3.10.

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turtle — Turtle graphics

Source code: Lib/turtle.py

Introduction
Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally
Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon in 1967.

Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an import turtle , give it the command turtle.forward(15) , and it moves (on-screen!)
15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command turtle.right(25) , and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.

By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures can
easily be drawn. Turtle star

The turtle module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named module from Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat
the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2.5. simple moves.

It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100% compatible
with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning programmer to use all the
commands, classes and methods interactively when using the module from within
IDLE run with the -n switch.

The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented and
procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses tkinter for the underlying graphics, it
needs a version of Python installed with Tk support.

The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes:

1. The TurtleScreen class defines graphics windows as a playground for the

drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a tkinter.Canvas or a ScrolledCanvas
as argument. It should be used when turtle is used as part of some
application.
from turtle import *
The function Screen() returns a singleton object of a TurtleScreen subclass. color('red', 'yellow')
begin_fill()
This function should be used when turtle is used as a standalone tool for
while True:
 e ue:
doing graphics. As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible. forward(200)
3.10.2 Go
left(170)
All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i.e. as part of the if abs(pos()) < 1:
procedure-oriented interface. break
end_fill()
2. RawTurtle (alias: RawPen ) defines Turtle objects which draw on a done()
TurtleScreen . Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas or TurtleScreen
as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw.

Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass Turtle (alias: Pen ), which draws on “the” Screen instance which is automatically created, if not already
present.

All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the procedure-oriented interface.

The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods of the classes Screen and Turtle . They have the same names as the
corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle
object is automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method is called.

To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.

Note: In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given. Methods, of course, have the additional first argument self which is
omitted here.

Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods

Turtle methods

Turtle motion
Move and draw
forward() | fd()
backward() | bk() | back()
right() | rt()
left() | lt()
goto() | setpos() | setposition()
setx()
sety()
setheading() | seth()
home()
circle()
 dot()
3.10.2 Go

stamp()
clearstamp()
clearstamps()
undo()
speed()

Tell Turtle’s state

position() | pos()
towards()
xcor()
ycor()
heading()
distance()

Setting and measurement

degrees()
radians()

Pen control
Drawing state
pendown() | pd() | down()
penup() | pu() | up()
pensize() | width()
pen()
isdown()

Color control
color()
pencolor()
fillcolor()

Filling
filling()
begin_fill()
end_fill()

M d i t l
 More drawing control
3.10.2
reset() Go

clear()
write()

Turtle state
Visibility
showturtle() | st()
hideturtle() | ht()
isvisible()

Appearance
shape()
resizemode()
shapesize() | turtlesize()
shearfactor()
settiltangle()
tiltangle()
tilt()
shapetransform()
get_shapepoly()

Using events
onclick()
onrelease()
ondrag()

Special Turtle methods

begin_poly()
end_poly()
get_poly()
clone()
getturtle() | getpen()
getscreen()
setundobuffer()
undobufferentries()

Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
 3.10.2
Window control Go

bgcolor()
bgpic()
clearscreen()
resetscreen()
screensize()
setworldcoordinates()

Animation control
delay()
tracer()
update()

Using screen events

listen()
onkey() | onkeyrelease()
onkeypress()
onclick() | onscreenclick()
ontimer()
mainloop() | done()

Settings and special methods

mode()
colormode()
getcanvas()
getshapes()
register_shape() | addshape()
turtles()
window_height()
window_width()

Input methods
textinput()
numinput()

Methods specific to Screen

bye()
exitonclick()
 setup()
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title()

Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions

Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called turtle .

Turtle motion

turtle. forward(distance)
turtle. fd(distance)
Parameters: distance – a number (integer or float)

Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is headed.

>>> turtle.position() >>>

(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. back(distance)
turtle. bk(distance)
turtle. backward(distance)
Parameters: distance – a number

Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading.

>>> turtle.position() >>>

(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

turtle. right(angle)
t( )
turtle. rt(angle)
3.10.2 Go
Parameters: angle – a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation
depends on the turtle mode, see mode() .

>>> turtle.heading() >>>

22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

turtle. left(angle)
turtle. lt(angle)
Parameters: angle – a number (integer or float)

Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation depends
on the turtle mode, see mode() .

>>> turtle.heading() >>>

22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

turtle. goto(x, y=None)

turtle. setpos(x, y=None)
turtle. setposition(x, y=None)
Parameters: x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y – a number or None

If y is None , x must be a pair of coordinates or a Vec2D (e.g. as returned by pos() ).

Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do not change the turtle’s orientation.

>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> 3.10.2
turtle.pos() Go

(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)

turtle. setx(x)
Parameters: x – a number (integer or float)

Set the turtle’s first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate unchanged.

>>> turtle.position() >>>

(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

turtle. sety(y)
Parameters: y – a number (integer or float)

Set the turtle’s second coordinate to y, leave first coordinate unchanged.

>>> turtle.position() >>>

(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

turtle. setheading(to_angle)
turtle. seth(to_angle)
Parameters: to_angle – a number (integer or float)

Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. Here are some common directions in degrees:

standard mode logo mode

0 - east 0 - north

90 - north 90 - east
 3.10.2 standard
180 - westmode logo
180 - mode
south Go

270 - south 270 - west

>>> turtle.setheading(90) >>>

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

turtle. home()
Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see mode() ).

>>> turtle.heading() >>>

90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

turtle. circle(radius, extent=None, steps=None)

Parameters: radius – a number
extent – a number (or None )
steps – an integer (or None )

Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent – an angle – determines which part of the circle is drawn. If extent
is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise
direction if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.

As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated
automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0 0
 0.0
>>> turtle.circle(50)
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>>> turtle.position()
(-0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # draw a semicircle
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
180.0

turtle. dot(size=None, *color)

Parameters: size – an integer >= 1 (if given)
color – a colorstring or a numeric color tuple

Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(100.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

turtle. stamp()
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by
calling clearstamp(stamp_id) .

>>> turtle.color("blue") >>>

>>> turtle.stamp()
11
>>> turtle.fd(50)

turtle. clearstamp(stampid)
Parameters: stampid – an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call

Delete stamp with given stampid.

l i i () >>>
 >>> turtle.position() >>>
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(150.00,-0.00) Go

>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
>>> turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)

turtle. clearstamps(n=None)
Parameters: n – an integer (or None )

Delete all or first/last n of turtle’s stamps. If n is None , delete all stamps, if n > 0 delete first n stamps, else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.

>>> for i in range(8): >>>

... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()

turtle. undo()
Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.

>>> for i in range(4): >>>

... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()

turtle. speed(speed=None)
Parameters: speed – an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
 p g g p g( )
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Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no argument is given, return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:

“fastest”: 0
“fast”: 10
“normal”: 6
“slow”: 3
“slowest”: 1

Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning.

Attention: speed = 0 means that no animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.

>>> turtle.speed() >>>

3
>>> turtle.speed('normal')
>>> turtle.speed()
6
>>> turtle.speed(9)
>>> turtle.speed()
9

Tell Turtle’s state

turtle. position()
turtle. pos()
Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a Vec2D vector).

>>> turtle.pos() >>>

(440.00,-0.00)

turtle. towards(x, y=None)

Parameters: x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y – a number if x is a number, else None

Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle’s start
orientation which depends on the mode - “standard”/”world” or “logo”.

>>> turtle goto(10 10) >>>

 >>> turtle.goto(10, 10) >>>
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
3.10.2 Go

225.0

turtle. xcor()
Return the turtle’s x coordinate.

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.left(50)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.pos()
(64.28,76.60)
>>> print(round(turtle.xcor(), 5))
64.27876

turtle. ycor()
Return the turtle’s y coordinate.

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print(turtle.pos())
(50.00,86.60)
>>> print(round(turtle.ycor(), 5))
86.60254

turtle. heading()
Return the turtle’s current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see mode() ).

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

turtle. distance(x, y=None)

Parameters: x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y – a number if x is a number, else None

Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given other turtle, in turtle step units.
 3.10.2 Go

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> turtle.distance((30,40))
50.0
>>> joe = Turtle()
>>> joe.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(joe)
77.0

Settings for measurement

turtle. degrees(fullcircle=360.0)
Parameters: fullcircle – a number

Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of “degrees” for a full circle. Default value is 360 degrees.

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,

grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.degrees(360)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

turtle. radians()
Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to degrees(2*math.pi) .

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.radians()
 >>> tu t e. ad a s()
>>> turtle.heading()
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1.5707963267948966

Pen control
Drawing state

turtle. pendown()
turtle. pd()
turtle. down()
Pull the pen down – drawing when moving.

turtle. penup()
turtle. pu()
turtle. up()
Pull the pen up – no drawing when moving.

turtle. pensize(width=None)
turtle. width(width=None)
Parameters: width – a positive number

Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set to “auto” and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line
thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned.

