WAVE PROPAGATION

WAVE: If plhysical phenomenon that occurs at one place

a
later times, the time delay being at a given
at
proportional to the space time is reproduced
first location, then the group of phenomenon separation from the
constitutes a wave.
WAVE EQUATION
In Frcc Space (Non-conducting
medium)
In non-conducting medium thiere are no charges and no conduction current,
therefore
P=0
Maxwells Equations in Free space are
1. V. D=0 (1)
2. Vx H=OL (2)
Ot
3. V B=0 (3)
4. VxE=-OB (4)
From Eq.(4)

Vx (Vx E) = Vx
B
Ot (xB) - x)
- (VxH)
xH)

(a E (5)

We know that
- . V E=0
Vx (Vx E)
Vx(Vx E) = - v(V E) v*E
V2E (6)
From Eq. (1) V. D=0

From (5) and (6)

vEu Wave Equation for Electric field
in a non-conducting
medium. Similarly starting from a Vx(Vx
H) it can be derived
(aH
vH s2
that
Wave Equation for Magnetie
field in a non-
conducting medium.

vE Ea?
IE -----(7)

H (a*H
-(8)
Now
E=E+E,j+E,2
H-Hi+H,j+H,i
Equation (7) & (8) are equivalent to

E u Ey Ey E, =uE Ey , E ==
uE Ez
H =He0H , H, =u Hv y =usa'Hz
Hz =
H

Plane Wave: If the Electric and Magnetic field vectors at each point in space lies in a
plane with planes at different points being parallel to each other then it is called a plane
wave.
Uniform Plane Wave: IfE and H at each point in space lies in a plane with planes at
different points being parallel to each other and magnitude of E and H at each point on
these planes are same, then it is called a uniform plane wave.

XZ Pla
E

O
E H

eac p01wt on these p knns are sane

Magnedeof E at
H
H) aru Mot neceany f
Magniids eaclohev E d
t
 Expression for E and H in a uniform plane wave
Let us assume that the plane in which E and H lie is the XZ plane. Again assume tna E is
along Z direction.

E E,2
From the definition of uniform plane wave E, is a function of Y only since E is to be
uniform over the XZ plane.

Ox
Ez- 0
E and H satisfy all the Maxwells equation one of Mawwells equation is

(x E) = B -H oH
Vx(E,2)=
Or Ez
Oy
= - ,OH

So we see that H can have only X component

H=H,X
Oy

- a
o

Again from the definition fremthesctefisitien of uniform plane wave Hx must be

function of Y only.
OH_oHx-0
Thus for a uniform plane wave traveling in positive y direction
E=E,0E
H=H,)k
So Wave equation reduces to-
(oH
vE,= ue vH-u
OR

(8 Ez 0H, (a'H In uniform plane wave

oEE Ez=0
Ox
OHOi=o E and H are functions ofy only
 D' Alembert solution
From the D'Alembert solution of the wave equation (second order diff eq-)

oEz- s Ez
OR E? us Edy

Solution is
+ ct)+ o(y-ct) c -velocity of light
E, =hy where

Oy-Ct) > Represents wave traveling in ý direction.

hy+c) > Represents wave traveling in-ý direction.
equation consists of two waves. In ý and
y direction,
Thus general solution of wave
) and other traveling back
towards source (-y). If
that is one away from the source (ý
the termn
reflecting surface present to reflect the wave back to the source,
there is no
hy +ct) will be zero and
E, =ø(y-ct)
notations
vectors are varying sinusoidally then we can use phasor
IfE and H
In phasor form wave equations
o'Ez
will be

0E us(jo)jo)E, = (-uco )E,

=uceo* orB=ou
= (-B')E,:p*
Solution of above equation is

E, =ce"+Ce*i
 E Cos(t -B7) Vaka

zes to
y
fom
Va
t-o
Ot

( - B) = orlint
Pr wow
P-*= -t +cemt

BA 27
 +2e
jwt
Timedomain form of E, is obtained by multiplying E, by and taking its
real part

