Cloud Definitions

• Definition from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)

– Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.
– This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five
essential characteristics, three service models, and four
deployment models.
 Cloud Definitions
• Definition from Buyya
– A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system
consisting of a collection of interconnected and
virtualized computers that are dynamically
provisioned and presented as one or more unified
computing resources based on service-level
agreements established through negotiation between
the service provider and consumers.
Properties and Characteristics
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Central Ideas
• Perspective from user :
– Users do not care about how the works are done
• Instead, they only concern about what they can get
– Users do not care about what the provider actually
did
• Instead, they only concern about their quality of service
– Users do not want to own the physical infrastructure
• Instead, they only want to pay as many as they used

• What dose user really care ?

– They only care about their “Service”
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Utility Computing

• One service provisioning model

– Service provider makes computing
resources and infrastructure
management available to the customer
as needed, and charges them for specific
usage rather than a flat rate.
– Like other types of on-demand
computing , the utility model seeks to
maximize the efficient use of resources
and/or minimize associated costs.
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
What Is Service?
• Service is what you connect together using Web Services.
• Service is the endpoint of a connection.
• Functionalities of service :
– A service should be well-defined
– A service should be self-contained
– A service should not depend on the context or state of other
services.
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
What Is Web Service?
• Definition :
– Web service is self-describing and stateless modules that perform
discrete units of work and are available over the network
– Web service providers offer APIs that enable developers to exploit
functionality over the Internet, rather than delivering full-blown
applications

• Web Services Description Language (WSDL) :

– Expressed in XML which include both data type and messages
– Four types of operations :
• One-way - Messages sent without a reply required
• Request & response - Sending and replying messages
• Solicit response - A request for a response
• Notification - Messages sent to multiple receivers
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Service Oriented Architecture
• Definition
– Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is essentially a collection of services
which communicate with each other
– Contain a flexible set of design principles used during the phases of
systems development and integration
– Provide a loosely-integrated suite of services that can be used within
multiple business domains
• Approach
– Usually implemented by Web Service model
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Quality Of Service
• Original definition
– Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of technologies for
managing network traffic in a cost effective manner to
enhance user experiences for home and enterprise
environments.

• Now QoS becomes to a broad term

that is used following areas :
– Customer care evaluations
– Technological evaluations
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Quality Of Service
• Customer care evaluations
– QoS is usually measured in terms of issues that have a direct
impact on the experience of the customer
– Only issues that produce a negative effect on the goods and
services received by the customer come under scrutiny

• Technological evaluations
– QoS has to do with the efficient operation of various systems
– This can lead to adjusting procedures or adapting software
programs and code to achieve the desired effect while making a
more efficient use of available resources
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Service Level Agreement
• Definition
– A service-level agreement (SLA) is a contract between a
network service provider and a customer that specifies,
usually in measurable terms (QoS), what services the
network service provider will furnish

• Common content in contract

– Performance guarantee metrics
• Up-time and down-time ratio
• System throughput
• Response time
– Problem management detail
– Penalties for non-performance
– Documented security capabilities
 Benefits From Cloud
• Cloud computing brings many benefits :
– For the market and enterprises
• Reduce initial investment
• Reduce capital expenditure
• Improve industrial specialization
• Improve resource utilization
– For the end user and individuals
• Reduce local computing power
• Reduce local storage power
• Variety of thin client devices in daily life
 FOR MARKET AND ENTERPRISES :
Reduce Initial Investment
• Traditional process of enterprises to initiate business :
– Survey and analysis the industry and market
– Estimate the quantity of supply and demand
– Purchase and deploy IT infrastructure
– Install and test the software system
– Design and develop enterprise specific business service
– Announce the business service to clients

• Some drawbacks :
– The survey, analysis and estimation may not 100% correct
– Infrastructure deployment is time consuming
– Enterprises should take the risk of wrong investment
 Reduce Initial Investment
• Initiate business with Cloud Computing services :
– Survey and analysis the industry and market
– Chose one cloud provider for enterprise deployment
– Design and develop business service upon cloud environment
– Announce the business service to clients