>>> turtle.pensize() >>>

1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn

turtle. pen(pen=None, **pendict)

Parameters: pen – a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys
pendict – one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords

Return or set the pen’s attributes in a “pen-dictionary” with the following key/value pairs:

“shown”: True/False
“pendown”: True/False
“pencolor”: color-string or color-tuple
“fillcolor”: color-string or color-tuple
“pensize”: positive number
 “speed”: number in range 0..10
3.10.2 Go

“resizemode”: “auto” or “user” or “noresize”

“stretchfactor”: (positive number, positive number)
“outline”: positive number
“tilt”: number

This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to pen() to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes
can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.

>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10) >>>

>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
[('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
('shearfactor', 0.0), ('shown', True), ('speed', 9),
('stretchfactor', (1.0, 1.0)), ('tilt', 0.0)]
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow", "")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
[('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow')]
>>> turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
[('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red')]

turtle. isdown()
Return True if pen is down, False if it’s up.

>>> turtle.penup() >>>

>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True

Color control

turtle. pencolor(*args)
Return or set the pencolor.

Four input formats are allowed:

 Four input formats are allowed:
3.10.2 Go

pencolor()
Return the current pencolor as color specification string or as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor
call.

pencolor(colorstring)
Set pencolor to colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" , "yellow" , or "#33cc8c" .

pencolor((r, g, b))
Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode
is either 1.0 or 255 (see colormode() ).

pencolor(r, g, b)
Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode.

If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the newly set pencolor.

>>> colormode()
1.0
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'red'
>>> turtle.pencolor("brown")
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'brown'
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373)
>>> colormode(255)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(51.0, 204.0, 140.0)
>>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f')
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)

turtle. fillcolor(*args)
Return or set the fillcolor.

Four input formats are allowed:

 fillcolor()
3.10.2 Go

Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another
color/pencolor/fillcolor call.

fillcolor(colorstring)
Set fillcolor to colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" , "yellow" , or "#33cc8c" .

fillcolor((r, g, b))
Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is
either 1.0 or 255 (see colormode() ).

fillcolor(r, g, b)
Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode.

If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set fillcolor.

>>> turtle.fillcolor("violet")
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
'violet'
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
>>> turtle.fillcolor((50, 193, 143)) # Integers, not floats
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
>>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff')
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
(255.0, 255.0, 255.0)

turtle. color(*args)
Return or set pencolor and fillcolor.

Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as follows:

color()
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color specification strings or tuples as returned by pencolor() and
fillcolor() .

color(colorstring) , color((r,g,b)) , color(r,g,b)

Inputs as in pencolor() , set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the given value.
 3.10.2
color(colorstring1, colorstring2) , color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2)) Go

Equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2) and analogously if the other input format is used.

If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set colors.

>>> turtle.color("red", "green")

>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> color("#285078", "#a0c8f0")
>>> color()
((40.0, 80.0, 120.0), (160.0, 200.0, 240.0))

See also: Screen method colormode() .

Filling

turtle. filling()
Return fillstate ( True if filling, False else).

>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> if turtle.filling():
... turtle.pensize(5)
... else:
... turtle.pensize(3)

turtle. begin_fill()
To be called just before drawing a shape to be filled.

turtle. end_fill()
Fill the shape drawn after the last call to begin_fill() .

Whether or not overlap regions for self-intersecting polygons or multiple shapes are filled depends on the operating system graphics, type of
overlap, and number of overlaps. For example, the Turtle star above may be either all yellow or have some white regions.

>>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>>

>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(80)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
More drawing
3.10.2control Go

turtle. reset()
Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values.

>>> turtle.goto(0,-22) >>>

>>> turtle.left(100)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

turtle. clear()
Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected.

turtle. write(arg, move=False, align='left', font='Arial', 8, 'normal')

Parameters: arg – object to be written to the TurtleScreen
move – True/False
align – one of the strings “left”, “center” or right”
font – a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)

Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current turtle position according to align (“left”, “center” or “right”) and with the given font. If move
is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default, move is False .

>>> turtle.write("Home = ", True, align="center") >>>

>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)

Turtle state
Visibility

turtle. hideturtle()
turtle. ht()
Make the turtle invisible. It’s a good idea to do this while you’re in the middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up
the drawing observably
 the drawing observably.
3.10.2 Go

>>> turtle.hideturtle() >>>

turtle. showturtle()
turtle. st()
Make the turtle visible.

>>> turtle.showturtle() >>>

turtle. isvisible()
Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it’s hidden.

