Dr.

P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics

_______________ ______________

STUDY MATERIAL

MODULE - 2

Syllabus:
MODULE-2 15hours
Audio and video Systems: Block diagram of Hi Fi amplifier and its working, Public
Address (PA) system: Block diagram and operation, Speaker impedance matching and
characteristics, troubleshooting procedure of audio systems. Block diagram and working
of MP3.
Television Fundamentals: Introduction to TV, Block diagram of Colour TV
Transmitter. Troubleshooting procedure of Colour TV Transmitter. Block diagram and
operation of color TV receiver. Principle and working of LCD and LED TV. Direct to
Home Receiver (DTH): Concept, receiver block diagram, Indoor and outdoor unit.
Block diagram and working of OLED.
**********************
Audio and video Systems

Introduction: A Hi-Fi system is an audio system used in the home. There may be several sources
of music but only one source is selected, amplified and played through the loudspeakers.
An audio or amplifier system is used in venues and concerts. Such systems are also known
as P.A. (Public Address) systems. In an amplifier system multiple music or audio sources are mixed
together and the result is amplified and played through the loudspeakers.

What is hi-fi system? List the characteristics of hi-fi system.

Hi-Fi stands for high fidelity and refers to a higher-quality (or faithfulness) reproduction of
sound. Hi-Fi system stands for high fidelity stereophonic reproducing system. Hi-Fi reproduces
sounds with minimal distortion and background noise and represents an accurate frequency
response.
Such a HiFi Sound can be obtained from the recorded stereo tape or live systems from the
microphones. High fidelity reproduction is essentially sound reproduction such that the most
critical person can listen without any distortion.
Characteristics of HI-FI amplifier:
1. Signal to noise ratio should be better than 50dB.
2. Frequency response should be flat within +/-1dB.
3. Non-linear distortion should not be more than 1%.
4. The system should possess dynamic range of at least 8dB.
5. Stereophonic effect should be provided.
6. Environmental conditions should be such as to eliminate the external noise in listening
room.
Draw and describe the block diagram of Hi-Fi amplifier.

1
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
Figure shows the block diagram of a high-fidelity stereo reproducing system.

High- fidelity sound can be obtained from the recorded stereo tape or in live system from
the microphones. (Stereo signal can also be obtained from the record player.)
The stereo signal is fed to two independent amplification channels through a tape-mic
switch. The amplifier system consist of a low noise high gain preamplifier, equalizer, well design
amplifiers giving flat frequency response and little distortion. The secondary of the matching
transformer of each channel is connected to the respective loudspeaker column. For Hi-fi, the
loudspeaker columns consisting of woofer, squawker and tweeter are used.
All the blocks are design so as to get flat frequency response (from 40 to 15000Hz), little distortion
(less than 1%), high signal-to-noise ratio (more than 50dB) and high dynamic range (100 dB) to
achieve the final output of high fidelity.
Balance control: Two amplifiers of a stereo system, although independent of each other are built as
matched pair to give equal output for the same input. In spite of the two amplifiers being identical,
there may be variations in the characteristics of transistors and ICs and positioning of loudspeakers
and furnishings with respect to the listener. The circuit used to compensate for such variations are
called Balance control.
Loudness control: Sometime music is at low level of volume (as in case of the background music).
At low levels there is considerable loss in bass in reproduction. It is therefore, necessary that there
should be substantial boosting of the bass at low levels. Boosting at treble may be only nominal
because loss at high notes is quite small. The control which provides desired big boosting at bass
and a little boosting at treble is called loudness control.
Bass and Treble control: It is provided to tailor bass treble as per personal taste of the listener.
Master Gain control: A master gain control is used for adjusting overall volume without
disturbing the balance. This is achieved by using dual concentric shafts, the inner shaft adjusts the
balance control and the outer shaft adjusts the overall gain or volume of the amplifier. A typical
master gain control circuit is shown in figure is adjusted for balancing the two channels and then R2
and R3 are adjusted for increasing or decreasing the volume of the channels also R2 and R3 are
ganged.