E =Re,e
E =ccos(øt -By)+c,cos(ot + B)
If no reflecting source is present at other end then
E, =Gcos(ot -By)
B phase constant
=
from = @uE phasephase velocity of wave
B VHE

In similar way

Hy =Ccos(ot- Py) (Here C2isnotCain-ccoslat+y)

wave)
Relation between E and H(in uniform plane -
For uniform plane wave traveling in
y direction

By)
E, =c,cos(ot -

Hy =C%cos(ot By) -

OB
San(E,)-
Since Ot Ox oy
Eos{ot-By)
z
0

By)
y Eoslt- -

By)k
VxE,S= cßsin{ol
Now
 OB
- CH
uodor-Bk
sin(of -Byi
C
Equating above equations
Oc
sin(or-By) = uocsin(ot B) -

cB = Ju O

OR
Ez Cye
Hx Cth
Ez
Hx
o= 377 2 It is called intrinsic impedance or

characteristics impedance of that (air) medium

Units of E, >V/m and H Ampere/m
E
So units of will be Volts/Amp =ohm
H
In traveling wave there is definite ratio between amplitude ofE and H is called
intrinsic or characteristic impedance (7 )of that medium.
Ho 4Tx107 = 377 O
885 8.85x 10-12I207
 WAVE EQUATION IN CONDUCTING MEDIA
Maxwells Equations in Phasors
form for conducting media
1. V D=0
(1) No change
. YSdaS
(S),h cooltr liy
2. Vx = (o+
jos )E ----(2)
3.
VB=0 -(3)
4. VxE= joyuH- -(4)
From (4)
Vx(Vx )- vx(-jouli)= - jou(V x H)
E
-jou(a+ jos )E From(2)

vv. -v =
-
joulo +jos )E alwh8 ue
VE jou(a+ jos)E
vË=0
where = joulo+ jas)
Similarly wave equation for H will be

=
vE yE

7 = Complex propagation constant

=a+ jB
Real part Attenuation constant (nepers) 1
Np 8.685 dB
B- Imaginary part= Phase constant (radian/m)
Separating Real and Imaginary part of

- 7
 In case of non-conducting
medium here also
E=E,0)E
So wave equation becomes
H H,
oEz= Ez
Oy

In Time domain
E, =ce" +C,e"
E, =Rel,e"
-y cos(ot
E =E -
By)+c" cos(ot + By)
If no reflecting source on other side then second
term will be zero

|
Ez =c,e" cos{ot-By)

Now we see that wave will be attenuated as it progress

in the conducting medium.
Attenuation depends on the value ofa .If a is large,
attenuation will be more.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL:

From Amperes law

+ OD
VxH J = oE+ jaocE

Ratio of conduction current to Displacement current

wE
Now for good conductor as >>1, Conduction current is very large as compared to
Displacement current. For good dielectric as 6>>l Displacement current is very
large as compared to Conduction current.
This Ratio is thus used to glassify-the material as conductor or dielectric
Ir Conductor

<1 Dielectric

This term is also called loss tangent tan of the material

wE

Jdisp G=tan
wE)

J=(o+jos)E
Jc
=
Ifthere is no loss (perfect Dielectric O 0) then 0=0 J=disp

WAVE PROPAGATION IN AGOODCONDUCTOR:

=joula+ joe) = jauo 1+ jøE

=tou/yss° wE
Y= jouo As for a good conductor
0E
>>l OR <<l
Separating Real and Imaginary part

a 2
and
B2 a = B for good conductor

As a >>I for good conductor, a adse wave will be greatly attenuator

= afua
JninsicImpedan ce

tY godd Conducl

JuOA
a
 wE
Depth of Penetration: Depth of Penetration
is defined as the depth in which the wave
has been attenuated
toor
e
approximately 37 % of its original value.

ad = 1 E
S
6- O = skin depth or depth of penetration
a 1

= ouo 2 1
2 o368-
ouo
1 At Microwave frequency skin depth is very small

Complex Permittivit

uel11
joulo +
joe) = j'ao ue 1
j0E
-Pa 0E

wE

Y = joyuE e' = e1 wE
called complex permittivity

DIELECTRIC:
PLANE WAVEIN LOSSY energy is
in dielectric a small amount of
wave propagates
When Electromagnetic offers a complex permittivity
&

because the medium

extracted from wave
=o1 WE
dielectric
considered lossy
zero. Such medium is
small but not
is
Under this condition is modified

jopekajesjoulo +
jos)= fo'ue 1+
jo s 1jo jE)

