1.

8 Introduction to Linear Transformations

Math 2331 – Linear Algebra

1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations

Jiwen He

Department of Mathematics, University of Houston

[email protected]
math.uh.edu/∼jiwenhe/math2331

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations

Matrix Transformations
Matrix Acting on Vector
Matrix-Vector Multiplication
Transformation: Domain and Range
Examples
Applications
Computer Graphics

Linear Transformation
Definition
Examples
Matrix Transformations

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations

Another Way to Vview Ax = b

Matrix A is an object acting on x by multiplication to produce a
new vector Ax or b.

Example
   
2 −4   −8
 3 −6  2 =  −12 
3
1 −2 −4
   
2 −4   0
 3 −6  2 =  0 
1
1 −2 0

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations

Matrix Transformations
Suppose A is m × n. Solving Ax = b amounts to finding all in
Rn which are transformed into vector b in Rm through
multiplication by A.

transformation
multiply by A
“machine”

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Transformation
Transformation
A transformation T from Rn to Rm is a rule that assigns to each
vector x in Rn a vector T (x) in Rm .

T : Rn −→ Rm

Terminology
Rn : domain of T Rm : codomain of T

T (x) in Rm is the image of x under the transformation T

Set of all images T (x) is the range of T

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example

Example
 
1 0
Let A =  2 1 . Define T : R2 −→ R3 by T (x) = Ax.
0 1
   
  1 0   2
2 2
Then if x = , T (x) = Ax =  2 1  = 5 
1 1
0 1 1

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example

Example
 
 2  
1 −2 3 2
Let A = , u =  3 , b = and
−5 10 −15 −10
1
 
3
c= . Define a transformation T : R3 → R2 by T (x) = Ax.
0
a. Find an x in R3 whose image under T is b.
b. Is there more than one x under T whose image is b.
(uniqueness problem)
c. Determine if c is in the range of the transformation T .
(existence problem)

Solution: (a) Solvefor x, or =

 
 x
3  1 
  
1 −2 2
x2 =
−5 10 −15 −10
x3
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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example (cont.)

Augmented matrix:
   
1 −2 3 2 1 −2 3 2
∼
−5 10 −15 −10 0 0 0 0

x1 = 2x2 − 3x3 + 2
x2 is free
x3 is free

Let x2 = and x3 = . Then x1 = .

 

So x =  

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example (cont.)

(b) Is there an x for which T (x) = b?

Free variables exist

⇓
There is more than one x for which T (x) = b

(c) Is there an x for which T (x) = c? This is another way of

asking if Ax = c is .
Augmented matrix:
   
1 −2 3 3 1 −2 3 0
∼
−5 10 −15 0 0 0 0 1

c is not in the of T .

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Applications

Matrix transformations have many applications - including

computer graphics

Example
 
.5 0
Let A = . The transformation T : R2 → R2 defined by
0 .5
T (x) = Ax is an example of a contraction transformation. The
transformation T (x) = Ax can be used to move a point x.
      
8 .5 0 8 4
u= T (u) = =
6 0 .5 6 3

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Applications (cont.)

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Linear Transformations
If A is m × n, then the transformation T (x) = Ax has the
following properties:

T (u + v) = A (u + v) = +

= +
and

T (cu) = A (cu) = Au = T (u)

for all u,v in Rn and all scalars c.

Linear Transformation
A transformation T is linear if:
1 T (u + v) = T (u) +T (v) for all u, v in the domain of T .
2 T (cu) =cT (u) for all u in the domain of T and all scalars c.
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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Linear Transformation: Definition

Every matrix transformation is a linear transformation.

RESULT
If T is a linear transformation, then

T (0) = 0 and T (cu + dv) =cT (u) +dT (v).

Proof:

T (0) = T (0u) = T (u) = .

T (cu + dv) = T ( )+T ( )

= T( )+ T( )

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example

Example
   
   1 0
1 0
Let e1 = , e2 = , y1 =  0  and y2 =  1 .
0 1
2 1
2 3
Suppose T : R → R is a linear transformation which 
maps e1
 
3 x1
into y1 and e2 into y2 . Find the images of and .
2 x2

Solution: First, note that

T (e1 ) = and T (e2 ) = .

Also
 
3
e1 + e2 =
2

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example (cont.)

Then
 
3
T =T( e1 + e2 ) =
2
T (e1 ) + T (e2 ) =

T (3e1 + 2e2 ) = 3T (e1 ) + 2T (e2 )

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example (cont.)

Also
 
x1
T =T( e1 + e2 ) =
x2

T (e1 ) + T (e2 ) =

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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example

Example
Define T : R3 → R2 such that T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (|x1 + x3 | , 2 + 5x2 ).
Show that T is a not a linear transformation.
Solution: Another way to write the transformation:
 
x1  
|x1 + x3 |
T   x2   =
2 + 5x2
x3
Provide a counterexample - example where T (0) = 0,
T (cu) =cT (u) or T (u + v) = T (u) + T (v) is violated.
A counterexample:
 
0  
T (0) = T   0  = 6=
0
which means that T is not linear.
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 1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations Matrix Transformation Example Linear Transformation

Matrix Transformations: Example (cont.)

 
1
Another counterexample: Let c = −1 and u =  1 . Then
1
 
−1    
|−1 + −1| 2
T (cu) = T   −1  = =
2 + 5 (−1) −3
−1

and
 
1    
cT (u) = −1T   1  = −1 = .
1

Therefore T (cu) 6= T (u) and therefore T is

not .
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