2
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
Blend control: The stereo effect is diluted by this control when it is too much left right effect.
Diluting is done by misbalancing the two channels. It is shown in figure. Blend control
potentiometer is set at zero resistance for balance output. For disturbing the balance, this is
advanced further to reduce gain of the left channel. Although blending can be done by balance
control also, but once set, the balanced control is not disturbed.
Quasi stereo switch: When any one channel signal is made to go into both the channels, one can
use both channels and their speakers for a monophonic source of signal. This is done by a switch
called quasi-stereo switch.

Block diagram of Public Address System (PA system) and its working:

A public Address System or PA system is an electronic system that includes acoustic signal
converting, mixing, amplifying, and playing. A PA system has microphones, amplifiers, and
loudspeakers as its main components or equipment. We know that the intensity of the sound
decreases with the distance. Also, a particular sound can be affected or distorted by the other sound
if the level or volume of the sounds is the same. So, if we want to deliver the sound energy for a
long-distance or highlight a particular sound or voice in a large crowd or gathering then we need a
PA system. Because the PA systems provide the amplification of the sound for comfortable
listening.

The range of amplification is required for the sound is to be delivered to the distance, size of
the gathering etc. Sound quality is also a very important factor with amplification because it
improves the listening experience. The PA system helps to amplify as well as record the voice of
any human being or the sound of any musical instrument. Also, it helps to communicate between
groups.
Components of a PA system:
There are so many devices or components are used in PA system that depends upon their
applications and other factors. But the main three components of any public address system are
explained below.
1. Microphone
The microphone is a very important part or component of a PA system. The microphone
basically is a transducer that converts acoustic energy or sound energy into electrical energy. It
continuously generates the pulsating electrical voltage according to the frequency of the sound
energy applied to it. There various types of microphones are used in the PA system. The main basic
two types of microphones are,
1. Handheld Microphone 2. Lapel Microphone
Other different types of microphones are,
1. Wired Microphone 2. Wireless Microphone
A wired microphone can be connected by a wire to the mixer or amplifier. It is very simple. But
the wireless microphone needs a battery and the frequency of its signal is also a very important
factor. The wireless microphone cannot be connected directly to the mixer or amplifier. A receiver

3
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
is required that can receive the signals sent by the microphone. This receiver is to be connected to
the amplifier.
2. Amplifier
The amplifier is the second part of a PA system. The main function of the amplifier is to
amplify or increase the volume level of the audio signal that can drive a loudspeaker. The
requirement or size of the amplifier depends upon the number and size of the loudspeaker. If the
size of the loudspeaker is very large or so many loudspeakers are to be connected then a very
powerful amplifier is required. The output of the amplifier is measured in watts or kilo-watt. [Read
Also: Why Preamplifier must be used before Power Amplifier?]
3. Loudspeaker
Loudspeaker provides a very important role in the PA system. It converts electrical energy into
acoustic energy or sound energy. The loudspeakers are generally connected to the amplifier and it
generates sound according to the audio signal provided by the amplifier. There are different types
of loudspeakers are available according to their operating frequency.
1. Woofer - it operates at the lowest frequency audio signal such as Bass
2. Subwoofer - it also operates with low frequency but more than the woofer such as bass and
deep vocals
3. Squawker - it operates with medium-frequency audio signals such as vocals
4. Tweeter - it operates with high-frequency audio signals such as tone
[Read Also: Why Transformer is connected in some Speakers? Distributed Audio System]
4. Mixer
A mixer is not a necessary part of a PA system. But if there are multiple audio sources or
multiple microphones used in the PA system then a mixer is must required. The mixer is an
electronic device that can control multiple sound sources simultaneously. It can mix all the sound
sources together and play with a single loudspeaker with the help of an amplifier. So the mixer is
generally connected before the amplifier. Nowadays, there are so many amplifiers are available in
the market that already has an inbuilt mixer. So there is no need for an external additional mixer.
All the microphones or sound sources can be connected directly to the amplifier.
PA system Wiring and Connection Diagram
Here, you can see a basic wiring diagram of public address system. This will help you
understand how microphones, mixers, amplifiers, and speakers are connected together.
Here, you can see, the multiple audio or sound sources such as microphones and music
players are connected to the mixer. Then the mixer output is connected to the amplifier input. And
the amplifier output is connected to the speaker.
Important Factors in a Public Address System
Acoustic Feedback
When the microphone picks up sound from the speaker and re-amplifies and sent again to
the speaker then it is called Acoustic feedback. The objective of any pa system should be to
minimize as much as possible. It distorted the actual sound and make a bad experience of listening.
It generally happens more when the volume of the system is turned up to the highest level.
This can be reduced by the different procedures,
 By keeping microphones at a distance from the speaker
 Changing the direction of the microphone from the point towards the speaker
 Lowering the gain level of the feedback sound
 Using some devices like notch filter, graphic equalizer, parametric equalizer, etc
Cables and Wires
The size and quality of cables used in the PA system is a very important factor. Using the
proper size and good quality cables and wire improves the sound quality very much.
Types of PA system
The PA system can be classified such as,