/2
1- =1jo.
208 80e Neglecting higher order terms

r=jo uE1-J
y=o
H+
206
joy4e
8 o's2

=
a @yuE
206 2 Ve
-

B= oue| 1+
o
8o'e
For lossy Dielectric

Lossy (Conducting) Dielectric:

Intrinsic Impedance of
Complex permittivity

WE

Intrinsic Impedance
 20c
nn
206,
n Intrinsic impedance of dielectric media in which o = 0

Plonswaves in
Plona
petc Dielechic (a=)
jAue
joe
-tjoie furr pehect dielechsi

Cue
- direch

O No attomualien
phase Velocil V
ue
Ok
Reflection and Refraction of EM waves:
EM wave is continuous in single medium.

At the interface oftwo diferent media the field may change abruptly in magnitude
and phase.
>Boundary conditions for tangential and normal components ofstatic electric and
magnetic fields also hold for time varying fields.

Total energy of wave is equally divided between E and M field, when travelling in
one media.
energy has to be done.
When wave enters in another media readjustment of

If part of the impinging energy is rejected. Rejected energy creates reflected wave.

Wave in medium '1' impinging on to boundary is called incident wave.

Part of wave reflected back into media '1' is called reflected wave.

Part of wave transmitted back into media *2' is called transmitted wave.

media 2' is conductor (perfect) upon which the wave is incident normally, the
>If (E or H) can exist within
entire wave is reflected back because no time varying field
the conductor.
conductor. Therefore reflected
There will be no loss of impinging energy the amplitude as the incident wave and
in

component both for E and H should have the same

power flow in reverse direction.
(Normal Incidence)
Reflection of Plane Waves From perfect conductor:

M-1 M-
Incident wave Transmitted wave
E Boundary between
1&2
E,
X
X = 0

in X direction
If wave propagates
 hen incident wave E(x, t)= E,eo 1-e)
Reflected wave E,(x,1) = E,eiot+)
At surface of conductor En =
E2 =0 at conductor boundary E + E, =0

Resultant field E (x,t)= E,eilo 1-e) -Eeilot+)

=Ej(ei-ei
=-2jE,elo le-eJA)
2j

= -2jE,esin x
ET =-2jE, sin r el0. -----(1)

BTis continuously changing w.r.t. X but not travelling. Magnitude of resultant field is
oscillating but remains fixed in space. This is known as standing wave. There is phase
reversal of E at surface. So that resultant field at surface becomes zero. To meet boundary
condition at surface E, = E2 = 0 at the boundary of perfect conductor.

The direction of wave to be reversed H, will be in phase with H; at the surface off
reflection so that energy can be balanced (H; =H,).
Resultant magnetic field

Hr1) = H, elo-h)+ H,elor)

2H, ejoe+ei
2

HT = 2H, cos x e)a ----(2)

In Eq. (1) let us represent-J bye

-12 then (0)
(1) becomes

Br20E,sin Ar eor-7 --(3)

Now expanding exponential term in (2) & (3) and taking
the real parts on both sides. We
get

Er 2E, sin xcoslot ----(4)

HT = 2H; cos r cosot --(5)
Equation (4) and (5) are standing wave

Medium-1( m) y Medium-262 2)
Ei E,
H E

P =0
H H,
H=H2 at boundry of dielectric

stand in a fixed position along

Equation (4) and (5) represents two waves do not travel but
X-axis and pulsates in magnitude.
px =t1.
Electric field is maximum where Sin
Loops (maxima for E) occurs at points which are at
distancex =, nis odd

Nodes
number from reflecting plane (X

(minima for E) occurs where Sin

Bx
= 0).
=0, i.e. x , n> is 0, 2,4 i.e.

plane (X = 0).
even numbers from reflecting phase in
standing waves of electric and magnetic fields are out of
The pulsation of E is at its maximum value and
vice-versa.
H is zero magnitude;
time where