>>> turtle.hideturtle() >>>

>>> turtle.isvisible()
False
>>> turtle.showturtle()
>>> turtle.isvisible()
True

Appearance

turtle. shape(name=None)
Parameters: name – a string which is a valid shapename

Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given, return name of current shape. Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen’s
shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: “arrow”, “turtle”, “circle”, “square”, “triangle”, “classic”. To learn about how to deal
with shapes see Screen method register_shape() .

>>> turtle.shape() >>>

'classic'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'

turtle. resizemode(rmode=None)
Parameters: rmode – one of the strings “auto”, “user”, “noresize”

Set resizemode to one of the values: “auto” “user” “noresize” If rmode is not given return current resizemode Different resizemodes have the
 Set resizemode to one of the values: auto , user , noresize . If rmode is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the
following effects:
3.10.2 Go

“auto”: adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize.
“user”: adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by shapesize() .
“noresize”: no adaption of the turtle’s appearance takes place.

resizemode("user") is called by shapesize() when used with arguments.

>>> turtle.resizemode() >>>

'noresize'
>>> turtle.resizemode("auto")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'auto'

turtle. shapesize(stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)

turtle. turtlesize(stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
Parameters: stretch_wid – positive number
stretch_len – positive number
outline – positive number

Return or set the pen’s attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set resizemode to “user”. If and only if resizemode is set to “user”, the turtle will
be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, stretch_len is stretchfactor in
direction of its orientation, outline determines the width of the shapes’s outline.

>>> turtle.shapesize() >>>

(1.0, 1.0, 1)
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
>>> turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 8)

turtle. shearfactor(shear=None)
Parameters: shear – number (optional)

Set or return the current shearfactor. Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle. Do not
change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement). If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the tangent of the shear angle, by
which lines parallel to the heading of the turtle are sheared.
 p g
3.10.2 Go

>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
>>> turtle.shearfactor()
0.5

turtle. tilt(angle)
Parameters: angle – a number

Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, but do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).

>>> turtle.reset() >>>

>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)

turtle. settiltangle(angle)
Parameters: angle – a number

Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of
movement).

>>> turtle.reset() >>>

>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> turtle.fd(50)

Deprecated since version 3.1.

turtle. tiltangle(angle=None)
Parameters: angle – a number (optional)

S t t th t tilt l If l i i t t th t tl h t i t i th di ti ifi d b l dl f it t tilt

 Set or return the current tilt-angle. If angle is given, rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-
angle.3.10.2
Do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement). If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the Go
orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle (its direction of movement).

>>> turtle.reset() >>>

>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
45.0

turtle. shapetransform(t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None)

Parameters: t11 – a number (optional)
t12 – a number (optional)
t21 – a number (optional)
t12 – a number (optional)

Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.

If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation matrix as a tuple of 4 elements. Otherwise set the given elements and transform
the turtleshape according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and second row t21, t22. The determinant t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 must not be zero,
otherwise an error is raised. Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the given matrix.

>>> turtle = Turtle() >>>

>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
>>> turtle.shapetransform()
(4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)

turtle. get_shapepoly()
Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. This can be used to define a new shape or components of a compound shape.

>>> turtle.shape("square") >>>

>>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)
>>> turtle.get_shapepoly()
((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))

Using events
turtle. onclick(
3.10.2 fun, btn=1, add=None) Go

Parameters: fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
add – True or False – if True , a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-click events on this turtle. If fun is None , existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the procedural
way:

>>> def turn(x, y): >>>

... left(180)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed

turtle. onrelease(fun, btn=1, add=None)

Parameters: fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
add – True or False – if True , a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If fun is None , existing bindings are removed.

>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle): >>>

... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> turtle = MyTurtle()
>>> turtle.onclick(turtle.glow) # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red,
>>> turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent.

turtle. ondrag(fun, btn=1, add=None)

Parameters: fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
add – True or False – if True , a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-move events on this turtle. If fun is None , existing bindings are removed.

Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle.
 3.10.2
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto) Go
>>>

Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).

Special Turtle methods

turtle. begin_poly()
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first vertex of polygon.

turtle. end_poly()
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex.

turtle. get_poly()
Return the last recorded polygon.

>>> turtle.home() >>>

>>> turtle.begin_poly()
>>> turtle.fd(100)
>>> turtle.left(20)
>>> turtle.fd(30)
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.end_poly()
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)

turtle. clone()
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and turtle properties.

