. support on developing and reviewing inclusive
proposals and tools, support disability data collection
Source: 2023 MSNA / 2023 MSNA Qualitative for programming and monitoring, and engage
Analysis.
persons with disabilities throughout the program
27
cycle. Moreover, localization and AAP should address and capacity development of humanitarian actors,
disability inclusion, through empowerment of local including organizations of persons with disabilities.
OPDs and making AAP mechanisms accessible to all Advocacy efforts will focus on ensuring that disability
persons with disabilities. The DIWG will also establish programming is effectively integrated in emergency
a technical support mechanism for humanitarian and nexus-oriented efforts, including by factoring
actors to address various technical advisory request additional disability-related costs, and on strengthening
from clusters and humanitarian actors around meaningful participation in programme design to
harmonizing disability-inclusive data collection for ensure barriers are reduced, including by enhancing
effective needs assessments and response monitoring, community awareness.
removal of barriers, programme cycle, empowerment
Mitigating and preventing risks of aid diversion:
Since December 2022, the HCT has reinforced measures to prevent and mitigate risks related to post-
delivery aid diversion (PDAD), specifically in sites hosting Internally Displaced Persons. PDAD refers to
actions where, after humanitarian assistance is received by the affected people, all or part of the aid is
taken, stolen or damaged by a third party. It almost always involves coercion or threats, such as removal
of a beneficiary from distribution lists, eviction, harassment, or arrest. In addition to Somalia’s robust
monitoring and compliance systems, the HCT identified the following ten priority actions to address
residual risks of PDAD.
1. Research: additional light research on the including sensitive reports, for HCT review
sub-national political economy of aid. and guidance.
2. Beneficiary selection and improved targeting: 7. Hiring practices: strengthen inclusive hiring
supporting more sectors and partners on in the humanitarian workforce as well as
shifting from status-based and geographically- internal arrangements for marginalized groups
focused targeting to household vulnerability- reporting grievances.
based targeting. 8. Community engagement: Increase awareness,
3. Registration: explore options for aggregating particularly among internally displaced people,
registration data into a common repository including children, about available services,
for inter-agency use, including biometrics entitlements and modalities of assistance,
for all recipients of humanitarian assistance, using culturally appropriate channels.
including IDPs. 9. Monitoring and Evaluation: establish a multi-
4. Data sharing: Establish and operationalize layered monitoring and reporting system
suitable data-sharing agreements among to improve early detection of aid diversion.
relevant UN agencies and NGOs. Monitoring field presence: Assess needs and
5. Minority inclusion: Engage minority rights opportunities for increasing physical field
organizations to identify and address barriers presence and investigative monitoring.
to access registration for minority and
marginalized groups.
6. Accountability to Affected People (AAP):
Complete mapping of AAP resources, reporting
mechanisms and consolidation of key issues,
28
Women: The Somalia Accountability Compact

Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and
identifies 11 key areas of accountability to be
Abuse (PSEA)
monitored collectively, including the promotion of
gender equality and women’s empowerment in all In 2023, the HCT, through the Inter-agency PSEA
humanitarian interventions; the implementation Network, successfully trained SEA Investigators
of a multi-cluster gender analysis that is planned selected from 15 regional humanitarian partners,
and budgeted as part of the assessment process; mapped community feedback and complaints
ensure the collection, analysis and reporting of sex, mechanisms in partnership with the CEA Taskforce,
age and disabilty-disaggregated data (SADDD) in and conducted PSEA training for field-based
programming and information products; support partners. In 2024, the PSEA network will focus on the
the integration of adapted GBV interventions as the following initiatives:
first and/or second line of response and advocate/ • engagement of power holders on PSEA, including
commit increased funding to address key GBV needs; clan leaders, religious leaders, community
accelerate/support advocacy with the government leaders, and local authorities, through focus group
and other key stakeholders accountable for the discussions and community dialogues;
enactment of implementation of the Sexual Offense
• radio broadcasts and TV spot production with
Bill to improve legal protection for women and girls;
country-wide coverage, as well as other public
establish and implement mechanisms/actions to
awareness campaigns on PSEA;
improve multi-sectoral response focusing on psycho-
• long-term engagement of Loop Hotline as an inter-
social, legal protection and response to GBV; uphold
agency CFM for sensitive allegations;
mainstreaming/integration of GBV concerns across key
clusters of response; adopt and implement Gender and • continuous capacity building of cluster partners,
Age Marker (GAM) in call for applications, review of including for setting up safe, accessible and
proposals and award of grants and projects; promote child-friendly reporting channels in consultation
gender parity in all committees, humanitarian and with communities;
camp coordination mechanisms; and improve gender • provision of assistance to victims of sexual abuse;
representation in humanitarian coordination forums. • training of 30 SEA investigators from local partners.
2.4. Delivery Capacity
Operational presence Puntland (Garowe), Galmudug (Dhuusamarreeb),

Jubaland (Kismaayo), Hirshabelle (Belet Weyne), South
The number of national and local humanitarian West State (Baidoa), Banadir region (Mogadishu) and
NGO partners has progressively increased in Somaliland (Hargeysa), and are supplemented by
recent years and makes up the largest group of Area Humanitarian Coordination Groups (A-HCGs).
HNRP partners, reflecting the HCT’s commitment In addition, various thematic working groups provide
to localization.49 The HCT and ICCG will continue specific advice and coordination support to the
to reinforce coordination structures, particularly at HCT and ICCG.
subnational level, including through seven state-level
ICCGs (S-ICCGs) supported by WASH, Food Security, 215 individuals of 60 different organizations support
Education, Shelter & NFIs, CCCM, Health, Nutrition cluster coordination at national, state and regional
and Protection Clusters, respectively. S-ICCGs cover levels (45 per cent are UN staff; 31 per cent INGO staff;
29
Operational presence
405 321 61 9 12 3
National NGOs INGOs UN Government Others
0
Operational partners
Number of organisations reporting reach by cluster Number of organisations reporting reach by district
Food Security 205
Awdal
Water, Sanitation Sanaag
148 Bari
and Hygiene
Woqooyi
Galbeed
Gender-based Violence 86 Togdheer Sool
Nutrition 75 Nugaal
405 Child Protection 66

TOTAL NUMBER
OF ORGANISATIONS Protection 64 Mudug
Health 56 Galgaduud
Operating in Bakool
Education 44 Hiraan
Middle Banadir
Shelter and N 36 Gedo Shabelle
18 73
74
on-Food Items
Bay
Camp Coordination and 20 60 45
Banadir
REGIONS DISTRICTS Camp Management
Lower
Housing, Land ,and 9 Middle Shabelle
Property Lower Juba
Juba
Enabling Programmes 8
Explosive Hazard 6
No presence 1 - 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 100 101 - 132
13 per cent NNGO staff; and 11 per cent Government levels of staffing to guarantee coordination and
employees). Following the end of the IASC Scale-Up, operational support, particularly at subnational level.
UN agencies are committed to maintaining increased
Access
Humanitarian access in Somalia continues to face a groups will continue and potentially escalate in 2024,
diversity of challenges amid rapidly evolving security and still poses a risk, particularly for humanitarian
dynamics. The ongoing non-international armed organisations that are collocated with ATMIS sector
conflict as well as, often interrelated, inter-clan violence commands and who use combatants as armed escorts
continues to pose access challenges, with military as well as increases the risk for other humanitarian
offensives likely to continue in Galmudug and possibly organisations of being harmed unintentionally. Main
be extended to South-West and Jubaland States. supply routes are hampered both by conflict, with
While there is currently limited evidence of active improvised explosive devices posing significant
targeting of humanitarians by non-state armed groups, dangers in some areas, and by checkpoints operated
active conflict in contested areas and asymmetrical by a range of security forces and non-state armed
tactics in urban areas continue to pose a threat to groups. Access to populations within areas under the
civilians and humanitarians alike. Direct targeting of control of non-state armed groups will continue to face
international and national militaries and allied armed restrictions, and the need for greater humanitarian
actors and government officials by non-state armed
30
BAB EL
MANDEB
GULF OF ADEN
DJIBOUTI ARABIAN
SEA
Awdal
Sanaag
Bari
Woqooyi
Galbeed
Togdheer
Sool
Nugaal
ETHIOPIA
Mudug
Galgaduud
Hiraan
INDIAN OCEAN
Bakool
Middle
Shabelle
Banadir
Gedo Bay
Middle
Juba Lower Humanitarian access severity
Shabelle
KENYA
Very limited restrictions
Lower Juba
Limited restrictions
Moderate restrictions
Heavy restrictions
Very heavy restrictions
distinction and a reinforcement of humanitarian remaining Forward Operating Bases being handed-over
principles in the response is essential in reaching them. or closed – carrying a significant logistical impact for
humanitarian flights, as well as reduced predictability in
The drawdown of the African Union Transition Mission the operational environment as other armed actors fill
In Somalia (ATMIS) is expected to be finalised in 2024, the security vacuum. Security costs for humanitarians
with deliberations ongoing on a possible successor will rise as will incidents of predatory behaviour.
multilateral force. The Federal Government of Somalia’s Humanitarians will need to incorporate a degree of
Security Development Plan envisages a greater role flexibility into their 2024 planning, as there will be a
for Somali Security Forces in military operations and growing need to adapt to changing security dynamics
a smaller AU force with the vast majority of the 71
31
in particular in Jubaland, South-West, Hirshabelle and distinction from military and political actors
Galmadug States. and expand acceptance strategies. Investing in
negotiations with relevant stakeholders, such as
In 2024, physical access will continue to be hampered local authorities, sub-military commands, clans and
by the severity of the 2023 Deyr rains. The damage to armed groups, are crucial to ensure access to affected
main supply routes has been extensive, with several populations. Finally, capacity-building initiatives
bridges washed away, however the full extent of the focusing on enhancing staff skills and knowledge
impact will be clearer following a planned assessment in security protocols, negotiation techniques, and
by UN Agencies in early 2024. Further seasonal response strategies remain important. These strategies
flooding is highly likely in the 2024 Gu rains and will are essential for navigating Somali's complex and
continue to cause physical access challenges. evolving operational environment.
To address an evolving operational environment

without risking the damage inherent in further
bunkerization, humanitarians will need to emphasize
Response reach in 2023
Response reach, as measured on a monthly average basis at inter-sector level, declined towards the end
of 2023 due to significant underfunding of the 2023 HRP response (44 per cent funding). This forced
humanitarian partners to scale down the response, prioritizing the most vulnerable populations in areas
with the greatest severity of needs. On average, humanitarian partners reached 3.8 million people per
month in 2023.67
4.9M
4.2M 4.2M
4.5M 3.9M 3.7M
4.1M
3.9M 3.1M
3.2M 3.2M
2.6M
ry ary rch ril y ne ly t r r er er

ua Ap Ma Ju Ju us be be
mb mb
Ja
n eb
ru Ma Au
g m
Oc
to
ve e
F pte No ec
Se D
Consult operational presence and reach reporting for Somalia.
32
2.5. Risk-Informed Planning
Informed by updated risk analysis (Section 1.5.), Linking readiness, AA and early response
the 2024 Somalia HNRP for the first time explicitly
reflects critical readiness and anticipatory action Specific readiness, AA and early response activities
(AA) planning to get ahead of predictable shocks and have been prioritized at ICCG level, informed by an
reduce their humanitarian impact. Early response initial review of gaps in readiness and response during
to move assistance forward after impact have the 2023 Deyr floods. Considering the extremely short
also been identified. Available early warning (EW) lead time for implementing AA ahead of flood impact
information, priority activities, windows of opportunity (7-10 days), neither AA (pre-shock) nor early response
for implementing and funding these actions, and (post-shock) are possible without ensuring adequate
high-risk locations have been identified for all key levels of readiness in January and February 2024.
shocks: flooding, conflict and insecurity, cholera/AWD
outbreaks and drought. Beyond the HNRP document, High-risk areas and relation to 2024 PIN
this will inform more detailed operational planning and and targets
pre-agreement in the first quarter of 2024, including
on funding, which will be necessary to guarantee the Based on historical impact of Gu flooding under similar
timely delivery of assistance. conditions, high-risk areas51 have been identified and
may guide geographical prioritization of readiness
Focus on Gu flood risk (March-June 2024) and AA. Identified EW indicators need to be monitored
closely over the coming weeks to right-size geographic
Immediate inter-cluster focus is on reducing the focus. Based on a mapping of high-flood risk areas
anticipated humanitarian impact of Gu flooding as against 2024 PiN, it is assumed that most people
from March 2024. Sufficient forecast and EW data is expected to be affected by floods in 2024 have
available on flood risk in Somalia, enabling AA based already been identified as people in need in 2024, with
on pre-agreed signals and triggers. According to proportions varying by district. In addition, a proportion
available forecasts as at early December 2023 there is of the population at flood risk in 2024 is currently
a 75 per cent likelihood of above-average Gu rains and or will receive assistance as part of the response to
flooding. Based on a review of flood impact data during late-2023 Deyr flooding, with response implementation
the past 20 years50,it is expected that least 770,000 likely to last until the second quarter of 2024. There
people could be affected, particularly in March and are therefore significant opportunities to strengthen
April 2024, after which both El Niño and positive Indian operational readiness, risk education and community
Ocean Dipole conditions are expected to weaken. awareness as part of ongoing response efforts in
Activities benefitting cholera risk mitigation are flood-affected areas which will remain at high flood
embedded in flood related readiness and AA. risk in 2024.52
33
Gu flood risk in 2024: Opportunity windows for readiness, AA and early response
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
RAINY SEASON G U D E Y R
EARLY WARNING
GLOBAL (NMME, ECMWF, IRI)
REGIONAL (ICPAC)
NATIONAL (SWALIM)
IPC PROJECTION (FSNAU)
ACTION WINDOWS
READINESS/PREPAREDNESS
ANTICIPATORY ACTION
EARLY RESPONSE
READINESS/PREPAREDNESS ANTICIPATORY ACTION EARLY RESPONSE

