LITERATURE REVIEW

Submitted for the partial fulfilment of the Degree

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

By

Vaibhav Sridharan
(Reg no: 2220643)

Under the supervision of

Dr. Jimmy Thankachan

School of Business and Management

Christ (Deemed to be University)
Bangalore
 The Role of Dietary Patterns in Health and Disease

Discusses the characteristics of healthy dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet and the
DASH diet. Details their emphasis on whole foods, vegetables, fruits, healthy fats, and
limited processed foods, all leading to reduced risk of various chronic diseases. Despite
evidence showcasing the health benefits of specific dietary patterns, these patterns are not
broadly followed by the general population.

Defining a healthy diet: evidence for the role of contemporary dietary patterns in health and
disease (Cena et al., 2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071223/)

Explores the importance of high fruit and vegetable intake for disease prevention. Also
examines effective nutrition education strategies to help people increase their fruit and
vegetable consumption. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is essential for disease
prevention, but many individuals fall short of the recommended intake.

Fruit and vegetable intake: Benefits and progress of nutrition education

interventions-narrative review article (Dhandevi et al., 2015).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4644575/)

Addresses the intersection of food production, diet, and sustainability. Emphasises that
changes in eating habits are needed globally to promote healthier diets, benefit human
health, and reduce environmental impact. States that existing food systems don't align with
achieving the healthiest global dietary patterns.

The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, 2017). https://www.fao.org/3/i6583e/i6583e.pdf)

Evaluates the link between food availability, dietary choices, and health outcomes. Highlights
how a shift towards plant-focused diets can lead to healthier outcomes and positively impact
the environment. Showcases how limited access to healthy foods within some communities
perpetuates a cycle of nutrient deficiencies and health issues, resulting in health disparities.

IPCC special report on climate change and land (Yamanoshita, 2019).

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep22279.pdf)

Offers guidelines for healthcare professionals on obesity treatment in younger

populations. Diet is stressed as a crucial component, focusing on whole foods, portion
control, and reducing sugar consumption. The increasing prevalence of childhood and
adolescent obesity highlights a need for better dietary approaches specifically tailored to
young populations.

Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with
obesity. (Barlow et al., 2023).
https://www.medicalhomeportal.org/clinical-practice/common-issues-for-cyshcn/obesity-in-c
hildren-andteens)

Reviews research examining the connection between dietary fat and breast cancer. Some
studies suggest that limiting saturated and trans fats, while choosing plant-based fats, can
potentially reduce breast cancer risk. There's potential for dietary modification to decrease
risk of breast cancer, but the exact type and quantity of fat playing a role remains uncertain.

Dietary fat and breast cancer risk (Boyd et al., 2016).

https://www.nature.com/articles/6601314)

Explores the role of chronic inflammation in disease development and the Dietary
Inflammatory Index, a tool used to assess how pro-inflammatory a diet is. Certain foods are
found to increase inflammation, potentially contributing to health problems. Indicates that
many dietary choices lead to increased inflammation in the body, which contributes to
various health issues.
Dietary Inflammatory Index and Human Disease (Shivappa et al., 2017).
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/8/1873

Reviews the benefits of these dietary patterns, rich in brain-healthy nutrients. Evidence
suggests diets like the Mediterranean and MIND diet may contribute to slowing cognitive
decline and protecting against Alzheimer's. Further research is needed to fully understand the
extent to which dietary patterns may offer protection against Alzheimer's disease and other
forms of cognitive decline.

Mediterranean Diet, MIND Diet, and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease (van den Brink et al.,
2019). https://advances.nutrition.org/article/S2161-8313(22)00451-3/fulltext

Discusses the powerful effect of plant-based diets on blood sugar control, even assisting in
type 2 diabetes management and potential reversal. Highlights the role of
fiber, antioxidants, and other components in plant foods. Plant-based diets are often neglected
in standard care strategies for type 2 diabetes prevention or treatment.

A Plant-Based Diet for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (McMacken et al.,
2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466941/

Provides an overview of the significance of the gut microbiome, the community of bacteria in
our intestines. Diet plays a vital role in gut health, and an imbalance in gut microbes is linked
to various health issues. Overviews the vast number of uncertainities regarding gut health and
provides techniques to best optimize the gut microbiome through diet in order to address
different health issues.

The Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Health and Disease (Valdes et al., 2018).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41430-021-00991-6
 Gap Analysis

Research Gaps:

Need for Specificity: While general benefits of whole foods and specific dietary patterns are
shown, more is needed on precise diet modification for various diseases.

Individual Variation: Acknowledgement that genetics, individual health status, and gut
microbiome all influence how a person responds to a diet.

Mechanisms of Impact: While broad disease outcomes are observed, the exact mechanisms
by which certain foods protect against illness require deeper study.

Long-term Confirmation: Initial studies demonstrate impact, but greater evidence through
longer-term research is needed on sustaining health outcomes.

Desired State:

Research leading to evidence-backed nutritional protocols for the prevention and

management of a wide range of diseases is required. For example, finding out the specific
dietary requirements for arthritis pain relief. Furthermore, there is a need for studies that
account for individual variation to refine dietary recommendations based on genetics, health
history, microbiome profile and other internal factors. Long-term studies analyzing sustained
effects of dietary changes on health markers and chronic disease outcomes also play a vital
role in disease tracking prevention and actual development.
Research Problem Statement: The impact of dietary interventions on chronic disease
management is hampered by a lack of personalized, disease-specific recommendations that
account for individual variation.

Research Questions:

1. What are the primary challenges faced by healthcare providers in implementing

personalized dietary recommendations for chronic disease patients?

2. How do different compositions of dietary macronutrients impact long-term risk

factors for chronic diseases?

3. What are the main barriers to widespread adoption of healthier dietary patterns?

4. In a population of chronic kidney disease patients, does a personalized dietary

approach design based on individual metabolic markers lead to significant
improvements in kidney function compared to standard dietary recommendations?

5. Can the development of technologies that integrate patient data facilitate the efficient
creation of personalized dietary recommendations?
 References

(Cena, H., & Calder, P. C. (2020). Defining a healthy diet: evidence for the role of
contemporary dietary patterns in health and disease.

(Dhandevi, P. E. M., & Jeewon, R. (2015). Fruit and vegetable intake: Benefits and progress
of nutrition education interventions-narrative review article.

(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2017). The future of food and
agriculture: Trends and challenges. Fao.

(Yamanoshita, M. (2019). IPCC special report on climate change and land. Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies.

(Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, A. C., Armstrong, S. C., Barlow, S. E., Bolling, C. F.,
... & Okechukwu, K. (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of
children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640.

(Boyd, N. F., Stone, J., Vogt, K. N., Connelly, B. S., Martin, L. J., & Minkin, S. (2016).
Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature. British
journal of cancer, 89(9), 1672-1685.

Phillips, C. M., Chen, L. W., Heude, B., Bernard, J. Y., Harvey, N. C., Duijts, L., ... & Hébert,
J. R. (2019). Dietary inflammatory index and non-communicable disease risk: a narrative
review. Nutrients, 11(8), 1873.

Van den Brink, A. C., Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., Berendsen, A. A., & van de Rest, O. (2019).
The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and
Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets are associated
with less cognitive decline and a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease—a review. Advances in
Nutrition, 10(6), 1040-1065.
McMacken M, Shah S. A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14(5):342-354. doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.009

Vijay, A., & Valdes, A. M. (2022). Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a
narrative review. European journal of clinical nutrition, 76(4), 489-501.