>>> mick = Turtle() >>>

>>> joe = mick.clone()

turtle. getturtle()
turtle. getpen()
Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the “anonymous turtle”:

>>> pet = getturtle() >>>

>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
 >>> pet
<turtle.Turtle
3.10.2 object at 0x...> Go

turtle. getscreen()
Return the TurtleScreen object the turtle is drawing on. TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object.

>>> ts = turtle.getscreen() >>>

>>> ts
<turtle._Screen object at 0x...>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")

turtle. setundobuffer(size)
Parameters: size – an integer or None

Set or disable undobuffer. If size is an integer, an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. size gives the maximum number of turtle actions that
can be undone by the undo() method/function. If size is None , the undobuffer is disabled.

>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42) >>>

turtle. undobufferentries()
Return number of entries in the undobuffer.

>>> while undobufferentries(): >>>

... undo()

Compound shapes

To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different color, you must use the helper class Shape explicitly as described below:

1. Create an empty Shape object of type “compound”.

2. Add as many components to this object as desired, using the addcomponent() method.

For example:

>>> s = Shape("compound") >>>

>>> poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
>>> s.addcomponent(poly1, "red", "blue")
>>> poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5))
>>> s.addcomponent(poly2, "blue", "red")
 3. Now3.10.2
add the Shape to the Screen’s shapelist and use it: Go

>>> register_shape("myshape", s) >>>

>>> shape("myshape")

Note: The Shape class is used internally by the register_shape() method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the
Shape class only when using compound shapes like shown above!

Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions

Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called screen .

Window control

turtle. bgcolor(*args)
Parameters: args – a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers

Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.

>>> screen.bgcolor("orange") >>>

>>> screen.bgcolor()
'orange'
>>> screen.bgcolor("#800080")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
(128.0, 0.0, 128.0)

turtle. bgpic(picname=None)
Parameters: picname – a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic" , or None

Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If
picname is "nopic" , delete background image, if present. If picname is None , return the filename of the current backgroundimage.

>>> screen.bgpic() >>>

'nopic'
>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
>>> screen.bgpic()
"landscape.gif"

t tl clear()
turtle. clear()
3.10.2 Go

Note: This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name clearscreen . The global function clear is a different
one derived from the Turtle method clear .

turtle. clearscreen()
Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background
image, no event bindings and tracing on.

turtle. reset()

Note: This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name resetscreen . The global function reset is another one
derived from the Turtle method reset .

turtle. resetscreen()
Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.

turtle. screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)

Parameters: canvwidth – positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels
canvheight – positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels
bg – colorstring or color-tuple, new background color

If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing
window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were
outside the canvas before.

>>> screen.screensize() >>>

(400, 300)
>>> screen.screensize(2000,1500)
>>> screen.screensize()
(2000, 1500)

e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)

turtle. setworldcoordinates(llx, lly, urx, ury)

Parameters: llx – a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
lly – a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
urx – a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
b di f i h f
 ury – a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
3.10.2 Go

Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode “world” if necessary. This performs a screen.reset() . If mode “world” is already active,
all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.

ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear distorted.

>>> screen.reset() >>>

>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5)
>>> for _ in range(72):
... left(10)
...
>>> for _ in range(8):
... left(45); fd(2) # a regular octagon

Animation control

turtle. delay(delay=None)
Parameters: delay – positive integer

Set or return the drawing delay in milliseconds. (This is approximately the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the
drawing delay, the slower the animation.

Optional argument:

>>> screen.delay() >>>

10
>>> screen.delay(5)
>>> screen.delay()
5

turtle. tracer(n=None, delay=None)

Parameters: n – nonnegative integer
delay – nonnegative integer

Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used
to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) When called without arguments, returns the currently stored value of n. Second argument sets delay
value (see delay() ).

>>> screen.tracer(8, 25) >>>

 ( , )
>>> dist = 2
3.10.2 Go
>>> for i in range(200):
... fd(dist)
... rt(90)
... dist += 2

turtle. update()
Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off.

See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method speed() .

Using screen events

turtle. listen(xdummy=None, ydummy=None)

Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass listen() to the onclick
method.

turtle. onkey(fun, key)

turtle. onkeyrelease(fun, key)
Parameters: fun – a function with no arguments or None
key – a string: key (e.g. “a”) or key-symbol (e.g. “space”)

Bind fun to key-release event of key. If fun is None , event bindings are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have the focus. (See method listen() .)