(PRE-SEASON, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2024): (POST-TRIGGER, LIKELY 7-10 DAYS BEFORE ONSET OF (POST-SHOCK/FLOODING):
FLOODING BY END-FEB/EARLY MARCH):
• EW approach: Review HCT support to EW and • (Continued) MPC distribution.
risk communication and community engage- • Dissemination of EW messages.
• Distribution of relief items, incl. food
ment (RCCE) ahead of the Gu floods: • MPC distribution, contingent on market (HEB/RTE) and kits (NFI, WASH, health, MHM,
content / local language adjustments, functionality, to allow HH to relocate and/or etc.)
including review with communities meet essential needs ahead of the floods.
delivery channels (radio/SMS/community • Water trucking, as logistically feasible
• Flood protection (sandbags etc.) of critical
FPs/religious institutions) • Health care provision (incl. cholera, SAM
service infrastructure (evacuation centres,
modalities to reach remote communities, incl. health centres, CTCs), temporary removal of treatment, etc.) through mobile/static
identification/training of outreach volunteers exposed infrastructure assets. teams/facilities.
review coordination arrangements with • Rehabilitation of WASH facilities, health
• HCT/ICCG internally, review arrangements and
authorities at all levels, including EW-based centers and CTCs.
tools for rapid needs assessment, data-shar-
SOPs. ing, and coordination. • Oral cholera vaccine campaigns.
• Flood risk/impact forecasting and monitoring.
• Quick update to flood risk mapping of IDP • Shelter construction.
• Evacuation: Support authorities in reviewing sites, health facilities and cholera treatment
the suitability of evacuation sites and clarify • Deployment of RRTs and community health
centers (CTC).
evacuation procedures/SOPs (e.g. transport workers.
support). • Rapid rehabilitation of water and sanitation
• Protection services (monitoring, referral, case
facilities in evacuation centers, health and
• HCT/ICCG internally, review arrangements and management, safe spaces, MHPSS, etc.)
CTCs; provision of chlorination materials.
tools for rapid needs assessment, data-shar- • Distribution of school materials.
ing, and coordination. • Mapping of protection referral services, incl.
for GBV survivors. • Provision of emergency agricultural and
• Quick update to flood risk mapping of IDP livestock inputs where feasible.
sites, health facilities and cholera treatment • Registration of (likely) target population,
centers (CTC). including for potential MPC distribution;
verification of lists of people to be targeted.
• Rapid rehabilitation of water and sanitation
facilities in evacuation centers, health and • Procurement and prep-positioning (from
CTCs; provision of chlorination materials. central warehouses to district locations) of
relief items (e.g. food, sandbags, shelter, SRH
• Mapping of protection referral services, incl. and GBV kits; jerry cans; animal feed; inflatable
for GBV survivors. bladders; medicines and medical
• Registration of (likely) target population, supplies/equipment such as cholera testing
including for potential MPC distribution; kits) and essential logistics (rubber boats, life
verification of lists of people to be targeted. jackets).
• Procurement and prep-positioning (from • Drainage of canals, rehabilitation/strengthen-
central warehouses to district locations) of ing of critical flood defence infrastructure.
relief items (e.g. food, sandbags, shelter,
sexual and reproductive health and GBV kits;
jerry cans; animal feed; inflatable bladders;
medicines and medical supplies/equipment
such as cholera testing kits) and essential
logistics (rubber boats, life jackets).
• Drainage of canals, rehabilitation/strengthen-
ing of critical flood defence infrastructure.
34
2.6 Multi-Purpose Cash Programming
PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED REQUIREMENTS (US$) NUMBER OF PARTNERS
3.9M 2.7M $70M 80

CONTACT PERSONS Jessa M. Serna
Coordinator, CWG
Overview Role of the cash working group (CWG)
24 districts across Somalia are categorized as in The CWG’s functions are as follows: (1) to lead an
inter-sector need severity 4, with an estimated 3.8 effective inter-agency cash coordination mechanism
million people in need in these areas. Cash Working and provide operational and technical guidance to
Group (CWG) partners aim to reach 450,141 of the cash actors; (2) to share information and learning and
most vulnerable households (2.7 million people) support the implementation of CVA throughout the
across severity 4 districts, at a cost of US$ 70 million. response; (3) to work closely with FGS, including state
Requirements were established based on 2022 governments, to improve alignment of humanitarian
transfer values (TV) for Multi-Purpose Cash (MPC), cash programming with existing initiatives.
ranging from $90 to $180 per household depending
on the region. To ensure accurate targeting and Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance
avoid duplication, the CWG will coordinate closely (MPCA) strategy
with the principal sectors employing cash-based
transfers (CBT), mainly the Food Security, WASH In 2022/23, the CWG and stakeholders acknowledged
and Shelter Clusters, respectively, with the aim of the need to review the TV to i) conceptually build
ensuring complementarity and reducing gaps in a more cohesive response under social protection
coverage. Current target figures might be subject to schemes; ii) have a more harmonized and accurate TV
change depending on an adjusted transfer value in representing the current market price/fluctuation for
coordination with key clusters. people to better meet the essential needs; and iii) have
a ready to use emergency package to address multiple
The Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and and sector specific essential needs. Upon identification
humanitarian actors have progressively increased of the revised MPCA TV in coordination with sectors, a
the use of CBTs to support emergency response and review of the ongoing transfers among acting agencies
specific sectoral outcomes. This includes integration will be conducted to better meet needs. The CWG and
in social safety net programming to address multiple stakeholders agreed that this review will be conducted
needs. 2.75 million people (approximately 17 per through secondary data comparative analysis. A
cent of the population) were reached in 2021. The gap analysis is planned for the first half of 2024. The
need for cash and voucher assistance has increased CWG will use the Somali Household Budget Survey
significantly since then. dataset (SHBS) by the SNBS/World Bank for income
and expenditure analysis to estimate regional-level
household gaps. If insufficient, the CWG may conduct a
dedicated household budget and expenditure survey at
regional level to inform income gap analysis.
35
While the decision to deliver food and/or cash depends reporting on populations assisted and remaining gaps;
on a combination of factors, designing a response iii) referrals to specific sectors and assistance required,
inclusive of MPCA requires a more comprehensive including on protection concerns; iv) an agreed
approach to feasibility assessments, gap analysis, targeting framework; and v) key messaging, community
and rapid assessments to identify needs of the most engagement, and transparent information sharing.
vulnerable population groups in crisis-affected areas.
MPCA will be the first line of response, with CWG Quality and inclusive programming
partners targeting the most vulnerable population
groups in the 24 districts in inter-sector severity 4, as To strengthen AAP, CWG partners will implement
informed by i) gap analysis conducted; ii) adjusted the following:
minimum thresholds based on the minimal expenditure
• Capacity building of sub-national CWGs
basket (MEB) to cover essential needs; iii) context and
• Strengthen coordination with key stakeholders
response specific vulnerability criteria; and iv) CCCM-
(Clusters, Government, others)
consolidated beneficiary lists of newly displaced
populations (if applicable), with priority placed on • Development of harmonized tools, including for
households in severity 4 districts. Recognizing that market analysis and joint market/price monitoring
marginalized groups and individuals face additional • Incorporation of community feedback in response
barriers to access and are at heightened risk of design and implementation
protection risks, CWG partners will ensure inclusive • Coordinated referral pathways, including for people
and vulnerability-sensitive cash programming for all facing heightened protection risk
• Regular project monitoring/PDM and response
reporting on reach and gaps
Response priorities and coordination with
• Sharing of information and lessons learned
clusters (Integrated Response)
• Market and price monitoring (JMMI) and
CWG partners will closely coordinate with clusters to cash dashboard.
reduce overlap, enhance complementarity, including • Development and application of exit strategies to
via i) field coordination through established S-ICCGs transition from humanitarian cash assistance to
and with government authorities; ii) regular response social protection and safety nets, where applicable.
2.7 Cost of the response
In late 2022, the Somalia HCT introduced unit-based costs, for example. Total costs per cluster are derived
costing to enhance transparency and bolster the by multiplying the unit cost by the number of units.
credibility of the HRP. An improvement to the 2023
approach included the HCT’s consensus on utilizing Total 2024 HNRP financial requirements decreased
standard inflation costs endorsed by the World Bank by about 40 per cent compared to 2023, from
to mitigate some of the discrepancies encountered in US$42.6 billion to US$1.6 billion. This decrease is
2023. As in 2023, the costing process entailed cluster explained by several factors, including a slight (17
partners reviewing activities aligned with Strategic per cent) decrease in PIN, more robust boundary-
Objectives and cluster objectives, and establishing setting for the response (programmatic exclusion
targets for each activity. Units of measurements from of resilience, non-emergency livelihood and durable
2023 have broadly been retained, with necessary solutions support) and stricter targeting principles
refinements made to costs per unit, factoring in (concentration of Cluster targeting in sectoral
inflation and/or other increases linked to logistics need severity 4 and 5; capping of Cluster targets at
maximum 80 per cent of PIN at district level).
36
Of total requirements, 65 per cent are planned for Consult Part 3 for more detailed information on cost drivers
implementing life-saving activities under Strategic by cluster as well as the detailed breakdown of 2024 activity
costs by cluster.
Objective 1; 30 per cent for critical livelihood and basic
services under Strategic Objective 2; and 5 per cent for
protection activities under Strategic Objective 3.
2.8 Monitoring
A comprehensive approach to monitoring key situation short-term meteorological forecasts, which

and needs indicators, identified risks, as well as for example will inform decision on initiating
response progress and gaps will be enhanced in 2024. anticipatory action ahead of possible Gu flooding
and subsequent early response in March/April 2024.
• Situation and Needs: This will include monitoring
• Response progress and results: OCHA, through the
key indicators which speak to trends in humanitarian
Information Management Working Group (IMWG),
needs, for example, changes in IPC levels of food
consolidates monthly Cluster response monitoring
insecurity and malnutrition, displacement flows,
(output level). This informs rolling inter-sectoral
and key trends in community feedback obtained.
reach and gap analysis for HCT review, for example
Significant context changes will trigger more
to determine response adjustments required to
detailed needs assessments and operational
improve operational reach in prioritized districts.
response adjustments.
The methodology for inter-sector reach and gap
• Risks: The timely implementation of readiness, reporting will be adjusted in 2024 to ensure greater
anticipatory action and early response measures consistency between key sectoral indicators
which are integrated in this HNRP will depend driving inter-sector PIN, target and reach at district
on closely monitoring key risk and early warning level. Wherever possible, outcome-level reporting
indicators, and on taking swift HCT action in against 2024 targets for Strategic Objectives will
coordination with the authorities. Datasets to be undertaken.
monitor include both seasonal (long-term) and
Timeline for analysis, planning and monitoring products
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN
Humanitarian Needs Overview
Humanitarian Response Plan
Humanitarian Dashboard
Access Snapshot
Response Progress Report
CASH Response Dashboard
37
INTEGRATED MONITORING FRAMEWORK
CONTEXT AND NEEDS Frequency Source (with links)
% change in the population living in ‘crisis’ (3) and ‘emergency’ food

insecurity and malnutrition as per Integrated Phase Classification (IPC) February (post-Deyr 2023) and
FAO FSNAU
September (post-Gu 2024)
% of children under five with Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM)
# of civilian population newly displaced by conflict or natural hazards monthly IOM DTM, UNHCR PRMN
Key concerns raised by communities regarding the timeliness, content and

continuous CEA TF
information needs regarding humanitarian assistance (qualitative)
RISKS (FLOODS AND DROUGHT)
ECMWF, IRI, NOAA,

Seasonal precipitation and temperature forecasts (up to 6 months lead time) monthly
IGAD-ICPAC (seasonal)
Short-term meteorological forecasts (1 week - 1 month lead time) IGAD-ICPAC (monthly,

weekly and daily
weekly), SWALIM
River level monitoring (during the Gu and Deyr rainy seasons) daily SWALIM
RESPONSE
In need Target Frequency Source
Strategic % reduction in the number of people facing severe 2.4M Food Security
4.3M monthly
Objective 1 food insecurity by end-2024 (44% reduction) Cluster
% of people in need with sustainable access to

Strategic 2M
safe water services in targeted settlements and 6.6M monthly Wash Cluster
Objective 2 (30% coverage)
communities
% of targeted women, girls and boys in conflict

Protection
Strategic affected/hard to reach areas provided with risk 605K
864kK monthly Cluster / GVB
Objective 3 mitigation and prevention interventions to address (70% coverage)
AoR
gender-based violence
38
Part 3: Needs and Response by Cluster
BAIDOA, SOMALIA
Flooding in a site of displaced people in Baidoa, South West State,
during the heavy rains and floods of October 2023.
Photo: OCHA/Ayub Ahmed
39
3.1 Camp Coordination and Camp Management
3.9M 2.7M $61M 20

Sectoral severity and of people in need People targeted
BAB EL YEMEN BAB EL MANDEB YEMEN

MANDEB
GULF OF ADEN DJIBOUTI GULF OF ADEN
DJIBOUTI ARABIAN
ARABIAN SEA
SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
People in need
INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
1,800k
People targeted
500k
250k
50k Number of people
15k
1,800k
Severity of needs 500k
INDIAN OCEAN 250k
INDIAN OCEAN
1 2 3 4 5 50k
15k
Severity classification Minimal Stress Severe Extreme Catastrophic
analysis. Further, a large percentage of IDP sites in