4
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
 Personal PA System
 Medium Size PA System
 Large Size PA System
 Portable PA System
Applications and Uses of PA system
1. PA system is used in group meetings, presentations, concerts, theatres, large halls, etc.
2. PA system also used in sports, stadiums, travel system, security system, conference
system, etc
Matching the impedance for speakers and Amplifier
As a general rule, the maximum power transfer from an active device like an microphone or
an amplifier or an antenna driver to an external device like an amplifier or loud speaker occurs
when the impedance of the external device matches that of the source(i.e. Between microphone to
amplifier at the input section and amplifier to loud speaker at the out put section). The maximum
power transfer is more than 80% of the total power when the impedance of the amplifier is matched
to that of the speaker.
Improper impedance matching can lead to excessive power loss, distortion, and noise
problems. The most serious problems occur when the impedance of the load is too low, requiring
too much power from the active device to drive the load at acceptable levels. On the other hand, the
prime consideration for an audio reproduction circuit is high fidelity reproduction of the signal, and
that does not require optimum power transfer.

On the input side, the amplifier can be made to have almost arbitrarily high input
impedance, so in practice a microphone sees impedance considerably higher than its own
impedance. Although that does not optimize power transfer from the microphone, that is no longer
a big issue since the amplifier can take the input voltage and convert it to a larger voltage - the term
currently used is "bridging" to a larger image of the input voltage pattern.
On the output side, a loudspeaker may still have a nominal impedance of something like 8
ohms, which formerly would have required having an amplifier output stage carefully matched to 8
ohms. But now with the active output circuitry of audio amplifiers, the effective output impedance
may be very low. The active circuitry controls the output voltage to the speaker so that the
appropriate power is delivered
Troubleshooting procedure of audio systems
Most audio system problems are a result of improper, defective, or wrongly connected
cables. Some problems also arise due to wrong equipment use or improper maintenance
Audio Troubleshooting
1. Shut down and restart the system. ...
2. Verify that all cables are connected, that the speakers have power and are switched on, that
the volume control is set to an audible level, that you haven't muted audio in Windows, and
so on.

5
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
3. Determine the scope of the problem.
How do you troubleshoot an audio system?
Fix sound or audio problems in Windows
• Check your speaker output. ...
• Run the audio troubleshooter. ...
• Verify that all Windows Updates are installed. ...
• Check your cables, plugs, jacks, volume, speaker, and headphone connections. ...
• Check sound settings. ...
• Fix your audio drivers. ...
• Set your audio device as the default device.
How do you troubleshoot a PA system?
Look for Common Explanations:
• The signal lead isn't plugged in, or has pulled free, or is connected in the wrong place. ...
• Something in the signal path has no power. ...
• Something is muted or not routed. ...
• Gain is too low. ...
• A cable is faulty. ...
• Equipment has failed.

Block diagram and working of MP3

Non-Functional Requirements:
 Should be dynamic.
 As in, you should be able to add more songs and play them
 Should be accurate.
 Audio should not sound distorted,
 Audio should not sound slower or faster when running on your system.