>>> def f(): >>>

... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()

turtle. onkeypress(fun, key=None)

Parameters: fun – a function with no arguments or None
key – a string: key (e.g. “a”) or key-symbol (e.g. “space”)

Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given, or to any key-press-event if no key is given. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events,
TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen() .)
 >>> def f(): >>>
... 3.10.2
fd(50) Go

...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()

turtle. onclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)

turtle. onscreenclick(fun, btn=1, add=None)
Parameters: fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas
btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)
add – True or False – if True , a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-click events on this screen. If fun is None , existing bindings are removed.

Example for a TurtleScreen instance named screen and a Turtle instance named turtle :

>>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will >>>

>>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
>>> screen.onclick(None) # remove event binding again

Note: This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name onscreenclick . The global function onclick is another
one derived from the Turtle method onclick .

turtle. ontimer(fun, t=0)

Parameters: fun – a function with no arguments
t – a number >= 0

Install a timer that calls fun after t milliseconds.

>>> running = True >>>

>>> def f():
... if running:
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
... screen.ontimer(f, 250)
>>> f() ### makes the turtle march around
>>> running = False

turtle. mainloop()
()
turtle. done()
3.10.2 Go

Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function. Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program. Must not be used if a script is run
from within IDLE in -n mode (No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics.

>>> screen.mainloop() >>>

Input methods

turtle. textinput(title, prompt)

Parameters: title – string
prompt – string

Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Parameter title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what information to
input. Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return None .

>>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:") >>>

turtle. numinput(title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None)

Parameters: title – string
prompt – string
default – number (optional)
minval – number (optional)
maxval – number (optional)

Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to
input. default: default value, minval: minimum value for input, maxval: maximum value for input The number input must be in the range minval ..
maxval if these are given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for correction. Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return
None .

>>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000) >>>

Settings and special methods

turtle. mode(mode=None)
Parameters: mode – one of the strings “standard”, “logo” or “world”

Set turtle mode (“standard”, “logo” or “world”) and perform reset. If mode is not given, current mode is returned.
 ( , g ) p g ,
3.10.2 Go

Mode “standard” is compatible with old turtle . Mode “logo” is compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode “world” uses user-defined “world
coordinates”. Attention: in this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn’t equal 1.

Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles

“standard” to the right (east) counterclockwise

“logo” upward (north) clockwise

>>> mode("logo") # resets turtle heading to north >>>

>>> mode()
'logo'

turtle. colormode(cmode=None)
Parameters: cmode – one of the values 1.0 or 255

Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently r, g, b values of color triples have to be in the range 0..cmode.

>>> screen.colormode(1) >>>

>>> turtle.pencolor(240, 160, 80)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TurtleGraphicsError: bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80)
>>> screen.colormode()
1.0
>>> screen.colormode(255)
>>> screen.colormode()
255
>>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)

turtle. getcanvas()
Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to do with a Tkinter Canvas.

>>> cv = screen.getcanvas() >>>

>>> cv
<turtle.ScrolledCanvas object ...>

turtle getshapes()
turtle. getshapes()
Return3.10.2
a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes. Go

>>> screen.getshapes() >>>

['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ..., 'turtle']

turtle. register_shape(name, shape=None)

turtle. addshape(name, shape=None)
There are three different ways to call this function:

1. name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None : Install the corresponding image shape.

>>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif") >>>

Note: Image shapes do not rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not display the heading of the turtle!

2. name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape.

>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3))) >>>

3. name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) Shape object: Install the corresponding compound shape.

Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered shapes can be used by issuing the command shape(shapename) .

turtle. turtles()
Return the list of turtles on the screen.

>>> for turtle in screen.turtles(): >>>

... turtle.color("red")

turtle. window_height()
Return the height of the turtle window.

>>> screen.window_height() >>>

480

turtle. window_width()
Return the width of the turtle window.
 >>> screen.window_width() >>>
3.10.2 Go
640

Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen

turtle. bye()
Shut the turtlegraphics window.

turtle. exitonclick()
Bind bye() method to mouse clicks on the Screen.

If the value “using_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is False (default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the -n switch (no
subprocess) is used, this value should be set to True in turtle.cfg . In this case IDLE’s own mainloop is active also for the client script.

turtle. setup(width=_CFG['width'], height=_CFG['height'], startx=_CFG['leftright'], starty=_CFG['topbottom'])

Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a
turtle.cfg file.

Parameters: width – if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 50% of screen
height – if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 75% of screen
startx – if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if None , center
window horizontally
starty – if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if None , center
window vertically

>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) >>>

>>> # sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
>>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
>>> # sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers

turtle. title(titlestring)
Parameters: titlestring – a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window

Set title of turtle window to titlestring.