Trends in sectoral needs
Somalia are precariously located in either drought or
flood-prone areas and in congested sites, leading to
Somalia continues to face conflict, insecurity and
challenges in the provision of services such as WASH,
climatic shocks that exacerbate displacement. As
site decongestion, and shelter provision.
per the Protection Response and Monitoring Network
(PRMN), more than 2.9 million people were internally
The prevailing weak land tenure systems further
displaced in Somalia in 2023. The CCCM Cluster's New
exacerbate the stresses affecting displaced people and
Arrivals Tracker (NAT) 2.0, recorded nearly one million
in particular adversely affect women, elderly, children,
IDPs entering CCCM-managed sites in the course of
People with Disability (PWD), and minorities in sites by
2023. The overall displaced population is more than 3.8
hindering equitable access to services and assistance.
million in Somalia.
In 2024, the CCCM Cluster will continue to target
The majority of the displaced population lives in
sites across 35 districts where CCCM has a physical
unplanned and self-settled IDP sites in rural and
partner presence. The cluster plans to target a total
peri-urban areas, with at least 81 per cent of the sites
of 2.7 million people across IDP sites in Somalia
located on privately owned land as per the CCCM/
with CCCM activities including; engaging with the
Reach Detailed Site Assessment (DSA) 2022/23 data
40
affected populations to ensure that their needs are management, humanitarian principles, and the rights of
met through protection mainstreaming activities, displaced people.
including complaint response and feedback
mechanism, information awareness, NAT registration Establishing effective camp management,
to enhance targeting of assistance to affected identification of suitable land, and integrated response
population, provision of site maintenance activities for projects will enable convergence and coverage of the
reconstruction efforts following site damages caused same geographical sites and a better comprehensive
by 2023 floods, coordination of site activities, service response to the targeted IDP population while limiting
mapping and monitoring to address service gaps duplication and overlapping of the responses.
across IDP sites alongside other CCCM mechanisms to
The inter-cluster nature of the CCCM response
enhance service and assistance to affected population
positions the cluster in both integrated response
across IDP sites in Somalia.
and nexus programming. As such, CCCM data
management will be more influential in identifying IDP
Response priorities and cross-sectoral
sites that should be prioritized for durable solutions
coordination (Integrated Response)
or development activities utilizing an evidence base
CCCM will rely on the best practices of 2023 and methodology.
previous years in planning for a more focused
response utilizing CCCM site assessment analysis and Quality and inclusive programming
information management tools. The site prioritization
In 2023, CCCM crystalized the highlighting of needs
matrix developed through the DSA would be utilized to
and inclusion as a main theme in CCCM strategy. This
enable the identification of sites with extreme needs,
will continue in 2024 through enhancing community
to ensure that the cluster can advocate for service
engagement via an accessible complaint feedback
delivery across most in-need IDP sites. The CCCM
mechanism -Zite Manager as well as collaborating
Cluster will continue to highlight the sites affected
with other CFM mechanisms such as the Inter-Agency
by recent floods and conflict-induced displacements.
Complaint and Feedback Mechanism (ICFM) in the
As highlighted in the Post Distribution Aid Diversion
Somalia response.
(PDAD) action responses, the CCCM Cluster will focus
on improved communication with communities in its
The Cluster will provide protection referrals to the
service delivery to ensure that displaced people' rights
identified humanitarian needs to address and mitigate
and humanitarian principles are adhered to.
protection risks. MUAC screening will be undertaken
in CCCM-managed sites to expedite SAM/MAM
Tools such as satisfaction surveys which enable
referrals to nutrition partners. Safety audits will remain
affected communities to report on cluster performance
a focus of CCCM activities for inclusion as a conduit
directly will be applied to focus on those with
of concrete actions derived from the safety audits for
higher severity needs and maintain a community-
enhancing protection, especially of women and girls
centered approach.
on sites. Community engagement will systematically
The expansion of existing IDP sites, the creation be carried out prior to CCCM site interventions to
of new sites and the further reduction of financial ensure ownership and community management of
resources in 2023 continue to highlight the critical CCCM activities.
need for stronger CCCM-guided area-based response
The CCCM Cluster will continue to focus its
in 2024. The CCCM Cluster will enhance the
programming based on age, gender, and diversity
identification of service gaps and needs. The CCCM
lens, ensuring community participation and inclusion
Cluster will strengthen its presence in sites and
of minority groups, women, boys, girls, youth, elderly,
increase inter-cluster collaboration, local authorities'
PWD, and other categories of community members.
and partners' awareness and capacity in camp
CCCM partners will enhance the engagement of
41
persons with disabilities for awareness raising, access activities are site improvement and site decongestion
to information and their inclusion in decision-making activities which involve the procurement of toolkits and
processes during humanitarian responses. The cluster equipment in addition to payments for IDP beneficiary
will apply IASC guidelines on inclusion of persons with daily laborer. Furthermore, the cost of the response in
disabilities and coordinate with the Disability Inclusion site maintenance activities is anticipated to increase
Working Group to strengthen the capacity of CCCM in 2024 for rebuilding and reconstruction of site
partners regarding inclusive humanitarian action. infrastructure based on the infrastructure damage
caused during the 2023 Deyr rains and floods across
Cost of response Somalia. Capacity building exercises and CCCM
partner-led workshops such as camp management
The Cluster will require a total of $61 million in funding committee (CMC) training, safety audit assessments,
to provide essential CCCM support to a total of 2.7 community engagement and awareness, CFM and
million beneficiaries in IDP sites. The response cost for CCCM training to local authorities, among other CCCM
CCCM utilizes an average cost per beneficiary of $22.6 activities, feature as secondary cost drivers for CCCM
as analyzed through 2023 programming in addition operations.
to inflation costs. Primary cost drivers for CCCM
3.2 Education
2.4M 898k $68M 40

Sectoral severity and people in need People targeted
BAB EL MANDEB YEMEN
BAB EL
MANDEB
DJIBOUTI GULF OF ADEN DJIBOUTI GULF OF ADEN
ARABIAN ARABIAN SEA

SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
1,800k People targeted
500k
250k
15k 1,800k
INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN 250k
50k
1 2 3 4 5 15k
42
Of the 897,951 girls, boys, and teachers who will be

targeted with Education in Emergencies support,
The Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) in Somalia is 718,386 (80 per cent) reside in the twenty-four districts
estimated to be 31per cent (28 per cent female) with the most fragile education conditions.
for primary education and 23 per cent (19per cent
In 2024, the Education Cluster’s overall objective is
female) for secondary education (Joint Review of the
to provide the most vulnerable school-aged girls and
Education Sector Report, 2023). However, the Multi-
boys living through a humanitarian crisis, including
Sectoral Needs Assessment paints a more optimistic
adolescents, children with disabilities, and children
picture, with an overall enrolment rate of 48 per cent
newly displaced by crisis, with a safe and protective
(47 per cent female) as a national average, up from
learning environment that promotes their overall
35 per cent in 2022. However, both the MSNA and
wellbeing through the provision of safe drinking
JRES Report show significant disparities in enrolment
water, nutritious food, sanitation facilities, and child
rates between districts and between displaced and
protection services while simultaneously protecting
non-displaced populations. As per the above figures,
children’s right to quality education and their continuity
it is therefore projected for 2024 that between 3.6
of learning. To achieve this objective, the Education
million and 4.9 million school-aged children in Somalia
Cluster has introduced for 2024 a minimum package
will not have access to formal education and that
of assistance, monitored monthly, which reflects a
nearly 2.4 million school-aged children will require
grouping of complementary education activities as well
humanitarian assistance to enable them to begin,
as water, sanitation, and child protection interventions
return to, or remain in school. As in previous years,
to be delivered concurrently for maximum impact.
the main driver for school dropout and non-enrolment
in Somalia is the financial cost of sending a child to
school, with displaced communities significantly and
Quality and inclusive programming
disproportionally affected.
The Education Cluster incorporates AAP throughout
Looking ahead to 2024, it is anticipated that all stages of the Humanitarian Programme Cycle, from
humanitarian conditions will improve in some areas needs assessments through to strategic programme
of the country, providing additional opportunities for design, implementation, and monitoring and
children to return to or remain in learning; however, evaluation. In conducting the 2024, large-scale Joint
access to education, as well as the quality of the Education Needs Assessment (JENA), an estimated
learning environment, is anticipated to remain vastly 8,000 individuals will be interviewed, of whom at
inequitable across various population groups, with least half will be women and girls, including heads of
displaced and/or conflict-affected children, children household; more than 10 per cent of participants will
living in rural areas, adolescents, and children with be children of a suitable age; and more than 5 per cent
disabilities seeing proportionally smaller gains in will include a caregiver of a child living with a disability.
accessing education and being significantly less The JENA is therefore anticipated to capture the very
likely to have the necessary materials for classroom disparate experiences various populations have of
learning. Further, children living in flood-prone districts accessing quality learning opportunities in Somalia
are likely to have their education disrupted during the and will provide nuanced guidance for an Education
rainy season, with some children never returning to in Emergencies prioritized response that will meet the
school thereafter. specific requirements of the most vulnerable girls and
boys in Somalia. The Education Cluster also solicits
Response priorities and cross-sectoral direct community feedback on programme quality
coordination (Integrated Response) and relevance during implementation through school-
level reporting. Finally, Education Cluster partners
The Education Cluster will take a more strategically are expected to be fully informed on PSEA policies
focused approach to humanitarian response in 2024. and empowered to prevent, stop, and report such
43
gross abuses of power by humanitarian actors and to each district. As per the cluster’s prioritization
affiliated personnel, and to ensure any person who and aligned to the newly established package of
is subject to such abuse is immediately referred for minimum assistance, the following three activities
appropriate support. together account for just over half of the total 2024
Education Cluster financial requirement: temporary
Cost of response classrooms/classroom repair; rehabilitation of existing
latrines/construction of emergency latrines (gender
For 2024, the Education Cluster has prioritized the segregated and accessible); and provision of individual
most cost-effective and impactful education in learning supplies.
emergency activities, thereby reducing the cost per
child per year to $74. For budget precision, each HRP
Education in Emergencies activity has been costed,
and a target for that activity has been assigned
3.3 Food Security
4.3M 2.7M $560M 256
BAB EL BAB EL MANDEB YEMEN

MANDEB
ARABIAN ARABIAN SEA
SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
INDIAN OCEAN People in need INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
500k
250k
15k
1,800k
INDIAN OCEAN 250k
INDIAN OCEAN
1 2 3 4 5 50k
15k
44
Trends in sectoral needs Response priorities and cross-sectoral

Despite the positive impact provided by the 2023 Gu
rains and sustained humanitarian assistance, the Food Security Cluster (FSC) partners will ensure a
levels of acute food insecurity remain high in Somalia prioritized and more focused response by targeting
with 4.3 million people facing IPC Phase 3 or worse 2.74 million people facing severe food insecurity with
outcomes between October to December 2023. In various forms of emergency lifesaving and time-
terms of evolution of needs, the number of people sensitive food security interventions. Key cluster
facing severe food insecurity in December 2023 has activities will include unconditional food and cash
decreased by 36 per cent compared to December 2022. assistance, conditional cash transfers, and cash+
time-sensitive emergency agriculture, livestock, and
In 2024, acute food insecurity is projected to persist fisheries inputs to ensure immediate availability and
driven by the lingering impacts of the 2020 -2023 access to food. Cash+ activities will enable vulnerable
prolonged drought, the adverse impact of El Niño households to get back into production, sustain animal
flooding and other contributing factors53 that will health, and avert further livelihood assets depletion.
continue to exacerbate needs. Population groups of Other FSC assistance include urgent time-sensitive and
concern include newly displaced persons such as flood season dependent interventions through the provision
displaced54 and vulnerable agro-pastoral communities. of emergency agriculture, emergency livestock and
Newly displaced persons face deplorable conditions emergency fisheries inputs to increase local food
due to limited livelihood assets, few income-earning production and availability.
opportunities, low access to social support systems
and a high reliance on humanitarian assistance FSC partners will deliver humanitarian food, cash, and
while vulnerable agro-pastoralists have eroded time-sensitive season dependent assistance based on
livelihood assets due to the 2020 -2023 prolonged geographical and population prioritization. Assistance
drought, adverse impact of El Niño flooding, and other to the most food-insecure locations (including
compounding shocks limiting coping capacity. conflict and flood affected locations) where needs are
most severe, and to the most vulnerable population
The needs of the agropastoral communities living groups will be prioritized in line with the food security
in the areas affected by Deyr flooding including vulnerability framework. Population groups such
those households who have missed the Deyr season as newly displaced people, households with acute
cropping activities and income from agricultural malnourished children and pregnant and lactating
labour are expected to remain elevated during the first women, vulnerability referrals related to protection and
quarter of 2024. In agropastoral areas, the benefits of marginalized communities with minority affiliation, and
above-average Deyr season rainfall have been offset agropastoral households with high dependency burden
by delayed cropping activities and reduced agricultural who have repeatedly lost their crops and livestock
labor opportunities due Deyr flooding. Household assets will be prioritized for humanitarian assistance.
cereal stocks from the below average 2023 Gu season
harvest have already been depleted or were lost during FSC partners will strengthen the identification,
the flooding. Vulnerable households’ livestock holdings targeting and verification of target beneficiaries to
are expected to remain below baseline levels due to mitigate any potential PDAD. A shift in approach from
the extended impact of previous droughts, limited “no regrets and status-based assistance” to proper
herd sizes, and insufficient income from livestock and identification and targeting of those in need based
milk sales to purchase adequate food. Any improved on an elaborate vulnerability framework (registration
livestock conditions and value, and increased access to and verification) will strengthen de-duplication and
milk consumption and sales are not sufficient to offset accountability while maximizing efficiencies. FSC
the crop-related negative impact of El Niño flooding. partners will enhance common post-distribution
monitoring (PDM) to generate information on the
45
process, impact and programmatic issues requiring Targeting criteria will be aligned to the food security
attention and course correction during implementation. vulnerability framework and other vulnerability criteria
including SADDD. In close collaboration with the
FSC partners will continue to take part in the scaling protection cluster, FSC partners will identify threats
up of integrated response at subnational level and address, mitigate, or reduce key protection
through enhanced area-based coordination with risks in food security and livelihoods programmes.
shared leadership of NGOs and relevant government The most vulnerable households will be identified
ministries. This will include enhanced engagement and prioritized while ensuring men, women, PWDs
through the Integrated Response Framework (IRF), the and other high priority groups have equal and fair
joint tri-cluster (CCCM, FSC and Protection Clusters) access to assistance, and locations of distribution
protection referral system that will prioritize sites points are jointly preferred and safe. FSC partners
pre-dominantly inhabited by groups at risk of exclusion, will enhance effective engagement and consultation
and the referral of key groups at highest risk to FSC, with communities to understand their needs and
and joint multi-cluster assessments utilizing the food preferences, and provide a formal, functioning, and
security vulnerability framework to inform the evolving effective community feedback mechanism. The choice
context, needs, gaps and response priorities. FSC of delivery mechanisms or modalities of assistance
partners will also be part of the Inter-agency Complaint will be based on an assessment of options and
and Feedback Mechanism (ICFM) that will ease the consultation with beneficiaries. FSC partners will
referral processes and provide basic community continue to provide clear and appropriate information
information consultation, including inclusion of to beneficiaries regarding their entitlements,
marginalized groups and the barriers that they face. redress measures for aid diversion through relevant
FSC partners will also ensure that registration data anonymized community complaints and feedback
is shared amongst partners as per the existing data mechanisms utilizing multiple channels, including
sharing agreements to facilitate cross-checking of lists radio, in-person briefings, and phone voice messages.
for deduplication of assistance.
Cost of response
FSC requirements of US$560 million costs are based
FSC partners will implement activities in on a full cost recovery model that includes service
non-discriminatory and impartial ways that promote fees for delivering cash transfers, procurement costs
safety, dignity and integrity of the people receiving for in-kind food rations and emergency agricultural,
assistance and avoid, minimize, or reduce any livestock or fisheries inputs, as well as costs related
unintended negative impacts by commitment to a ‘do to security, port charges, warehousing, transportation,
no harm’ conflict sensitive approach to programming. distribution, and monitoring. Access and logistical
Cluster partners will mainstream gender, protection, constraints in hard-to-reach areas, and additional
and inclusion in their programming to ensure quality costs for enhanced monitoring during distribution
and equity of assistance and services for all vulnerable and post distribution to prevent and mitigate the risk
groups, including minority groups, female headed of aid diversion increase operational costs. Choice of
households, pregnant and lactating women, PWDs, modality will be rooted in in-depth market assessments
older people etc. Partner activities will ensure gender, and community consultation to minimize operational
age and disability responsiveness to respond to the costs and improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and
distinct needs and situations of women, girls, boys timely delivery.
and men, older people and people with disabilities by
applying gender analysis using SADDD.
46
3.4 Health
6.6M 3.8M $122M 55