=
x>0 to 2, Bl 27
27 sin=1(Loop)
x 4
n=1, x =, sin pxr=sinsin= 4 4
(Node)
7 0 sin
n=2, x=,sin Px=sinsin=
=
2 2
4
=sin =1(Loop)
n=3, x=,sin Bx=sin
4 4

41 0 (Node)
n=4, x= sin x=sin Bl = sin 27 =
 4
EVs Z

E 2E, sin
* sin o 3214
8
Perfect conduftor

2H
HT =2H,cosArcosor

X=
Curves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are respectively at times
77 87T
I=0,
ST
6r,
=
1) At,t = 0, sin wx0 0.
sin wt = sin227f >
sin
3)
t=sin ot =sin 2fxx=sin=1 2

4) 1 sin ot sin 2f xx=sin =

8

5)
sin ot = sin 27fxx=sin r = 0

5T sinot =
6)I sin 2fx
7) 1
67 sin
at =sin2afxx=sin T sin=1

8) = sin ot = sin 2fx

9) t
8T
= T, sin ot = sin 27fx=sin 27 = 0
8
STANDING WAVE RATIO:

E(x)= Ee" + E..eihx in phasor form

2ilh
Ex) = Eoe ih1+a.
Er)= Eipe =|+Te2ji0 where T Pee i'on cohtiviet
Eio

E-(x) will have a maximum and minimum values at locations where the factor
1+Te2" is maximum and minimum.

esP is unity
Magnitude of
ei2Acos(20x)+ jsin(28,) Gamm
e/A-cos (24,x)+jsin (2/4) nd elphabef

Ermas
= Eek+T]
Br min =E,eh*[1 -r]
"SWR"
So standing wave ratio

'SWR'=Tmaxt+T Values T ranges from -1 to

+1
ET min 1-T

Inverse of this

SWR-1 'SIWR" ranges fromTto

o
T= SWR+1
----.
 Reflection of Plane Waves From
Dielectric: (Normal Incidence)

Partial Reflection
EM Wave incident normally on the surface of
dielectric
Partial Transmission

Redistribution of energy occurs to maintain energy balance.

If dielectric is perfect there will
be no loss of energy in medium.

Let a plane wave travelling in X-direction incident normally on the boundary parallel
to
X = 0 plane,

Medium-1(e1 #1) y Medium-22 m)

Ei E,
H, E
=0
Pi
H H,
H=H2 at boundry of dielectric

E & E, >Incident and Reflected waves.

Let E,, E,, and E are field strength at boundary (X =0 plane). Similarly for Halso.
Also the fields in M-I are the sum of incident and reflected fields, whereas M-2 has only
transmitted field i.e.

E=E+E & H =H, +H, and E, =E, & H=H,

.
Now intrinsic impedance for media "1' & *2' is m & 72 respectively.

n- and 2 2
E
Also
nH
Or E =n
(1)
And E, = -h H,
(2)
EL
n2H (3)
Boundary condition at interface of two media requires
that tangential component of E and H
be continuous. Here E & H fields are entirely tangential
to the boundary
(=0 plane).Therefore at boundary-

So E +E, = E 4)
H +H, = H, .5)

In above cquation E, & H;are Ej, & Hio at X = 0. 'O is dropped for simplicity.

Do(1)-(2) is
m H+mH, =E, E, -

m(H +H, )=E, -E,

(H +H, )=-E 6)

From (3)

H,E2
Or
(H, +H, )=(E, +E,) (7)
2
From (6) and (7)

(E, -E,)=E+E,)
E-E,
2 E+E,
h-2 -E,-E, -E,2E
E -E, +E, +E,
+72 2E
E2-
E Reflection coefficient
2 +7
Now Transmission for this case is defined by

E. EtEr=1* E_1+2-71
from (4)
E E 2 +71

t=1+

EL 2n2
E
+72 rCalledTransmission coefficient

From above Eq. of I & rthere will be no reflection when the impedance
of two medias

are same 7 72
eq (1) & (2)
For magnetic field: from

=12H Reflection coefficientformagnetic fields

H E ta H

From (1) and (3)