>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!") >>>

Public classes
 3.10.2 Go

class turtle. RawTurtle(canvas)

class turtle. RawPen(canvas)
Parameters: canvas – a tkinter.Canvas , a ScrolledCanvas or a TurtleScreen

Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as “methods of Turtle/RawTurtle”.

class turtle. Turtle

Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default Screen object created automatically when needed for the first time.

class turtle. TurtleScreen(cv)

Parameters: cv – a tkinter.Canvas

Provides screen oriented methods like setbg() etc. that are described above.

class turtle. Screen

Subclass of TurtleScreen, with four methods added.

class turtle. ScrolledCanvas(master)

Parameters: master – some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i.e. a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added

Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as playground for the turtles.

class turtle. Shape(type_, data)

Parameters: type_ – one of the strings “polygon”, “image”, “compound”

Data structure modeling shapes. The pair (type_, data) must follow this specification:

type_ data

“polygon” a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates

“image” an image (in this form only used internally!)

None (a compound shape has to be constructed using the addcomponent()

“compound”
method)

addcomponent(poly, fill, outline=None)

 Parameters: poly – a polygon, i.e. a tuple of pairs of numbers
3.10.2 Go
fill – a color the poly will be filled with
outline – a color for the poly’s outline (if given)

Example:

>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) >>>

>>> s = Shape("compound")
>>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
>>> # ... add more components and then use register_shape()

See Compound shapes.

class turtle. Vec2D(x, y)

A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived
from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!

Provides (for a, b vectors, k number):

a + b vector addition
a - b vector subtraction
a * b inner product
k * a and a * k multiplication with scalar
abs(a) absolute value of a
a.rotate(angle) rotation

Help and configuration

How to use help

The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python
help facilities:

When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the docstrings of typed in function-/method calls.

Calling help() on methods or functions displays the docstrings:

>>> help(Screen.bgcolor) >>>

Help on method bgcolor in module turtle:

bgcolor(self *args) unbound turtle Screen method

bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method
Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
3.10.2 Go

Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers

in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.

>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
"orange"
>>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
>>> screen.bgcolor()
"#800080"

>>> help(Turtle.penup)
Help on method penup in module turtle:

penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method

Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.

Aliases: penup | pu | up

No argument

>>> turtle.penup()

The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified form:

>>> help(bgcolor) >>>

Help on function bgcolor in module turtle:

bgcolor(*args)
Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.

Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers

in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.

Example::

>>> bgcolor("orange")
>>> bgcolor()
"orange"
>>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
 >>> bgcolor()
3.10.2
"#800080" Go

>>> help(penup)
Help on function penup in module turtle:

penup()
Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.

Aliases: penup | pu | up

No argument

Example:
>>> penup()

These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function definitions that are derived from the methods at import time.

Translation of docstrings into different languages

There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the
classes Screen and Turtle.

turtle. write_docstringdict(filename='turtle_docstringdict')
Parameters: filename – a string, used as filename

Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the turtle
graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script filename.py . It is intended to serve as a template for translation of
the docstrings into different languages.

If you (or your students) want to use turtle with online help in your native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting file as
e.g. turtle_docstringdict_german.py .

If you have an appropriate entry in your turtle.cfg file this dictionary will be read in at import time and will replace the original English docstrings.

At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in Italian. (Requests please to [email protected].)

How to configure Screen and Turtles

The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it.

If diff fi i hi h b fl h f f hi d l hi h b fi d f i l
If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features of this module or which better fits to your needs, e.g. for use in a classroom,
3.10.2 a configuration file turtle.cfg which will be read at import time and modify the configuration according to its settings.
you can prepare Go

The built in configuration would correspond to the following turtle.cfg:

width = 0.5
height = 0.75
leftright = None
topbottom = None
canvwidth = 400
canvheight = 300
mode = standard
colormode = 1.0
delay = 10
undobuffersize = 1000
shape = classic
pencolor = black
fillcolor = black
resizemode = noresize
visible = True
language = english
exampleturtle = turtle
examplescreen = screen
title = Python Turtle Graphics
using_IDLE = False

Short explanation of selected entries:

The first four lines correspond to the arguments of the Screen.setup() method.
Line 5 and 6 correspond to the arguments of the method Screen.screensize() .
shape can be any of the built-in shapes, e.g: arrow, turtle, etc. For more info try help(shape) .
If you want to use no fillcolor (i.e. make the turtle transparent), you have to write fillcolor = "" (but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in
the cfg-file).
If you want to reflect the turtle its state, you have to use resizemode = auto .
If you set e.g. language = italian the docstringdict turtle_docstringdict_italian.py will be loaded at import time (if present on the import path,
e.g. in the same directory as turtle .
The entries exampleturtle and examplescreen define the names of these objects as they occur in the docstrings. The transformation of method-
docstrings to function-docstrings will delete these names from the docstrings.
using_IDLE: Set this to True if you regularly work with IDLE and its -n switch (“no subprocess”). This will prevent exitonclick() to enter the
mainloop.