MANDEB
ARABIAN ARABIAN SEA
SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
1,800k
People targeted
500k
250k
15k
1,800k
INDIAN OCEAN 250k
INDIAN OCEAN
1 2 3 4 5 50k
15k
Multiple, frequent, and concurrent disease outbreaks

on top of protracted conflict and extreme weather
Availability and accessibility to health services for conditions continue to threaten the health and the
people affected by crisis is expected to reduce with lives of the crisis-affected populations of Somalia. In
donors indicating reduced funding availability in 2024. addition to the 2020-2023 prolonged drought and the
Development funding, including the implementation resultant food insecurity, flooding due to El Niño in the
of a recent World Bank funded ‘Improving Healthcare last quarter of 2023 disrupted health infrastructure
Services in Somalia Project’55, covers less than 20 per and service provision. Extreme rainfall and flooding
cent of functional health facilities in selected regions in are expected to continue in 2024 and WHO’s Public
Somalia. The remaining public health facilities continue Health Situation Analysis56, 57identified additional
to depend on short-term humanitarian funding and health threats in 2024, including potential outbreaks
service provision by Health Cluster partners as the of vector borne diseases like malaria, dengue fever,
operational capacity of the ministries of health to chikungunya, and Rift Valley Fever, pregnancy related
deliver health services remains extremely limited. complications and disruption in BEmONC and
CEmONC services. There is a high risk that the ongoing
disease outbreaks of cholera and measles will increase
47
and spread further into new geographical areas. Alerts planning, vitamin A supplementation, deworming of
of vaccine preventable diseases like whooping cough children and promotion of kangaroo care for premature
and diphtheria increased in the last quarter of 2023 and underweight babies.
demonstrating insufficient coverage of vaccination
services in the country. Polio remains a high risk in The Health Cluster aims to provide a comprehensive
Somalia with five reported cVDPV2 cases in 2023; the health service package as defined in the Essential
date of onset of the most recent case from the Baidoa Package of Health Services 2020 guideline of the
district was on16 September 2023. Ministry of Health (MoH)59, including maternal and
newborn care, mental health and psychosocial
The 2023 MSNA confirmed once again that most services and trauma care for victims of violence.
women delivered their babies at home; only 42 per cent Inter-cluster coordination will continue with the aim
reported to have delivered in a private or public health to deliver comprehensive humanitarian services at
facility. The main reason provided was the absence of the same place, at the same time to the same people
a functional health facility or maternity ward nearby.58 among especially the Health, WASH, Nutrition and
The most vulnerable tend to be women and adolescent Protection clusters, including other cluster services
girls with disabilities and those displaced in hard- where possible.
to-reach areas.
The Health Cluster will work closely with the MoH to
Response priorities and cross-sectoral ensure joint coordinated responses and alignment
coordination (Integrated Response) of response provided by development partners such
as the World Bank through the Federal and State
The Health Cluster partners will prioritize service ministries of health.
delivery to the most vulnerable among the affected
communities with a focus on children and pregnant Quality and inclusive programming
women in newly established sites for displaced
people, newly recovered areas, and residents in The Health Cluster will continue to provide technical
rural and hard to reach areas. The Health Cluster guidance and support to partners to ensure prevention
will focus on lifesaving interventions to populations of sexual exploitation and abuse. Cluster partners
affected by floods, conflict and disease outbreaks and will continue to raise awareness of the toll-free LOOP
increase access by providing health services as close 2023 phone number to the population in need. Referral
as possible to the affected populations, guided by pathways for assistance for survivors of sexual
globally-approved approaches such as the Minimum violence, exploitation and abuse will be continuously
Initial Service Package (MISP) for Reproductive updated and shared among cluster members. The
Health. Referral pathways will be strengthened to Health Cluster team will promptly provide feedback to
ensure access to essential health services needed questions and concerns raised on health and health
for pregnant women, malnourished children with service delivery by Radio Ergo listeners and other
complications and survivors of gender based and emerging community feedback mechanisms.
sexual violence. Prevention and response to outbreaks
The Health Cluster promotes the hiring and training of
of diseases will be achieved by early detection and
female community healthcare workers and strongly
early treatment of infected patients. Activities will
encourages Health Cluster partners to have gender
include strengthened surveillance of epidemic prone
balanced teams at all levels in their organizations.
diseases, rapid field and laboratory investigation
Partners are continuously reminded of the need to
of alerts and case management of diseases in the
adapt service provision to ensure access is guaranteed
community and health facilities. Prevention services
to all, including those with a disability or other limiting
include measles vaccination, oral cholera vaccination
factors, for example by removing infrastructural
for population in cholera hotspot areas, micronutrient
barriers and strengthening the provision of assistive
supplementation of children, pregnant and lactating
devices within essential health care services. The
women, promotion of breastfeeding and family
Health Cluster continues to provide support to partners
48
to collect and disseminate disease risk communication staff at national, state and regional levels is needed
material adapted to the specific needs of different to coordinate between Health Cluster partners and
population groups considering literacy levels and national, state and regional ministries of health. The
locally used languages. The Health Cluster will adopt funding needed for coordination is a small fraction of
strategies to ensure the elimination/reduce exclusion the overall Health Cluster estimated budget for 2024
of women and adolescent girls from minority clans and but a critical element for success.
those living with disabilities.
The estimated budget needs for 2024 could increase
Continuous mapping of health service delivery with dramatically if disease outbreaks are not detected as
the support of the newly established WHO GIS centre they emerge; disease surveillance and rapid response
enhances the capacity to recognize gaps and avoid will be critical to save lives and avoid high costs of
duplication of service delivery. responding to the highly likely disease outbreaks that
might occur in 2024.
Cost of response
Apart from the national Health Cluster team,

sub-national and area-based coordination continues to
be critical for integrated quality responses. Dedicated
3.5 Logistics
N/A N/A $35M 102
vital overland supply routes remain closed. Critical

bridges, essential for maintaining primary access
Humanitarian operations in Somalia face significant routes, are washed away or submerged, exacerbating
logistical challenges. According to the World Bank connectivity challenges. Disruptions in commercial
(2022), out of the 21,830 kilometres of roads in resupply lead to heightened fuel and market prices.
Somalia, only 2,860 kilometres are estimated to be Simultaneously, humanitarian logistics operations are
paved (13 per cent). Most of this paved infrastructure is consistently affected by persistent security challenges
reportedly in poor or very poor condition. Only 31.2 per stemming from non-state armed groups that continue
cent of the rural population has access to all-season to impede cargo deliveries and the safety of air
roads, leaving the majority without reliable connectivity. passenger flights. The anticipated ATMIS withdrawal
Compounding these challenges, Deyr floods in 2023 in 2024 introduces an additional layer of uncertainty,
have inflicted extensive damage on critical transport necessitating strategic logistics planning. Furthermore,
infrastructure in Jubaland, South-West, and Hirshabelle the imminent risk of cholera intensifies the pressure
State. The predicament is anticipated to intensify in on logistics operations, demanding swift transport of
2024 due to the expectation of more rainfall. Somalia's medical supplies and resource allocation to strengthen
two rainy seasons (between April and June and logistics assets for an effective response. The ongoing
between October and December) render most airstrips closure of the Kenyan-Somalian border and prolonged
in Somalia inaccessible to fixed-wing aircraft, and customs clearance delays for humanitarian cargo
further compound these challenges, placing Somalia
49
among the three countries in the world with the lowest flexibility to meet future demands, reinforcing security
Logistics Performance Index (World Bank, 2023). In protocols and monitoring resource optimization.
navigating these multifaceted challenges, vigilant
monitoring and adaptive response strategies emerge Quality and Inclusive Programming
as imperative for success.
The Logistics Cluster and UNHAS will monitor its ability
Response priorities and cross-sectoral to meet partners' needs and track cargo movement
coordination (Integrated Response) through appropriate tracking and reporting systems.
Regular national and subnational Cluster coordination
To address these challenges in 2024, the Logistics meetings will facilitate information sharing and
Cluster and UNHAS will continue to support the the identification of operational gaps. End-of-year
humanitarian and development community in Somalia. surveys will assess partner satisfaction. The Logistics
This support encompasses logistics coordination, Cluster's strategy and action plan for 2024 will be
information management, common services (cargo further informed by the 2023 end-year survey and the
transport via road, sea, and air), and passenger air ongoing Gaps and Needs Analysis (GNA). Additionally,
services, with a specific focus on priority regions UNHAS will monitor passenger and air cargo transport
like Juba, South-West, and Shabelle State where needs through its routine user group meetings and the
humanitarian access is more difficult. A combination UNHAS Board of Directors meetings. These meetings
of both fixed wing and specialized air assets will will be complemented by two satisfaction surveys:
be utilized to transport humanitarian cargo and the Passenger Satisfaction Survey and the provision
passengers to hard-to-reach and inaccessible areas of Access Satisfaction Survey to reform flexible flight
not served by UNDSS approved air carriers. As a last schedules for future demands.
resort, the Logistics Cluster will extend its support to
the humanitarian community through road and sea Cost of Response
transport. In addition to these efforts, the Logistics
Cluster will for the reopening of the Somalia-Kenyan The Logistics Cluster and UNHAS response planned
border and the continuous strengthening of import and for 2024 require $35 million. The main cost drivers for
customs clearance procedures for humanitarian cargo. UNHAS ($19.8 million) stem from the need to ensure
Regular coordination meetings at the national and the uninterrupted provision of air passenger services
sub-national levels will facilitate streamlined logistics to the entire humanitarian community in Somalia and
information sharing, and the Logistics Cluster will from heightened demand for humanitarian assistance,
continue to develop and disseminate crucial logistics especially in areas where insecurity in combination
IM products. Moreover, the Logistics Cluster will with flooding having compounded access challenges.
enhance the logistics capacities of the humanitarian Despite achieving significant milestones in logistics
community through tailored trainings, emergency accessibility in 2023, the continual degradation of
simulations, and the sharing of best practices. In the logistics infrastructure, and access challenges due to
realm of air transportation, the Logistics Cluster will conflict, along with the anticipated ATMIS withdrawal
continue to facilitate partners' access to air cargo, in 2024, have and will further impede the seamless
with UNHAS managing the air assets to ensure the flow of humanitarian supplies in the country. Given
safe and timely delivery of life-saving cargo. Moreover, these conditions, there is a need to rely on the
UNHAS, with its diversified fleet of five passenger continued use of specialized air assets and fixed-wing
aircraft strategically positioned in Nairobi, Mogadishu, aircraft to provide cargo transport support to the
and Hargeisa, will also continue its commitment to humanitarian community.
facilitating passenger air travel, responding to medical
evacuations and security relocations to and from
15 regular destinations, in addition to any ad-hoc
destinations. The service maintains operational
50
3.6 Nutrition
4.8M 3.0M $165M 73

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SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
INDIAN OCEAN
People in need
INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
People targeted
1,800k
250k
50k 1,800k
15k
500k
Severity of needs INDIAN OCEAN 250k
50k
INDIAN OCEAN 15k
1 2 3 4 5
cash-based approaches and social behaviour change

communication.
According to the FSNAU IPC Post Gu 2023, the
nutrition situation in Somalia improved from a national Response priorities and cross-sectoral
average GAM rate of 15.9 per cent to 12.4 per cent. coordination (Integrated Response)
The nutrition situation is predicted to relatively improve
Nutrition Cluster partners will target all accessible
in most places in 2024, except for flood-prone areas,
districts with life-saving services for the treatment
especially if floods result in disease outbreaks (AWD/
and supplementation of wasting and nutritional
Malaria) and restrict humanitarian services.
oedema in children under the age of five and pregnant
Children under five and pregnant and breastfeeding and breastfeeding women. Severely wasted children
women are more vulnerable to food insecurity and face a 12 times higher risk of mortality, highlighting
disease epidemics. Cluster priority interventions the necessity to target all districts to prevent any
include the treatment of severe wasting60, food excess mortality among children in Somalia. Blanket
supplementation for moderate wasting, and supplementary feeding programs and other nutrition-
improved access to quality diets through food/ specific prevention interventions, including food or
cash-based approaches, will focus on districts where a
51
lot of households are in IPC 4 and 5 and/or where the risks and barriers to service. These will include radio
GAM is over 15 per cent and aggravating factors. with call-in options, SMS, toll-free hotlines, U-Report
platform, community engagement sessions, and
The treatment and supplementation of wasting will other forums that the affected community can readily
be integrated into the public health system (services access. Infrastructural accessibility of nutrition centers
to be provided in health facilities). All nutrition for persons with disabilities will also remain critical.
services will be linked to health, WASH services, child
protection, and improved food security services. All nutrition Cluster partners will adhere to
In the hard-to-reach areas, the nutrition Cluster will accountability and PSEA policies to ensure “do no
promote approaches for emergencies and exceptional harm” and zero tolerance for sexual exploitation
circumstances e.g. iCCCM+. and abuse. PSEA and GBV risk mitigation and safe
disclosures will be included in all nutrition training.
Sub-national (state, region, and area-based) nutrition
Cluster coordination will be strengthened to ensure a Cost of response
well-coordinated nutrition response that meets field-
level needs. The nutrition Cluster will also support The burden of wasting and nutritional oedema among
the strengthening of Area-based coordination as children under five and pregnant and breastfeeding
required.. The nutrition Cluster partners will participate women reduced from 1.8 million in 2022 to 1.5 million
in integrating initiatives, including the Integrated in 2023/24. Prioritization of prevention interventions to
Response Framework (IRF), and collaborate on needs only targeting hotspot districts with GAM prevalence of
assessments and response planning. >15% and IPC 4 and 5 has significantly contributed to
the Cluster's reduced financial requirements.
The rising cost of procuring and importing therapeutic
The nutrition Cluster will map ethnic minorities, and supplementary foods, a high number of nutrition
female-headed households, households with persons frontline staffing requirements (nutrition services are
with disabilities, and other marginalized groups to provided in over 2,500 sites), and high operational
ensure that all affected populations have equal and costs in Somalia, such as airlifting nutrition supplies,
inclusive access to nutrition services. If any affected mobile teams to provide services in hard-to-reach
demographic subgroup is not obtaining services, areas, and additional costs to prevent and mitigate aid
barriers will be assessed, and relevant measures diversions, are other cost drivers.
put in place.
Nutrition facilities shall include accessible complaints

and feedback procedures to inform changes to address
52
3.7 Protection
Overarching Protection
3.8M 2.7M $174M 115
Protection Cluster only
857K 643K $24M 115