6
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
 Should be user friendly.
 User should be able to figure out how to use the device without a user manual.
 Product must be packaged in some enclosure. No wires can be vision for the project.
Functional Requirements
1. System must use the SJOne on board SD card to read MP3 audio files.
2. System must communicate to an external MP3 decoder
3. System must allow users to control the MP3 player (You may use the on board buttons for
this)
1. User must be able to play and pause of song
2. User must be able to select a song
4. System must use an external display to show a menu providing the following information:
1. Current playing song
2. Information about current playing song
3. Menu showing how to select a different song
4. (Not all of the above need to be shown on the same display)
5. System software must separate into tasks. EX: Display task, MP3 Read Task, Controller
Task etc...
6. System software must be threading safe always.
7. System software must use OS structures and primitives where applicable.
8. System software may only utilize 50% or less CPU
Prohibited Actions:
1. System MAY NOT use an external SD card reader embedded into MP3 device. YOU MAY
use an external SD card reader if your SD card reader is broken
2. Use of any external libraries (specifically Arduino) that drive the hardware you intent to use.
You must make the drivers from scratch for every part you make.
Permitted Action:
1. You may use the internal buttons for controlling the MP3 player.
2. You may use the 7-segment display and LEDs above buttons for debugging but not as the
main menu.
What are the parts of an MP3 player?
Specific components may vary, but here are the basic parts of a typical MP3 player:
1. Data port. 2. Memory. 3. Microprocessor. 4. Digital signal processor (DSP) 5. Display.
5. Playback controls. 6. Audio port. 7. Amplifier.

Explain the mp3 compression technique on the quality of the audio.

When sounds are digitized, the computer grabs all the sound and stores it as binary data. Even if
parts of the sound are beyond the range of human hearing, they're digitized anyway. MP3
compresses the file by removing any numbers representing sounds beyond the range of human
hearing.

What is the compression technique of MP3?

Concerning audio compression (the aspect of the standard most apparent to end-users, and for which
it is best known), MP3 uses lossy data-compression to encode data using inexact approximations
and the partial discarding of data. This allows a large reduction in file sizes when compared to
uncompressed audio.

What is the technique of audio compression?

7
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
Lossy audio compression transforms the signal into a frequency representation by employing
psychoacoustic models which remove information from the signal that is not perceptible to human
listeners (e.g., due to masking effects)..

What happens to sound quality when a file is compressed to MP3?

Compressing to lossy formats such as MP3s will use a lower audio bitrate—meaning you will lose
a good chunk of the audio file data. You'll get a much smaller file, making it easier to share and to
play or stream, but you'll also lose some of the overall sound quality.

What are the qualities of MP3?

The MP3 format can range from around 96 to 320Kbps, and streaming services like Spotify range
from around 96 to 160Kbps. High bitrates appeal to audiophiles, but they are not always better.
Keep in mind how your digital audio is going to have to contend with bottlenecks.

What type of file is an MP3 is it a form of compression?

MP3 is a widely compatible file format that highly compresses a file's size (although some quality
is always lost when saving a file as an MP3). If some compression is needed to maximize use of
storage space, but audio quality is still important.

What are the two types of audio compression?

Dynamic range compression can go one of two ways; downwards or upwards. Downwards audio
compression tames the amplitude peaks, while upward compression boosts the amplitude of lower
level signal. Most compressors react to an audio signal once a threshold is crossed.
What are compression techniques explain?
What is the compression technique in data compression?
There are broadly two types of data compression techniques—lossy and lossless. In lossy, the
insignificant piece of data is removed to reduce the size, while in lossless compression, the data is
transformed through encoding, and its size is reduced.

8
Dr. P S Manjunatha Open Elective Consumer Electronics
What are the two types of compression techniques?
What are the two types of data compression? There are two methods of compression – lossy and
lossless. Lossy reduces file size by permanently removing some of the original data. Lossless
reduces file size by removing unnecessary metadata.

What are audio compression and its types?

Audio compression (data), a type of lossy or lossless compression in which the amount of data in a
recorded waveform is reduced to differing extents for transmission respectively with or without
some loss of quality, used in CD and MP3 encoding, Internet radio, and the like.