ELinto this
HLE Putting E
H 2 E
fields
HL271 Transmission coefficient for magnetic
Here >Called
+72 H
Hh and transmission
coefticient isunity
Reflection coefficient is
zero for 7 2
for7 2 means H vector is reversed
after
Ve, which
Reflection vector for is
H -
direction.
reflection. To maintain P in -Ve 'X'
 Since H2 at higher frequencies
Ho
Ho
Therefore Br -=Y62
E 2+7 Ho+ H

>Reflectign coefficient for Electric fields in terms ofpermittivity.

Ho
272 E2
E 7+71HoHo

E yE »Transmission coefficient for Electric fields in terms of pemitivity

Similarly

H -2- E2
H +2
V
o V62

or Reflection coefficient for magnetic fields in terms of permittivities

He+e
And H21= 3
H 1+ 2
2
orH
orH 2 Transmission coefficient for magnetic fields
in terms of permittivity

+62
generalized
Coefficient in terms of'e' are only applicable to dielectric cases. If
can be
form of complex permittivity is used [c' =e1- above expressions
extended to conductor also.
Problem: In free space ( Z
S0)a plane wave with H=10
incident normally on
cos0°1- Bz)* mA/m is
a loss less medium(& = 28E0»
l=8Ho) in region
Z20. Determine the reflected wave , H, E, and the transmitted wave
H, ,
E
Solution:
(M-1) (M-2)
Free space loss less dielectric

E0 Ho 260, 840

In (M-1)

1207
C 3x108 3 71 70
In (M-2)

Ba =uE =oHofo x4,6, =(4)= 3

72 r 2no
=
2407

Given that
H=10cosost-Bzk
Then

E, =Hoo
cos{ 0"1 -A=-)
ExH as (-i)x()=:
E =1070cos[10°-B--),
210a-
21, +o 3
Hio = 10,
Eio
Hio
1
Eio
Bio 2 +1
Hio70 =1070
Ei=
 EE
cos 10'
E,o F) mv/m

H,=co 1o+ as ExH (-X-3)=-2

Eo=T =1+T _4
Eio 3 3

E io

E =Eo cosho*1-B,z)-)
40 cos/ 10.
E=7o
EL 210
=2
H
cos 10
cos
1E-x270 "o 10*1-
H,2o 3

H,co 10- 3
mA/m

--X----.
 Reflection of plane waves from a dielectric
(Incidence at an angle)

Incident
M-1 61.
rays
rays
Reflected

A C

7777 ************* 77

po-0) B
oo-,

Transmitted rays
or Refracted rays
M-2 2, 42

Partially transmitted To keep energy balance of EM. wave

Partiallyreflected

wave depends upon e2 & 42

Velocity of transmitted (refracted)
AzCi covered by
by the incident ray will be equal to the distance
Distance ABI covered
same velocity.
reflected wave; as both have the

=4C1
AB
42B sin 6, = 42B, sin 0,
Or

sin6, = sin 0,
or

6,=6,
 Angle of Reflection= Angle of Incidence

Also, time taken by incident wave to travel A^B, = Time taken by the refracted wave to travel
distance ApB2

If V and V be velocity of wave in media & 2 respectively. Then

1

A,BL-
AB2 2
1/
42Bhsin
or _/
AB sin, V2

sin6 HE2
sin, A1
For most dielectric 4 = ug and hence
=H2

sin6
sin 6, ---( la)

1(a) called Snell's Law of refraction

So ratio ofrefractive indices oftwo media '1' and 2'

V2

"Because refractive index of medium is

ratio of the phase velocity in the medium
space velocity of light." to the free

Equation (la) is called Snell's law refraction

of with the modification that ratio of index
refraction is replaced by the medium of
permittivities.
For uniform plane wave E and H are
at right angles and related as

E nH
Where

7 joula+ joE) = joua Jeoye 14JoE)

jwE joE<<1) For Thick conductors
a a

jou
Z, =n For Conducting medium
a
*For good conductorsthe surface impedance
of a plane conductor that is very much thicker than
the skin depth is just equal to the gharacteristic
impedance of the conductor.