BAB EL MANDEB YEMEN
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GULF OF ADEN
DJIBOUTI ARABIAN ARABIAN SEA
SEA
ETHIOPIA
ETHIOPIA
INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
People targeted
1,800k
250k
50k 1,800k
15k
500k
Severity of needs INDIAN OCEAN 250k
50k
INDIAN OCEAN 15k
1 2 3 4 5
response but to represent an added value to the

Trends in sectoral needs inter-sectoral coordination and response and, thus, to
the centrality of protection across the humanitarian
The protection response plan for 2024 is anchored
response in Somalia.
in four strategic pillars: protection of civilians,
response prioritization, integrated approaches Protection is prioritizing responses to two shocks:
across sectors, and operationalization of frontline
protection responses. With each of these pillars, the • Climate change-related disasters: The current
Protection Cluster seeks to not end up in a siloed response to ‘El Niño’ flooding is already showing
53
the focus of the Protection Cluster in carrying out • Continue to develop an integrated protection
integrated approaches other Clusters such as response with CCCM and Shelter as part of UNHCR’s
Food Security, Shelter and CCCM in ensuring the Tri-Cluster initiative.
inclusion of persons with specific needs (PSN) • Continue to develop and expand the joint Food
among displaced populations, notably persons Security, CCCM, and Protection Fast-Track
with disabilities, older people, minorities, and referral mechanism.
• Continue and expand the current close collaboration
• Conflict: The risk of armed conflict—either with the OCHA-chaired working groups on access
non-international or intra-clan—ranks the highest in and civil-military coordination, as part of the joint
terms of likelihood and impact for 2024 in Somalia. UNOCHA and Global Protection Cluster Agenda for
The operationalization of a frontline response in Change: Access that Protects.
conflict-affected areas has been discussed and
Protection response priorities:
agreed upon with a range of protection partners,
covering protection analysis to specialized • Ensure timely and evidence-based protection
protection agencies, and considers an early analysis, focusing on the risks to civilians in hard-to-
action response package for newly displaced reach and conflict-affected areas.
and civilian populations in hard-to-reach areas • Ensure a timely conflict-related frontline protection
and the strengthening of the capacity of affected response for newly displaced and civilian
communities as first-line responders. populations in hard-to-reach areas.
• Strengthen communities affected by conflict as first-
line protection responders.
• Continue and expand with other clusters the
Following the joint global methodology, the Protection protection workstream on the inclusion of PSN
Cluster and Areas of Responsibilities (AoRs) in Somalia among the displaced population, notably persons
have defined an overarching protection severity with disabilities, older people, minorities, and
targeting priority districts, 10 of which are categorized marginalized groups at risk of exclusion.
as in severity level 5 and 19 as in severity level 4.
These 29 districts are primarily conflict-affected
districts where the population is facing a higher level
In 2024, the Protection Cluster will keep supporting any
of protection risks, and the clusters identified bigger
inter-agency effort to strengthen the Accountability to
protection response gaps. Protection Cluster partners
AAP. As an ICCG member, the Cluster has endorsed
will be systematically prioritizing districts to protect
and will support the establishment of the Inter-Agency
civilians through integrated approaches across sectors
Common Feedback Mechanism. Moreover, the Cluster
and operationalize frontline protection responses.
is heavily involved in the HCT PDAD Action Plan
Core response priorities for the Protection Cluster will together with UNHCR as Cluster Lead Agency. For the
include, among others: HCT Action Plan, the Protection Cluster is UNHCR’s
focal point for activities #1 (research), #5 (minimum
Integrated Protection approaches: inclusion), #10 (field presence), and chairs together
• Ensure a core protection response across the 29 with the CEA TF chairs activity #8 (IDP community
prioritized districts with the four active areas of engagement).
responsibility in the country.
The inclusion of PSN and marginalized groups,
• Support and take the lead of the protection sector
including minorities, is one priority Cluster workstream.
and partners in promoting a more integrated inter-
This workstream is aligned with Specific Objective #1
sectoral response (IRF, RRM, etc.).
of the HCT's Centrality of Protection Strategy and will
continue to be a priority for the Cluster in 2024. The
54
Cluster will keep co-chairing together with CCCM, the

Cost of response
Disability Inclusion Working Group (DIWG), and will
keep working with the platform of 15 organizations The Cluster's financial requirements were reduced from
specialized on minority inclusion. The protection 2023 due to a decrease in the target population twhich
strategy on inclusion is not based on stand-alone primarily results from the Protection Cluster response
protection responses addressing the needs of PSN strategy focusing on conflict-affected districts.
and marginalized groups, but on ensuring the inclusion
of these groups in the overall inter-sectoral response. Conflict, insecurity, and accessibility are significant
Examples of this are the current integrated approach cost drivers, as protection is repositioned to front-line
with Shelter for the response to flooding or the joint response in conflict-affected districts in 2024. The
Food Security, CCCM, and Protection Fast-Track Protection Cluster will use integrated approaches to
referral mechanism. provide protection solutions to the populations most in
need of humanitarian response.
3.7.1 Child Protection
3.0M 2.1M $63M 61

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ARABIAN ARABIAN SEA

SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
People in need INDIAN OCEAN

INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
500k
50k
15k 1,800k

INDIAN OCEAN 250k
INDIAN OCEAN 50k
1 2 3 4 5 15k
55
Children’s well-being continues to be disrupted by the

breakdown of routines, the inability to play and go to
Children’s protection needs in Somalia remain complex school, and deteriorating mental health and healthy
and multi-faceted due to decades of emergencies social support systems. Children are facing enormous
spanning multiple generations, thereby requiring a psychological challenges, yet mental health and
robust, holistic response. Children’s safety, survival, and psychosocial support (MHPSS) services and activities
well-being are constantly threatened by armed conflicts are lacking or overstretched. Distress levels are higher
such as those in Laascaanood, Hirshabelle, and among child-, female-, and elderly-headed households,
Galmudug regions, natural climatic-induced disasters minority/marginalized populations, households
such as floods and drought, disease outbreaks, with children with disabilities, and more than 79 per
grinding poverty, and repeated forced displacement— cent of IDP children indicate the unavailability of
all of which impact children’s development and growth MHPSS61 services. Currently, Somali caseworkers
and inflict profound levels of life-altering distress handle caseloads 10 times higher than minimum
and injuries. Children, who comprise over 62 per standards62, while 60 per cent of affected children
cent of affected populations in Somalia, continue to lack access to specialized protection services due to
be disproportionately affected by these shocks and inadequate services.
hazards, leaving them vulnerable to serious forms of
violence, abuse, exploitation, and neglect. Response priorities and cross-sectoral
Somalia is among the countries recording the
highest numbers of grave violations against children The Child Protection AoR plans to reach 2.1 million
worldwide. Between January and September 2023, people in 2024 (75 per cent children [739,145 girls,
1,742 grave violations against 1,660 children (77 844,737 boys] and 25 per cent adults [285,099
percent boys) were verified, including 498 children women, 200,625 men]). Among those targeted, 10 per
recruited and used (10 percent used in combat); 455 cent have disabilities and 3 per cent are elderly. The
killed or maimed by armed actors; and 568 abducted targeted people have the most severe needs, according
(over half of these cases have led to child recruitment). to sectoral and joint inter-cluster analyses.
Girls continue to be exposed to rape and other forms of
The CP AoR and partners will build on previous
sexual violence [1], often taking place in rural areas and
investments by scaling up services in additional areas
in and around IDP sites. Places that are meant to be
with the most severe needs, including areas with recent
safe for children were also attacked, with 34 schools
displacement, newly accessible areas, and areas with
and 18 hospitals verified to have been attacked by
limited or no access to services.
armed actors. Children represent 80 per cent of
the total mine- and unexploded ordnance-related
At the individual and family level, CP actors will
casualties recorded in 2023. The majority of these
provide quality case management, including family
grave violations were documented in primarily conflict-
tracing, reunification and alternative care, by trained
affected areas, such as Lower Shebelle, Bay, Middle
case/social workers, with increased support to case
Juba, Hiran, and Gedo.
management volunteers for a wider reach. The CP
AoR will continue to enhance referral pathways and
Many Somali girls and boys grow up in communities
networks, particularly by strengthening multi-sectoral,
where Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), child marriage,
web-based referral pathways.63
sexual assault, violence in the home, and child labor
are accepted or tolerated societal norms. These risks
Partners will scale up MHPSS, focusing on
are heightened when combined with different shocks
psychological first aid, individual and group
or hazards. Family separation is an ongoing concern.
psychosocial support with children, and positive
parenting and psychosocial support with caregivers.
56
Structured, child-friendly space activities will be in schools and capacity strengthening of teachers to
supported to include comprehensive gender- create nurturing environments and safely recognize
sensitive, age-appropriate education, hygiene and refer children at risk. Operational coordination and
promotion, nutrition, life skills support and other skills joint Child Protection and GBV capacity strengthening
development. initiatives will be reinforced to address increasing
cases of child and adolescent survivors of GBV,
At community level, mobile teams will be deployed including trainings on GBV risk mitigation and caring
to reach children in hard-to-reach locations, and for child and adolescent survivors of GBV.
community volunteers and youth will raise awareness
on child protection risks through peer-to-peer activities Quality and inclusive programming
and safe child participation initiatives. The CP AoR will
enhance measures to monitor, prevent and respond to The CP AoR ensures all socio-ecological layers
grave child rights violations, through advocacy, referrals affecting children’s lives are addressed in line with
(e.g., assistance to children injured by explosive minimum standards and informed (and led where
hazards), and services, including family-based care possible) by children, their families, and communities
and community reintegration for children formerly using participatory approaches. All interventions are
associated with armed forces/groups, particularly in also designed to be gender-, age- and disability-friendly
displacement sites and conflict-affected areas. and inclusive. With children accounting for more than
80 per cent of explosive ordnance (EO) in Somalia,
The CP AoR will bolster the capacity of CP community CP AoR partners in coordination with the EH AoR will
workers, the social service workforce, and other continue supporting children injured by EO, including
national/local partners for quality child protection through MHPSS and rehabilitation, including assistive
service provision and coordination through training, devices and mobility aids. All partners will promote
mentoring, coaching, and supervision. Topics will child participation and safe-guarding, using various
include case management, CPIMS+64, MHPSS, safe child-friendly feedback and reporting mechanisms
referrals, assessments, community-based protection, throughout the programme cycle, with training for at
and coordination. The CP AoR will also enhance least 60 per cent of partner staff/volunteers on PSEA
the operationalization of integrated frameworks and code of conduct.
with Education, Nutrition, and GBV. The joint CP and
Education response framework will focus on MHPSS
3.7.2 Explosive Hazards
2.3M 321k $9M 6

national institutions, a nationwide non-technical
survey (NTS), and intensive explosive ordnance risk
APMBC deadline extension to 2027: Somalia's education (EORE).
new Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (APMBC)
Explosive hazards in newly recovered Areas: As
deadline comes with additional funding and
military campaigns increase, communities in newly
operational requirements, which obligate Somalia
recovered areas face an elevated risk in addition to the
to implement comprehensive capacity-building for
57
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ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
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People in need
INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
People targeted
1,800k
250k
50k 1,800k
15k
500k
INDIAN OCEAN 250k
INDIAN OCEAN 15k
1 2 3 4 5
legacy contamination, given that locations previously financial and operational gap, impacting the ability to
under the control of non-state armed actorswere respond to the growing mine action needs.
excluded from mine action assistance.
Funding and operational uncertainty in EH AoR: The
IEDs affecting civilians: Improvised explosive geographical coverage of EH AoR operations was
devices (IEDs) have claimed a total of 4,495 civilian largely in ATMIS-controlled locations, which could be
casualties, 55 per cent of all IED casualties over the impacted by the anticipated transition of ATMIS. This
last four years. This risk spreads to new communities transition also has implications for the funding source
as military campaigns recover new areas, requiring that is currently supporting UNMAS-funded teams.
IED risk awareness to help communities reduce
El Niño: Flood-affected communities have been forced
their exposure.
to migrate to less-affected areas where explosive
Laascaanood conflict: The conflict in Laascaanood ordnance contamination remains uncertain. Returning
resulted in extensive explosive ordnance communities may also encounter explosive items
contamination, exposing communities to a relocated by the floods, necessitating urgent measures
significant risk of ERW accidents as they sought to raise awareness and respond to any callouts.
to reconstruct. The battle areas in the SSC regions
IThe threat of IEDs is expected to spread into new
require a comprehensive assessment and response to
areas pursuant to the ongoing military offensives.
the EH threat.
In addition, children are the most vulnerable to ERW
Reducing EH AoR partner presence: The presence of accidents, accounting for up to 80 per cent of all
active EH AoR operators has drastically reduced over recorded victims.
the last 24 months due to the overall drop in funding
for mine action in Somalia. This leaves a considerable
58
and clearance teams recruited from, trained, and

deployed within the affected localities. These
form the most suitable points of feedback and
EH AoR partners have mapped the locations with escalation mechanisms.
explosive ordnance contamination and a high
• ERW accidents were recorded in locations that
frequency of explosive ordnance accidents, overlaying
were unsafe or hard to reach. To reach these
them with severity mapping. The deployments
communities with EORE, EH AoR partners deployed
of partners for EORE and clearance activities are
portable risk education talking devices (RETDs) to
prioritized in these locations and proposed to include
the affected and to other highly mobile communities
newly recovered areas.
such as displaced people and nomadic families.
Response to the most at-risk groups was prioritized, • With a significant number of PwD who often find
including an awareness package for civilians it difficult to participate in EORE sessions, RETD
and frontline workers exposed to the risk of IEDs, have demonstrated the ability to break these
intensifying awareness-raising for children in new barriers to participation by reaching the targeted
displacement settlements, flood-affected areas, and beneficiaries at-source with messages that can be
communities living in contaminated areas. These replayed on-demand.
activities include EORE training of trainers (ToT) to key • RETD are particularly effective at engaging children,
persons and frontline humanitarian workers during as they can listen repetitively to the awareness
disaster response. messages. The device can be passed on to
other households or domiciled in schools within
For humanitarian and protection partners in the the community.
frontlines, the EH AoR provides EORE to protect the
• SADDD is critical for tracking reach to people with
workers and EORE ToT for onward delivery to the
disabilities.
targeted communities. Similarly, EH AoR partners
with CP AoR to provide EORE to children in and out of Cost of response
schools. This was achieved in Laas Caanood, Kismayo,
and Qoryoley. 2024 places higher demands on the EH AoR to support
Somalia’s APMBC obligations, compounded by the
Quality and inclusive programming needs in newly recovered areas, the increase in IEDs
affecting civilians, the contamination in Laas Caanood,
EH AoR employs a community-based approach to and the flood-related displacements. These are to be
providing mine action assistance. This is delivered implemented by the two main/active EH AoR partners.
through a network of community liaison officers
59
3.7.3 Gender-Based Violence
3.2M 1.9M $73M 78