There can be a turtle.cfg file in the directory where turtle is stored and an additional one in the current working directory. The latter will override the
settings of the first one.
3.10.2 Go

The Lib/turtledemo directory contains a turtle.cfg file. You can study it as an example and see its effects when running the demos (preferably not
from within the demo-viewer).

turtledemo — Demo scripts

The turtledemo package includes a set of demo scripts. These scripts can be run and viewed using the supplied demo viewer as follows:

python -m turtledemo

Alternatively, you can run the demo scripts individually. For example,

python -m turtledemo.bytedesign

The turtledemo package directory contains:

A demo viewer __main__.py which can be used to view the sourcecode of the scripts and run them at the same time.
Multiple scripts demonstrating different features of the turtle module. Examples can be accessed via the Examples menu. They can also be run
standalone.
A turtle.cfg file which serves as an example of how to write and use such files.

The demo scripts are:

Name Description Features

bytedesign complex classical turtle graphics pattern tracer() , delay, update()

graphs Verhulst dynamics, shows that computer’s computations

chaos can generate results sometimes against the common sense world coordinates
expectations

clock analog clock showing time of your computer turtles as clock’s hands, ontimer

colormixer experiment with r, g, b ondrag()

forest 3 breadth-first trees randomization

fractalcurves Hilbert & Koch curves recursion

lindenmayer ethnomathematics (indian kolams) L-System

 Name 3.10.2 Description Features Go

Rectangular Turtles as Hanoi discs (shape,

minimal_hanoi Towers of Hanoi
shapesize)

play the classical nim game with three heaps of sticks against turtles as nimsticks, event driven (mouse,
nim
the computer. keyboard)

paint super minimalistic drawing program onclick()

peace elementary turtle: appearance and animation

penrose aperiodic tiling with kites and darts stamp()

planet_and_moon simulation of gravitational system compound shapes, Vec2D

compound shapes, clone shapesize, tilt,

round_dance dancing turtles rotating pairwise in opposite direction
get_shapepoly, update

sorting_animate visual demonstration of different sorting methods simple alignment, randomization

tree a (graphical) breadth first tree (using generators) clone()

two_canvases simple design turtles on two canvases

wikipedia a pattern from the wikipedia article on turtle graphics clone() , undo()

yinyang another elementary example circle()

Have fun!

Changes since Python 2.6

The methods Turtle.tracer() , Turtle.window_width() and Turtle.window_height() have been eliminated. Methods with these names and
functionality are now available only as methods of Screen . The functions derived from these remain available. (In fact already in Python 2.6 these
methods were merely duplications of the corresponding TurtleScreen / Screen -methods.)
The method Turtle.fill() has been eliminated. The behaviour of begin_fill() and end_fill() have changed slightly: now every filling-process
must be completed with an end_fill() call.
A method Turtle.filling() has been added. It returns a boolean value: True if a filling process is under way, False otherwise. This behaviour
corresponds to a fill() call without arguments in Python 2.6.
Changes since Python 3.0
3.10.2 Go

The methods Turtle.shearfactor() , Turtle.shapetransform() and Turtle.get_shapepoly() have been added. Thus the full range of regular
linear transforms is now available for transforming turtle shapes. Turtle.tiltangle() has been enhanced in functionality: it now can be used to get
or set the tiltangle. Turtle.settiltangle() has been deprecated.
The method Screen.onkeypress() has been added as a complement to Screen.onkey() which in fact binds actions to the keyrelease event.
Accordingly the latter has got an alias: Screen.onkeyrelease() .
The method Screen.mainloop() has been added. So when working only with Screen and Turtle objects one must not additionally import mainloop()
anymore.
Two input methods has been added Screen.textinput() and Screen.numinput() . These popup input dialogs and return strings and numbers
respectively.
Two example scripts tdemo_nim.py and tdemo_round_dance.py have been added to the Lib/turtledemo directory.