joua jou
VVava a

2a
2

a
 Thus power flowing per unit area
is oc

Power carried by incident wave cos

Power carried by reflected wave oc E,cos,
COS

And transmitted power E

occos0,
72
From law of conservation of energy

cos, =cos, +E cos,

2

cos, = E2 0 Ecose
-cos+cos,
12
0, =0,

E cose
Or
E
1n E cos0,
72

Or =1-
H2
Ecos
Ecos ,
For practical cases u =M2= Ho for most cases of dielectric therefore
cose,
=1-E
Ef Ve E? cos6,
(2a)
 o-377 S

jo2
7a,+ joyls

joy14joy; |

a a
jo

j2Tx1x10° x 4/T x10

1x10+ j27Tx10° x1900x8.85x 10

7.9)
V10+js560 x10

7.9)
V1000000+ 3.186x10*

=V7.9x10290/
=2.81x10L45
=0.0028 1

E_2.81x10 245"-77 H,
E 2.81xo245° +37 Hi

E2x
E 72
2x2.81x107245
2.18x10L43 +377
J, =a
Therefore

Z, =
=J.
a
 Parallel polarization or vertical
polarization (E in the plane of
incidence)

E
M-1 61. H1
E E
Ecos6 E, cos
H H H
H,
Plane of P
incidence 6, =6,
77777z

E
E, cos,
M-2 62. H2

E Vector > Parallel to the plane of incidence

H Vector > Normal to the plane of incidence

ORepresent direction out of paper

,
From Boundary Conditions E, = E2
E, cos -E, cos6, = E, cos0,
t8o-o
E, cos 6,
E: cos 0

cos -(1)
E, )cos 6,
Combining (1) and (2a)
cOs 8
Cos
 Js Jdy Jole"dy

= -Joe/r .
Jor

E/E (1-Vez/ejcose/cose,(1+Ve/e,cosp/cos

EE (Ve Veose, - Vezcose(Ve,cose/+ Vezcose,

In the above equation

Vexcose, = vezv(1-sin*e)

=
sine/sine V(e/ez)

or

ezsin e eisih e,
or

Vezcose =
e-ejsin'e
Therefore equation number 1
is given as

eei Veycose, V(e2-e1sin-eV[Vejcose,+ v(e

-

e)]
ejsin

eei -cos V{(e/ei)-sin e,}V{cose+V{(e/e1)

sine}

QUES: Determine the reflectiou and transmission coefficient for an electromagnetic wave
incident normally on a sheet of iron?

Given f-1 MHz, a2=1 x 106oMms/m, al=0, juo» 5"6;"6

 cos 6 cos ,
cos6 cos 6

cos
cos ,
cos
Or i
Ei cos 0
a b (a
Using = -
bXa + b)
ErcOS
cos
6i
i) 09 t

Er
Ei
E2
Ve cos 6t)
COS
= V61
E2 COS
cos e6i -1

E2 COS
6i-1
Er VE1 cos 0,
Ei cos e
1+ 2VE1 cos 0

Er E2 cos 0i- E cos 6

Ei E2 cos ei t v6 cos

Ve y1-sin o,)
Ere
Er
Ei vea cos
Cos -

+ yEiV-sin0) --(2)

2
-
LcSDe -sh*or)

e cos
s,0.)
 distribution in y direction
is given by current
J=Joe
r is propagation constant
It is assumed that thickness
of conductor is very much greater
that there is no reflection than the depth of penetration
from backsurface of conductor so
width,that is the linear total current (conductor)
current density is perimeter
From (la)....

sin 2
sin 6,

or sin,2sin? 6;

Putting this value into 2)

pes- sin0
Er
Ei
......(3)
cos6+ 2 sin

This equation gives reflection coefficient in terms of and incident angle.

no reflection occurs.
If &1 E2,
obtained by making numerator of
Since the angle for which no reflection occurs can be
(3) equal to 'zero

COScos6i
2-sin 0; =0
6
o
Or 2-sin 0-cos6;1-sin
sin =2.E
sin 6=e2-05
SURFACE IMPEDANCE