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ARABIAN ARABIAN SEA

SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
INDIAN OCEAN
People in Need
INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA
KENYA
Number of people
People targeted
1,800k
250k
50k 1,800k
15k
500k
INDIAN OCEAN 250k
INDIAN OCEAN 15k
1 2 3 4 5
at 15 per cent, compared to 37 per cent and 11 per

Trends in sectoral needs cent, respectively, in 2022.
Floods, droughts, conflicts, and displacement are Inter-communal clashes and the impact of El Niño
putting women and girls at risk in Somalia. These contribute to increased displacement, food insecurity,
risks include inadequate shelter, sexual harassment and GBV. The increasing incidence of GBV correlates
while traveling, and limited access to services. A with the severity of needs, as indicated in the PIN
joint assessment in Galmudug found that 69 per calculation for 2024 (3.2 million), an increase from
cent of respondents reported that girls and women 3.1 million in 2023. Female-headed households are
have become less safe, while 67 per cent reported particularly vulnerable to sexual violence and abuse.
an increase in violence, including rape (58 per cent), In Baidoa, more than 83 per cent of the households
female genital mutilation (19 per cent), and sexual affected are female-headed. Women and girls in IDP
harassment (12 per cent). Minority clan women and camps require social services, including GBV support,
those with disabilities are at higher risk of violence health care, and livelihood assistance. Access to
(78 per cent). Over 70 per cent of women and girls menstrual hygiene materials is a challenge, especially
do not receive food or have protection when traveling for people with disabilities. 42 per cent of the
to distribution centers. Data from the GBVIMS 2023 respondents reported cost as the biggest challenge in
shows worsening levels of IPV at 52 per cent and rape accessing menstrual materials, followed by access to
60
the market (14 per cent). Lack of knowledge about the • Improving coordination and reporting, including
available services and transportation are barriers to coordination in newly recovered areas,
accessing services. • Strengthening national human and institutional
capacity to prevent and respond to GBV.
Many households report a lack of services for women
• Promoting a community-based approach to GBV
and girls, including psychosocial support, recreational
prevention through community engagement.
activities, reproductive health care, and GBV
prevention. According to an assessment by BSDC, in • Conducting research, assessment, monitoring,
Badhaadhe District, 35 per cent of reported protection and evaluation to improve GBV programmes and
cases were GBV against women and girls. This was accountability.
primarily attributed to the limitations of GBV services,
prevention, and risk reduction interventions in the area.
GBV AoR will collaborate with the AAP working

Specialized GBV services will be gradually needed to
group and advisory team to plan and respond with
mitigate and support livelihood recovery in worsening
stakeholders, enabling rights holders to assert their
conditions. Improved coordination is required and
rights. It will ensure relevancy and accessibility by
crucial in newly recovered areas and displacement
consulting and engaging targeted community members
sites to ensure timely and confidential delivery
in curriculum or IEC material production. In conjunction
of quality services, supported by real-time data
with partners, GBV AoR will increase complaint and
from the GBVIMs.
feedback mechanisms in all areas by implementing
the Client Satisfaction Survey and other community-led
monitoring mechanisms to ensure AAP.
The GBV AoR will focus on promoting effective Cost of response

coordination, community-based survivor-centered
$76.5 million is required for specialized GBV services
response, prevention, and risk mitigation measures
to support 1.9 million vulnerable women and girls,
in Severity 4 and 5 districts. The value for money,
including those with disabilities and from minority
accountability to affected populations, HDP nexus,
groups. The costing of the 2024 response considered
community participation, inclusiveness, and integrating
both direct and indirect expenses, such as human
cross-cutting concerns like climate change, AAP,
resources and operational costs. However, unit
protection, and localization will be well considered.
costs vary based on market rates in different project
The core strategies include integrating GBV concerns
areas. Overall, commodity and service costs have
across key clusters, strengthening the capacity of
slightly increased compared to last year. Nonetheless,
Women's Leadership Organizations (WLOs), and
integrating activities and localizing efforts are
prioritizing the following areas of intervention in 2024:
expected to ensure value for money. Operational costs
• Enhancing access to specialized GBV survivor- and overhead are estimated to range 25 and 30 percent
centered services in displacement sites, camps, and of the total budget.
host communities.
• Supporting legal information and services and
livelihood recovery and promotion.
• Implementing integrated GBV/SRH (sexual and
reproductive health) services.
• Mitigating GBV risks through key clusters in
the response.
61
3.7.4 Housing, Lands and Property
1.7M 616k $5M 17


MANDEB
DJIBOUTI
ARABIAN ARABIAN SEA
SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
INDIAN OCEAN
People in need
INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA KENYA
Number of people
People targeted
1,800k
250k
50k 1,800k
15k
500k
INDIAN OCEAN 250k
INDIAN OCEAN 15k
1 2 3 4 5
children, elderly persons with disabilities, minorities,

and other vulnerable groups through the provision
of information services and legal aid to increase
The Housing, Land, and Property (HLP) AoR has
their access to justice. This evolution reflects a more
evolved to address the specific needs of different
targeted and comprehensive approach to addressing
population groups, including newly displaced
the diverse HLP needs of vulnerable populations, with
persons, persons in protracted displacement, rural
protection at the center of all interventions.
non-displaced, urban displaced, refugee returnees,
and asylum seekers. The linkages between HLP and
In 2024, Somalia may face anticipated shocks such
other sector-specific needs such as protection, GBV,
as flooding, potential drought, and conflicts, leading to
and child protection have been heightened by the
increased displacement and heightened issues related
change in context. The focus has also shifted towards
to HLP. These include, among others, forced evictions
providing more legal assistance and information,
with associated protection risks and threats, the loss
addressing common land issues, and ensuring land
of HLP documents, and HLP issues around limited
tenure security to prevent forced evictions and HLP
emergency land for displaced individuals. The HLP AoR
violations. Additionally, there is an increased emphasis
aims to take the lead in addressing the growing need
on empowering vulnerable groups such as women,
for HLP support by mapping safe settlement areas,
62
focusing on providing HLP support in flood-affected mapping out secure land for emergency settlements,
and drought-prone regions and preventing HLP and conducting advocacy for the enactment and
violations. implementation of laws and regulations to protect
land tenure security.
Forced evictions pose serious protection threats
• Conducting evidence-based research and analyses
to newly displaced persons and vulnerable groups,
to understand specific HLP needs and challenges,
including lack of alternative housing, property
influencing decision-makers and government
destruction, harassment, violence, family separation,
stakeholders through evidence-based arguments,
and sexual violence. The HLP programme will prioritize
and managing real-time data through the Somalia
those affected by conflicts, flooding, or potential
Eviction platform to inform partner, government, and
drought, as well as vulnerable populations, to ensure
donor decisions.
access to safe and secure housing, protection from
• To strengthen partnerships with relevant clusters
HLP violations, and legal assistance to uphold their
and areas of responsibility to implement a
rights in the face of anticipated displacement. Others
multisectoral and integrated approach to HLP
will include rural non-displaced populations and host
support, the HLP AoR will provide capacity-building
communities living with displaced populations, who
initiatives, training, and technical support to local
may also be indirectly affected and need assistance
actors and institutions.
in resolving land disputes to protect their property and
land rights. • Undertaking direct implementation and remote
programming to ensure comprehensive coverage of
Response priorities and cross-sectoral HLP support and providing assistance to people at
coordination (Integrated Response) risk of forced eviction through in-kind, cash, or mixed
modalities, depending on market functionality.
The most acute HLP needs are concentrated in areas
affected by conflict, and disasters, and locations Quality and inclusive programming
hosting a large number of displaced people and
The HLP AoR and its partners will continue to monitor
returnees. The majority of people in need of HLP
the response through monthly 5W data collection,
support are located in Banadir, Lower Juba, Hirshabelle,
and reporting.
Galgaduud, Puntland, Somaliland, and the South West
regions. These regions recorded the highest number of
Ongoing activities such as information, counseling, and
forced evictions, with over 200,000 individuals evicted
legal assistance services, including assistance to those
in 2023, 60 percent of whom were in Banadir alone.
affected by or at risk of forced eviction, provided by
the HLP AoR members, will be tracked through regular
Core response priorities for the HLP AoR:
documentation and reporting by the Monitoring and
• Providing legal aid services and supporting referrals Learning team of the NRC. The online eviction portal
to address common land issues for displaced and other reports will be updated on a monthly basis,
persons, both urban and rural and other vulnerable and the Protection Cluster’s monitoring initiatives
groups, in collaboration with protection cluster such as SPMS and PRMN will be updated regularly.
members and local partners. These will, among others, support the identification
• Implementing preventive engagement and remedial of response gaps, barriers, and evolving needs to
actions to protect vulnerable populations from inform and adapt the adjustment of the HLP AoR and
forced evictions, collecting and updating data Protection Cluster responses accordingly.
on evictions, and providing preventive response
The HLP AoRAoR will place particular emphasis on
services in areas with acute HLP needs.
ensuring that marginalized groups' HLP rights are
• Ensuring land tenure security and protection from
promoted and protected, including those of women
HLP violations through due diligence processes,
and people with disabilities. This can be done
63
through specialized targeting, collaborating with increase their understanding of the specific needs
local community organizations and leaders to ensure and challenges faced by vulnerable and marginalized
that the voices and perspectives of vulnerable and groups, and enhancing their ability to provide inclusive
marginalized groups are represented in decision- and sensitive programming, etc.
making processes related to HLP providing training
and capacity-building for HLP stakeholders to
3.8 Shelter and Non-Food Items
4.6M 1.4M $80M 30

BAB EL MANDEB YEMEN
BAB EL
MANDEB

SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
People in need
INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN
KENYA
KENYA
Number of people
1,800k
People targeted
500k
250k
50k
1,800k
Severity of needs
500k
1 2 3 4 5 50k
15k
protracted, continue to face critical needs related to

Trends in sectoral needs shelter, access to land, and basic services. As the Deyr
rainy season unfolds, there is an anticipated trend of
During the past year, sectoral needs in Somalia increased demand for shelter assistance due to the
have witnessed significant evolution driven by a ongoing floods, impacting vulnerable communities,
multi-layered humanitarian crisis, including conflict, particularly in urban and peri-urban informal
climatic shocks, and forced displacements. The El settlements often located in flood prone areas.
Niño-induced flooding, in particular, has exacerbated
The 2023 MSNA highlights that over 60 per cent of
the challenges, especially in the areas affected by
the affected households reported not living in safe
the floods. The displaced populations, both new and
64
and dignified dwellings. Among them, 83 per cent solutions, enabling safer and more dignified living
reported living in unsafe shelters, with newly displaced standards and preventing recovering communities
populations most affected. Inadequate shelter from slipping back into humanitarian need.
conditions were identified as a key safety and security
issue, contributing to the vulnerability of theft, robbery, The response will concentrate on providing emergency
and GBV risks experienced by women and girls in shelter and non-food items support to those vulnerable
both newly established and long-standing internally to the impacts of climatic shocks and conflict. For
displaced persons settings. Additionally, 65 per cent of a more focused response, the Shelter Cluster, in
the households are living with an inadequate level of close coordination with CCCM, WASH and Protection
privacy, and within this group, 26 per cent mentioned Clusters, will prioritize its emergency response to newly
also living in overcrowding conditions. 80 per cent displaced people in districts facing the most severe
of the affected population is experiencing some humanitarian conditions, including hard to reach areas,
difficulties related to HLP issues. Despite efforts to with the intention to prevent secondary displacements.
prevent evictions—successfully averting 223,380
The Shelter Cluster, in close collaboration with local
cases in 2023 – 105,657 still occurred during that
communities and authorities and the previously
year.65 Secondary displacement, often resulting from
mentioned Clusters, and particularly with the
evictions, significantly undermines the resilience of the
assistance of the HLP AoR, will support protracted
affected population.
IDPs and non-displaced individuals with land access,
Only 36 per cent of households reported living in a providing transitional, dignified, and safer shelters
functional domestic space, meaning they have access in zones not exposed to natural hazards. Individuals
to appropriate and enough quantity of non-food items facing the possibility of eviction will receive shelter
which allows the household to perform the essential or non-food items support based on their needs,
domestic activities. Finally, in relation to access to employing in-kind, cash, or mixed modalities,
appropriate common services and infrastructure in depending on market conditions and shelter material
their settlement, almost half of the affected population and NFI availability.
could not provide a positive answer, with the situation
The Shelter Cluster will preposition emergency stocks
being worse for the newly displaced.
for at least 7,000 households and build capacities of
partners and communities to enhance response. To
integrate the environment and mitigate further impacts,
coordination (Integrated Response
partners capacities will be reinforced to analyze
The Shelter Cluster plans to reach 1.39 million people, impacts and integrate mitigation measures into shelter
among whom 1,27 million internally displaced and responses. SSC will support localized shelter practices,
119,643 non displaced people, in 24 districts in referring to the SSC Local Building Practices to prevent
collaboration with 30 partners. The response will be pollution and degradation of the environment. High
guided by two cluster objectives: severity districts, particularly hard to reach areas, will
be prioritized.
CO1: Populations affected by conflict, disasters, and
evictions are provided protection from harsh weather Quality and inclusive programming
conditions, privacy, and improved safety through the
timely provision of emergency shelters and non-food To strengthen AAP, the Shelter Cluster will continue
items while minimizing negative impact on the natural to implement community engagement mechanisms,
environment. incorporating feedback from affected individuals into
decision-making processes. In partnership with the
CO2: Vulnerable displacement and disasters affected GBV AoR, the Shelter Cluster will continue to build the
populations have access to sustainable shelter capacities of partners to ensure vulnerability-sensitive
65
programming that can minimize GBV risks associated people. Estimated costs cover non-food items
with poor site planning, inadequate lighting conditions, assistance and emergency, transitional, dignified
or lack of privacy in shelters. and safer shelters. Shelter response costs vary
significantly, depending on the type of shelter solution,
Additionally, the Shelter Cluster will continue and with costs ranging from $350 for emergency to
intensify efforts to include marginalized groups and $2,000 for transitional shelters. Given constraints
it will work with the PWD working group towards with finding adequate quality in the local market, the
inclusivity in shelter solutions, considering the international procurement of bulk plastic sheets for
specific needs and vulnerabilities linked to disability in-kind distribution is recommended. This will enable
situations to enhance the overall effectiveness and the Common Pipeline to support Cluster partners with
appropriateness of the response. affordable, quality plastic sheeting.
Cost of response
In 2024, the Shelter Cluster seeks $79,61 million to

provide shelter and non-food items to 1.39 million
3.9 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
6.6M 4.2M $146M 69

YEMEN
BAB EL YEMEN BAB EL MANDEB
MANDEB

SEA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
KENYA
KENYA
Number of people
1,800k
People targeted
500k
250k
50k
1,800k
Severity of needs
500k
1 2 3 4 5 50k
15k
66
will prioritize displaced communities, drought and

flood-affected communities, minority groups, and
Severe drought, seasonal flooding, conflict and women and children in locations with chronic WASH
insecurity, and Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) vulnerability. This aims to mitigate risks associated
remain the key drivers of WASH needs in Somalia. with seasonal flash floods, drought and AWD, and
Approximately 6.6 million people will require life-saving reduce morbidity and mortality related to waterborne
WASH assistance in 2024, an 18 per cent decrease diseases. Moreover, partners will continue to deliver
compared to 8.0 million people in 2023. This includes sustainable WASH packages in all locations, in parallel
1.4 million displaced and 5.2 million non-displaced to emergency life-saving WASH interventions targeting
vulnerable communities, mainly in rural areas. 2023 population groups without access to improved water
MSNA findings indicate that 53 per cent of the and sanitation services and those living in sectoral
population assessed has insecure access to drinking need severity 3 (severe) and 4 (extreme) areas. The
water services and 73 per cent do not treat drinking Cluster will ensure minimum quality and standardized
water. Regarding sanitation, 34 per cent of people WASH services to displaced populations in camps and
interviewed defecate in the open, while 30 per cent rely rural areas by providing safe drinking water, appropriate
on unhygienic, unimproved latrines. Population groups sanitation facilities, key hygiene messages and
of greatest concern include newly and protracted materials, including core WASH kits.
displaced persons living in over-crowded camps with
The Cluster will scale up WASH activities in displaced
poor WASH services.
camps, accessible rural communities and hard-to-
Recent Deyr flooding has damaged or contaminated reach areas while strengthening collaboration with
hundreds of water points across flood-affected states, the Health, Nutrition, Protection, Shelter, Food Security
destroying or submerging several thousands of and CCCM Clusters, respectively, and the FGS. The
latrines, forcing a significant portion of the population Cluster will ensure maintenance and expansion of
to rely on unsafe water sources or practice open WASH services in hard-to-reach rural areas, including to
defecation. In Jubaland alone over 10,000 latrines reduce displacement. Recently established displaced
were inundated, as were almost 80 per cent of water settlements with low WASH coverage, particularly in
points, especially dug wells. Incidence of waterborne districts affected by Deyr flooding, will be prioritized.
diseases in northern Gedo, Hirshebelle and South West WASH services will continue to be delivered with a
States sharply increased in December 2023, with over strong protection lens, which involves, among others,
385 cases of AWD and suspected cholera reported. ensuring that latrine facilities are gender-separated,
AWD/cholera cases are expected to increase further have lockable doors and sufficient lighting at night,
in early 2024, as large numbers of displaced people and that distance to water points is within agreed
have inadequate access to safe drinking water and standards. Where feasible and adequate, WASH
adequate sanitation, particularly during the harsh and partners will contribute to building local WASH markets
long Jilal dry season. and enhance Market-based Programming (MBP) and
the use of CBIs.
coordination (Integrated Response Quality and inclusive programming
In 2024, the WASH Cluster plans to reach about 4.2 To ensure disaster-affected populations have equal
million people with life-saving WASH assistance. and inclusive access to WASH services, the Cluster
Target populations were identified based on limited will strengthen accountability efforts in the delivery
levels of access to water and sanitation facilities, of humanitarian WASH assistance. This will include
and poor compliance with hygiene practices in both ensuring that people’s priorities are considered during
displaced settlements and in host communities, across decision-making about resourcing, planning, and
urban, sub-urban and rural contexts. Interventions implementation of the response. Detailed mapping of
67
critical needs of all targeted populations, particularly

Cost of response
ethnic minorities, female-headed households,
persons with disabilities, and other marginalized In 2024, the WASH Cluster requires $146 million, a
members, in close collaboration with other key 44 per cent reduction compared to 2023, to assist
clusters will be key in this regard. The Cluster will 4.2 million people. This decrease is partially due to a
also put in place an updated community-based reduction in the number of people in need. Funding
complaint feedback mechanism, in coordination with requirements were informed by cluster activity costs,
stakeholders. Capacity-building of WASH partners as extracted from WASH projects funded by the SHF,
regarding AAP, including systems for assessing and CERF and other donors in 2023. In addition, key WASH
tracking commitments. partners were contacted to cost activities at district-
level, based on the number of target beneficiaries.
Average costs were calculated for each activity, with
cost ranges established to allow for contextualization.
3.10 Enabling Programmes
N/A N/A $33M 8
and unimpeded access to people in need including

Objectives
those living in hard-to reach or underserved areas.
In 2024, partners will continue to sustain effective The Somalia Humanitarian Fund (SHF) – a multi-
and efficient coordination support to the humanitarian donor pooled fund managed by OCHA will continue
community in Somalia, spanning inter-cluster, to support the timely allocation and disbursement
access and civil-military coordination, information of donor resources to address the most urgent
management, field coordination, safety and security of humanitarian needs in alignment with the HRP. The
humanitarian workers, preparedness and contingency SHF will continue to strengthen localisation through
planning, and resource mobilisation and advocacy. progressive increments in allocations to local NGOs.
Enabling Programmes will intensify efforts to
The Somali NGO Consortium (SNC) will work towards
ensure that specific vulnerabilities related to gender,
achieving a conducive working environment for NGOs
age and disability are well integrated across the
through coordination meetings with the Government,
humanitarian response.
advocacy initiatives, and workshops for minority and
To contribute to principled and effective humanitarian disabled persons. SNC will support NGOs in operating
response in Somalia, the UN Office for the without bureaucratic impediments and are in line with
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) will applicable laws. SNC will also support localization by
continue to maintain humanitarian coordination to advocating for national NGO representation within the
ensure principled and effective response, reinforce coordination structures across Somalia.
collaboration with the Federal Government of
The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO)
Somalia, enhance advocacy and improve safe, timely
will provide information and analysis on the current and
68
emerging food security and nutrition situation through The International NGO Safety Organisation (INSO) will
seasonal and follow up assessments to support assist humanitarian actors in fulfilling their mandates
prioritization and targeting of appropriate food security through the provision of essential security coordination
and nutrition response interventions. FAO will also and information services.
scale up the use of modernized early warning systems
to conduct climate data information and analysis Radio Ergo will produce and broadcast content
to facilitate and support effective evidence-based on humanitarian issues and manage an audience
decision-making in support of humanitarian, recovery, feedback platform for listeners to raise their voices and
and development intervention. concerns. Radio Ergo will also support local FM radios
in producing quality content.
To inform prioritized and targeted humanitarian
response, REACH will continue to support humanitarian Cost of Response
partners in Somalia to understand the severity of needs
of the assessed population, including those living in Financial requirements for enabling programmes in
hard to reach and underserved areas. 2024 amount to US$31 million, representing a 6 per
cent decrease compared to 2023.
The International Organisation for Migration
(IOM) will collect data on populations affected by
displacement through a country-wide mapping and
quantitative estimates. IOM will also continue to
monitor shock-induced displacement in key regions.
The analysis on displacement dynamics will inform
strategic and operational decision making by the
humanitarian community.
69
Part 4: Refugee Response Plan
Operational considerations and cross-cutting issues
Objectives to refugee returnees, as well as promotion of peaceful

co-existence between different population groups.
• Some 43,915 forcibly displaced and stateless people
benefit from improved access to a wider range of Informed by the 2021 UNHCR study on Statelessness
durable solutions including alternative pathways and and Citizenship in the Horn of Africa, which identified
expanded engagement with various stakeholders to several risk-factors in Somalia contributing to risks of
enhance the quality of the response. statelessness, including gaps in the nationality law, the
• Forcibly displaced and stateless people have FGS developed and launched a National Action Plan
increased access to essential basic services, (NAP) to End Statelessness in Somalia (2021-2024).
resilience, and proactive mitigation capacity to the UNHCR will continue to bolster the government’s effort
effects of climate change. to implement the NAP, and to honor its commitment
• Forcibly displaced and stateless people have to accede to the 1954 Convention, the 1961
increased access to sustainable livelihood Convention Relating to the Reduction of Statelessness.
opportunities and socio-economic inclusion through Furthermore, UNHCR will support the publishing of a
strengthened partnerships with development qualitative study that seeks to document the situation
partners and private sector entities. of groups and individuals at risk of statelessness living
within Somalia.
• Forcibly displaced and stateless people enjoy their
rights and have access to national frameworks In line with its AGD Policy, UNHCR will systematically
and enhanced protection environment in line with involve affected populations in the design of its
relevant international standards. interventions as part of its accountability to affected
populations and will seek to ensure that all affected
Response strategy
populations can equally enjoy their rights, have
UNHCR will deliver protection and assistance access to protection, services, and assistance on an
programmes through a combination of in-kind material equal footing, and can participate fully in decisions
support distributions, cash-based interventions, self- that affect them and their communities. All UNHCR
reliance and livelihoods activities, community and area- interventions will be vulnerability-based.
based assistance and support to promote peaceful
Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA)
co-existence. UNHCR will also incorporate advocacy
mechanisms will continue to be integrated into all
interventions and technical support to the FGS and
protection and assistance programmes.
FMS in strengthening the asylum system in the country.
All activities under the Refugee Response Plan will
Capacity to respond
contribute to the HRP strategic objectives. Given the
complexities around individual targeting, UNHCR and UNHCR will work with 28 partners (government,
partners will pursue area-based approaches to the national and international NGOs) and private sector
extent possible -specifically on reintegration support actors to provide protection, assistance and most
importantly, expand access to sustainable solutions
70
for refugees, asylum seekers, returnees, as well as The refugee response budget is characterized by both
stateless persons. This will be achieved through recurrent and annual costs. Recurrent costs entail
continued efforts in strengthening collaboration with protection related assistance provided to vulnerable
the Federal Government of Somalia, Federal Member refugees, asylum-seekers, one-off support to refugee
States and other stakeholders within the framework of returnees, including the management and maintenance
the humanitarian-development peace nexus. of the transit and way stations. The one-off support
provided to newly arriving refugee returnees is multi-
The strategic engagement with government sectorial in nature, vulnerability-based and is aligned to
interlocutors some of whom are decision makers, the minimum expenditure basket. Annual costs entail
advocates, observers, and implementers with control support - both technical and financial, to government
over inclusion of affected populations in various line ministries and other interlocutors, aimed at
federal and state development plans/strategies will building their capacity to strengthen the protection
be maintained. At the federal level, coordination of environment for refugees and asylum-seekers, and
protection and related activities will be strengthened in advocating for upholding the rights of vulnerable
with key government counterparts including, the populations. The plan includes costs related to
National Commission for Refugees and IDPs (NCRI), conducting the needs and vulnerability assessments,
Ministry of Interior Federal Affairs and Reconciliation monitoring of the responses, delivery approaches
(MoIFAR), Ministry of Planning Investment and and evaluation.
Economic Development, Office of the Special Envoy for
Migrants and Children's Rights (OPM-OSE). Monitoring
Cost of response The refugee response will be monitored on a