At high frequencies due to skin effect the current is confined almost to a very thin sheet
sheet
surface of the conductor.
atthe

Surface impedance is defined by

Zs Ean/Js

Where Etan is E field parallel

to and at surface of conductor.
Js is linear current density
flow due to Etan Or total current
per meter width flowing
in thin sheet

Let conductor is flat

plate with its surface
at y=0 plane
sin6-2l-)
6-6
sin ;= coS
6i 6 +62

tan 0;=2

tan 2
0j --4)

This angle 0j is known as 'Brewster's angle'. d plavi zing male

is totally
For this angle of incidence there will be no reflection and incidence wave
transmitted.
Brewster's angle exists both for E > E2 or E < E2
In general Brewster's angle can be obtained by-

OB =sin 62tan
E2
V61 +62

M-1 61,

Incident -
Reflection

rays No

77 7 777777
Refracted
Wave

M-2 62 H2
PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION
OR HORIZONTAL
POLARISATION: (E normal to
the plane of incidence)

M-1 61, 1
H H,

E E E
Plane of P
incidence 0, =0,
77777 777777
H
,
E,
M-2 2, H2
P
E Vector > Perpendicular to the plane of incidence and parallel to the reflecting
interference

H Vector > It is in the plane of incidence

Because E, = E, Boundary Conditions

E, +E, = E,
Se view

E E
From Eq. (2a)

cos
cos
 cos6

.Ecos0
E, Jcos0

1- 82
Cos6,
& Cose,
E Cos6, --(1)
1++ 2
8 cos0

Evcos-eaycos
ocos, +e2ycos0,
In the above equation

Vea cose, =VE1-sin? 0 e Cos 8t -SHO)

sin
sin 6,
- 2
V6 cos
VE2-Gs
csin
, ,
e2 sin

e cos6,
= 6 sin

=yE2-6 sin
Therefore from (1) is given as
,
Ee cos0,-e-6,sin 0;
E E cos0, + e2 -6, sin 6;

cos
cOSO
sin 0
E 61
E cos6,+.2-sin o

--X--.
 sURFACEIMPEDANCE:

At high frequencies due to skin efect the

current is confined almost to a very thin sheet at
surface of the conductor. the

Surface impedance is defined by

2,tnJs tanElectric field parallel to and at surface of conductor

Linear current densityflow due to tan. or total conduction
current per metre width flowing in thin sheet.
Let conductoris flat plate with its surface at Jy=0 plane

Conductor
V=Je"
dz Surface of conctor
Z
dydz >Differential area

Current distribution in y direction is given by (Most of the current is confined at surface)

J=Je " 7 is propagationconstant

It is assumed that thickness of conductor is very much greater than the depth of penetration so
that there is no reflection from back surface of conductor. Total current (conduction) per meter
width, that is the linear current density is

0
 Y
Total current through sheet
dl=Jdydz, Linear current density at surface
dJ, == Jdy, J, = |Jdy, At surface because most of the current
0
is at surface

ButoIs thecurrent density at surface is o tan

2, 4
1 For conductor

Where =joulo + jos)=={jaua for thick conductor.

jou
:.Z, for conducting medium

For good conductor the surface impedance of a plane conductor that is very much thicker than
the skin depth is just equal to the characteristic impedance of the conductor.

., jouo jot (1+)

n20
2/-.2.() 2 2 2
---X----.
Droblem: Determine the reflection and transmission coefficient for an electromagnetic
wave incident normally on a sheet of iron?

Given f=l Mz, o2 =1x10° ohms/m, 0 =0, = Ho, U, = 1000j4%0, 6 =6260o

Ho=3772

jou
- jws
o+ jo
j27x1x10° x 47x10 7.9)
1x10 j27x10° x1000x8.85x102 10+ j5.560x10

79) =v7.9x10* L90 =2.81x105 245°

1000000+ 23.186x10-6

= 0.00281

E,_2.81x10245-377=-. H,
E 2.81x10245° +377 Hi

E2x7 2x2.81x10245
E 7h+7 2.18x10L45 +377

-X.