continuous basis. UNHCR implements a coordinated,
The estimated cost of the response that targets participatory, and inclusive monitoring and evaluation
43,915 vulnerable refugees, asylum-seekers, returnees, approach for the different results and thematic areas
and people at risk of statelessness is $72m. This at varied levels. The operation will strengthen the
cost is arrived at based on the multi-sectorial needs collection, analysis, and usage of M&E data imploring
assessment66s carried out jointly by UNHCR, relevant various approaches which include third party onsite
government ministries and refugee response partners. monitoring (especially in hard-to-reach locations).
In arriving at the cost for the response, UNHCR has Regular monitoring will enhance the implementation of
to the extent possible considered all cost-effective recommendations and course correction, strengthen
modalities for delivery of this assistance. The use of risk management, and ensure the participation of
cash will be prioritized, where feasible. forcibly displaced and stateless persons.
71
Annexes
Migrants Response Plan: The Somalia chapter of the Regional Migrant Response Plan for the Horn of
Africa and Yemen can be accessed here.
Participating organizations: At cluster level, 2024 planning and financial requirement estimation
were based on response activity costing rather than project submissions by individual organizations.
An updated list of partners participating in/implementing the 2024 HNRP will therefore only become
available once regular response monitoring of the 2024 HNRP commences by early 2024. In the
meantime, the list of partners reporting implementation at any point during the 2023 HRP is indicative
and not expected to change significantly in 2024.
2024 planning figures (district level): a summary of population baseline statistics and 2024 PIN,
severity and target figures at district level can be consulted here.
72
Acronyms
AA Anticipatory Action MHPSS Mental Health and Psychosocial support
AAP Accountability to Affected People MISP Minimum Initial Service Package
A-HCG Area Humanitarian Coordination Group MoH Ministry of Health
AoR Area of Responsibility MoIFAR Ministry of Interior Federal Affairs and Reconciliation
APMBC Anti - Personnel Mine Ban Convention MRM Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism Somalia
ATMIS African Union Transition Mission in Somalia MSNA Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment
AWD Acute Watery Diarrhea MUAC Mid Upper Arm Circumference
CEA Community Engagement and Accountability NAP National Action Plan
CCCM Camp Coordination and Camp Management NAT New Arrivals Tracker
CFM Community Feedback Mechanism NCRI National Commission for Refugees and IDPs
CoP Centrality of Protection NFI Non-Food Items
CTCs Cholera Treatment Centers NTS Nationwide Non-Technical Survey
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction OPM-OSE Office of the Special Envoy for Migrants and Children's Rights
EORE Intensive Explosive Ordnance Risk Education PDAD Post-Delivery Aid Diversion
EPHS Essential Package of Health Services PIN People in Need
EW Early Warning PRMN Protection and Return Monitoring Network
FGM Female Genital Mutilation PSN People with Special Needs
FSC Food Security Cluster PSEA Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
GBV Gender-based Violence PWD People with Disability
GER Gross Enrolment Rate RCCE Risk Communication and Community Engagement
HCT Humanitarian Country Team RETDs Risk Education Talking Devices
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries RRM Rapid Response Mechanism
HLP Housing, Lands and Property SADDD Sex, Age and Disability Disaggregated Data
HNRP Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition
ICCG Inter-Cluster Coordination Group SNBS Somalia National Bureau of Statistics
IEDs Improvised Explosive Devices SNSF Somali National Security Forces
ICFM Inter-Agency Feedback and Complaint Mechanism SOP Standard Operating Procedure
IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification SPMS Somalia Protection Monitoring System
IRF Integrated Response Framework ToT Training of Trainers
JENA Joint Education Needs Assessment WASH Water, Sanitation and Health
JRES Joint Review of the Education Sector USD US Dollars
MAM Moderate Acute Malnutrition
73
Endnotes
1. The inter-sector reach reporting methodology was revised by the ICCG and IMWG 25. EH AoR, December 2023
in January 2024 to better reflect reach trends over time and across different sectors.
Whereas cumulative reach figures were used in the past, the revised methodology 26. 2023 Global Hunger Index, https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html, last
draws from monthly average reach figures across clusters. This has led to a accessed on 14 December 2023
downward revision of inter-sector reach in 2023, from over 8 million people reached
27. According to 2023 MSNA findings, ten per cent of assessed households reported
cumulatively as previously reported, to 3.8 million people.
signs of distress in children under the age of 18 years. Lack of access to MHPSS is
2. WHO/UNICEF: From Insight to Action: Examining Mortality in Somalia, March
particularly pronounced for IDP children (79 per cent).
2023
28. Standard 18, Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action,
3. OCHA Situation Report #2, 2023 Deyr Floods, 24 November 2023
2019 edition: At least 1 caseworker for every 25 children.
4. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Protection and Return Monitoring
29. MSNA 2023
Network (PRMN), accessed on 22 December 2023
30. GBVIMS 2023
5. PRMN, December 2023, and MSNA 2023: In August 2023 (MSNA data collection),
31. MSNA 2023
interviewed households cited livestock loss and the absence of livelihoods as key
reasons for displacement. 32. MARA CSRV WG, Q3-2023 Report
6. The reported average number of times a household was displaced increased from 33. National Disability Agency: Dignity Disrespected. The Perceptions and Priorities
2022 to 2023, from 1.4 to 1.6 times for protracted displaced households, and from of Persons with Disabilities in Somalia, December 2023
1.5 to 1.7 times for newly displaced households; MSNA 2023. 34. Somalia Disability Empowerment Network (SODEN): Mapping of specialized
7. Statement by the UN Special Representative for Somalia to the Security Council, services available for persons with disabilities in Somalia, 2023. Also see MSNA
19 October 2023 2023, Qualitative Component, Interviews with key informants from organisations
working with people with disabilities.
8. Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism Somalia (MRM), Q1-3 2023
35. Soden 2023. As per the 2023 MSNA Qualitative Analysis, 63 per cent of HH
9. Somalia National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS): Poverty and Inequality Report,
with members living with a disability reported that food items and livelihood
August 2023, and World Bank: Somalia Economic Update, November 2023.
opportunities were not available.
10. Only 8% (down from 17% in 2022) of newly displaced people interviewed in
36. Ibid.
August 2023 intended to return to their areas of origin within the next six months,
according to the 2023 MSNA. 37. CCCM Cluster: Disability Inclusion Study in IDP Sites in Kismayo, December 2021
11. Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) for Somalia, 18 September 38. WMO: El Niño expected to last at least until April 2024, Press Release 8
2023 November 2023
12. World Bank: Somalia Economic Update, November 2023. 2023 MSNA findings 39. Forecasts for the Deyr 2024 season only become available in June 2024.
further confirm that daily labour (46 per cent) and livestock (20 per cent) are the 40. In order to provide an initial estimate of the number of people potentially
primary income sources for people, with both being highly susceptible to disruptions impacted by flooding in Somalia s in 2024, the UN OCHA Centre for Humanitarian
by climatic shocks. Data worked with a wide range of technical partners to develop a methodology that
13. According to 2023 MSNA findings, 30 per cent of households reduced essential was then endorsed by the Somalia ICCG and HCT.
healthcare expenses and 20 per cent sold critical productive assets/means of Daily FloodScan (1998-2022) & WorldPop (2020 UN Adjusted) raster data was
transportation to acquire food in the 30 days prior to data collection. analyzed to gain understanding of flood conditions across Somalia for both March-
14. MSNA 2023 April-May (MAM) and October-November-December (OND) seasons.
15. MSNA 2023 See a full description of the methodology here. [link to be provided].
16. Global Health Security Index, https://www.ghsindex.org/country/somalia/, last 41. WHO Somalia, November 2023.
accessed on 16 December 2023. 42. Lubogo M, Evans B, Abdinasir A, Sherein E, Muhammad T, Mohamed A, et al.:
17. MSNA 2023 Responding to cholera outbreaks in Somalia in 2017–2019. East Mediterranean
Health Journal 2023; 29(9), pp. 734–741. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.23.096
18. OCHA Situation Report, 2023 Deyr Season Floods, No.2, 24 November 2023
43. At least 70 per cent of Cluster targets are in sectoral need severity areas 4 and 5.
19. MSNA 2023
Exceptions to this approach were granted to the Food Security, Nutrition and WASH
20. 2023 MSNA: The proportion of host community households who reportedly
Clusters, considering the short and mid-term impact of the October-December 2023
do not have formal written documentation to prove their occupancy arrangement
Deyr floods and anticipated Gu floods from March-June 2024, which affect needs in
slightly decreased, from 71% in 2022 to 62% in 2023. On the other hand, the
these three sectors in particular.
proportion of newly displaced households who reported disputed ownership as an
44. Somalia National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS), 2022 Somalia Integrated
HLP problem increased, from 7% to 21%, suggesting an increased vulnerability to
Household Budget Survey (SIHBS), June 2023
eviction risks.
45. deral revenue has consistently increased since 2012, except for a short dip
21. REACH: Comparative analysis of 2022 and 2023 MSNA key findings, November
during the Covid pandemic. See Federal Government of Somalia, Ministry of Finance:
2023: In 2022, 80% of households mentioned having access to a sanitation facility
Budget Fiscal Performance Report for Fiscal Year 2022, March 2023, and World
with a door; in 2023, this proportion decreased to only 46%.
Bank: Somalia Economic Update, November 2023. International Monetary Fund: IMF
22. Somalia Protection of Civilians (PoC) Sub-Working Group, Guidance for
and World Bank Announce US$4.5 billion in Debt Relief for Somalia, Press Release
Humanitarian Leadership and Protection of Civilians, 2023
NO. 23/438, 13 December 2023
23. ProCap Somalia, Intersectoral Analysis of Protection Risks in Somalia, 2023
46. FGS, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Launching Event for Unified Social
24. Country Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting (CTFMR), MRM Q1-3, 2023 Registry (USR), 12 November 2023.
74
47. World Bank, Economic Update, Integrating Climate Change with Somalia’s 57. Public Health Situation Analysis: El Niño (who.int)
Development: The Case for Water, November 2023. 58. REACH_SOM_2023_MSNA_Results_Tables
48. In 2023, 89% of households who had received assistance were satisfied with 59.Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) Somalia, 2020 - Somalia | ReliefWeb
the latter. The top two types of assistance received, access to food and water
60. Wasting refers to acute malnutrition
respectively, also aligned with top priority needs expressed by households; MSNA
2023 61. MSNA 2023
49. The number of operational partners has been aggregated across all 62. Standard 18, Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action,
organizations reporting response reach at any point during the 2023 HRP. Monthly 2019 edition: At least 1 caseworker for every 25 children
operational presence reporting is also available. 63. To ensure quality, the CP AoR will strengthen the implementation of Case
50. See footnote 40. Management Standard Operating Procedures, roll out the information management
platform (CPIMS+/PRIMERO), and strengthen capacity of caseworkers through
51. “High-risk areas” consider historical flood impact and magnitude. This does
Face-to-Face and remote training, coaching, and mentoring. In remote and hard to
not account for existing response capacity/access or underlying vulnerability (e.g.
reach locations, the CP AoR will train non-CP frontline workers on safe recognition
IPC), which will need to be considered when selecting districts to be targeted for
and referral of children in need of protection using the CP AoR’s guidance on safe
readiness and AA. Some districts may be less affected by floods at such but receive
referrals for non-CP actors.
signfican inflows of flood displaced people.
64. Child Protection Information Management System +
52. Several agencies had established AA programs ahead of the Deyr floods. In
addition, response funding to Deyr floods (including $10m by CERF, $26 million in 65. source: https://evictions.nrcsystems.net/index.php .
SHF funding) has been provided and will likely run until March/April 2024. Most 67. The inter-sector reach reporting methodology was revised by the ICCG and
CERF-funded agency responses to Deyr flooding include strong RCCE/awareness/ IMWG in January 2024 to better reflect reach trends over time and across different
sectors. Whereas cumulative reach figures were used in the past, the revised
training components which are cost-effective and can be used to strengthen
methodology draws from monthly average reach figures across clusters. This has
community readiness in areas at high risk of Gu flooding in January/February 2024. led to a downward revision of inter-sector reach in 2023, from over 8 million people
53. These include insecurity, reduced levels of humanitarian assistance, and limited reached cumulatively as previously reported, to 3.8 million people.
household access to food due to income constraints and elevated food prices
54. Populations displaced by floods are highly vulnerable due to extensive loss of
livelihood assets, few income-earning opportunities, low communal support, and
high reliance on external humanitarian assistance.
55. DAMAL CAAFIMAAD - Ministry of Health Somalia (moh.gov.so)
56. GHoA PHSA J (who.int)
75
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reliefweb.int/country/som from reaching people affected by crises,
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Contribute through the Central Emergency humanitarian system.
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anywhere in the world. Find out more about the CERF and how to donate by comprehensive overview of the humanitarian
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Contribute through the Somalia Humanitarian contributions.
Fund (SHF) humanitarianaction.info/plan/1180
The SHF is a multi-donor country-based pooled fund (CBPF) that ensures the
timely allocation and disbursement of donor resources to address the most
urgent humanitarian needs and assist the most vulnerable people in Somalia.
ReliefWeb Response is part of OCHA's
The SHF enables timely, coordinated, and effective humanitarian response, and
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it is distinguished by its focus and flexibility. The SHF funds are prioritized
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For more information, please contact the SHF at [email protected].
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About
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This document is consolidated by OCHA on behalf of the Humanitarian Country
primary provider of continuously updated
Team and partners. It provides a shared understanding of the crisis, including the
data on global humanitarian funding, and
most pressing humanitarian need and the estimated number of people who need
is a major contributor to strategic decision
assistance. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps inform joint
making by highlighting gaps and priorities,
strategic response planning.
thus contributing to effective, efficient and
principled humanitarian assistance.
PHOTO ON COVER
A woman at a contaminated shallow well in Doolow, Gedo Region, after the Deyr floods in https://fts.unocha.org/
December 2023. Photo: OCHA/Farhasaad Shahid
The designations employed and the presentation of material in the report do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning
the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
76
HUMANITARIAN NEEDS
AND RESPONSE PLAN
SOMALIA

Somalia 2024 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan (HNRP)

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HUMANITARIAN NEEDS

AND RESPONSE PLAN ISSUED JANUARY 2024

6.9M 5.2M $1.6B 405

S$1.02B required S$479M required US$81M required

4.3M people targeted 3.8M people targeted 2.8M people targeted

People in need and targeted

Awdal ARABIAN SEA

Galgaduud %77 INDIAN OCEAN

%80 People in need

Key Planning Figures

Health $122M -38% 6.6M -1% 3.8M -36% 58% 88%

Nutrition $165M -62% 4.8M -2% 3.0M -36% 63% 96%

Protection $174M -18% 3.8M -24% 2.7M -34% 71% 64%

Child Protection $63M -12% 3.0M -14% 2.1M 0% 70% 60%

Education $63M -36% 2.4M -38% 898k -6% 37% 25%

Refugee Response $72M -9% 40k -22% 40k -22% 100%

Multi-Purpose Cash $70M – 3.9M – 2.7M – -

Logistics $35M 21% – – – –

Inter-Sector $1.6B -38% 6.9M -17% 5.2M -32% 75% 92%

Poverty, the lack of efficient institutions, the impact of

Ceel Hiraan Ceel Xarardheere

Lower Juba Jamaame

Creation date: 02 Oct 2023 Legend

21 Part 2: Humanitarian Response

39 Part 3: Needs and Response by Cluster

70 Part 4: Refugee Response Plan

Part 1: Humanitarian Needs

1.1 Shocks and Impact in 2023

Deyr flooding has caused significant losses to agriculture,

and operational challenges. An estimated 580,000 People affected by Deyr flooding

or extremely hard to reach. The changing security

of ATMIS and the potential for shifting patterns of

insecurity will require adaptability by humanitarians ETHIOPIA

to stay and deliver, and promote acceptance for Gaalkacyo

As a result of these shocks, an estimated 6.9 million Belet Weyne

people – almost two in five Somalis – remain in need

of humanitarian assistance in 2024. While this 17

per cent decrease compared to 2023 is mainly due to

a slight reduction in food insecurity and malnutrition

In a context where 54 per cent of households already Kismaayo 60k

In turn, while most flood-driven displacement is

DJIBOUTI GULF OF ADEN

Displaced people living

Lower Burco 144k

#newly displaced people #displaced people by district

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Floods 3.4k 6.9k 280k 416k 919k 28k 13k 1.7m

(1%) (1%) (32%) (62%) (69%) (5%) (1%) (57%)

Drought 114k 892k 257k 105k 157k 207k 1M 531k

Conflict 157k 203k 320k 416k 141k 260k 547k 653k

(57%) (18%) (36%) (62%) (21%) (51%) (34%) (22%)

Timeline of events in 2023

• 4 January: Mahas bombings, more than 20 • 19 August: joint organization of a World

• 11 April: UN Secretary-General visits Mogadishu • 24 November: Somalia joins the East

May • 1 December: UN Security Council unanimously

• 24 July: at least 30 Somali Army soldiers are killed

1.2 Analysis of People’s Priority Needs

Food insecurity and malnutrition are expected to 3rd Healthcare (42%)

1.3 Protection Risks and Vulnerable Groups

Protection risks and in the Protection Cluster and Protection AoRs