• Some benefits :
– Enterprise do not need to own the infrastructure
– Enterprise can develop and deploy business service in short
time
– Enterprise can reduce the business loss of wrong investment
 Reduce Initial Investment
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Investment Risk Enterprise takes the risk Cloud reduces the risk
Enterprise owns the Cloud provider owns the
Infrastructure
infrastructure infrastructure
Time duration Long deployment time Fast to business ready
 FOR MARKET AND ENTERPRISES :
Reduce Capital Expenditure
• Traditional capital expenditure of enterprises :
– Each enterprise should establish its own IT department
– IT department should handle the listing jobs
• Manage and administrate hardware and software
• Apply regular data backup and check point process
• Purchase new infrastructure and eliminate outdated one
• Always standby for any unexpected IT problems

• Some drawbacks :
– Enterprise pays for IT investment which is not its business focus
– Enterprise should take the risk of hardware/software malfunction
– Replacing and updating infrastructure is time consuming and risky
 Reduce Capital Expenditure
• Capital expenditure with Cloud Computing service :
– Enterprise can almost dismiss its IT department
– The jobs of IT department can be achieved by cloud
provider
• Dynamically update and upgrade hardware or software
• Dynamically provision and deploy infrastructure for enterprise
• Automatically backup data and check consistency
• Self-recover from disaster or system malfunction

• Some benefits :
– Enterprise can shift effort to its business focus
– Enterprise can reconfigure its IT services in short time
– Enterprise pays to cloud provider as many as the service
used
 Reduce Capital Expenditure
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Need to own its IT Cloud provider takes
Business focus
department care everything
Pay for all investment Enterprise pays as the
Payment
and human resource service used
Time duration Long establish time Fast to business ready
 FOR MARKET AND ENTERPRISES :
Improve Industrial Specialization
• Traditional industry and market :
– Every enterprise has to own its IT department
– IT resource is managed by enterprise themselves
– IT complexity should be well taken care by enterprise
themselves

• Some drawbacks :
– IT department is not the business focus of enterprise
– Most of enterprises do not well maintain their IT
resources
– Enterprise seldom optimizes their IT resource usage
 Improve Industrial Specialization
• Collaboration with Cloud providers :
– Cloud providers centrally maintain IT infrastructure for clients
– Cloud providers employ experts for management and
administration
– Cloud providers focus on providing reliable IT services
– Enterprises only rent the service they need and care

• Some benefits :
– Industrial specialization will be improved
– IT service performance will be optimized
– Enterprise business focus will be enhanced
– IT resource waste will be reduced
 Improve Industrial Specialization
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Enterprise needs to take Enterprise focuses on its
Collaboration
care everything own business
Enterprise works with Cloud provider applies
Management
poor manageability professional control
Relationship Stand alone enterprise Win-Win partnership
 FOR MARKET AND ENTERPRISES :
Improve Resource Utilization
• Traditional industry and market :
– Enterprise seldom takes care about IT resource
utilization
– Enterprise owns their IT resource without well
management
– IT resource usually over invested for peak demand

• Some drawbacks :
– Power and space utilization among enterprises are
wasted
– IT resources across enterprises cannot be shared
 Improve Resource Utilization
• Collaboration with Cloud providers :
– IT resources are centrically managed and optimized
• Cloud provider builds performance optimized hardware
• Cloud provider builds consolidated cooling system
• Cloud provider will consider the geographic issues
• Cloud provider will consider legal policy issues

• Some benefits :
– IT infrastructure can be shared among enterprises
– IT infrastructure performance and utilization can be
optimized
– Large-scale integrated optimization can be applied
 Improve Resource Utilization
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
IT Resource IT resource under Share to improve
Utilization utilized most of time utilization of IT resource
Power Waste power and Cloud system should be
Consumption cooling system global optimized
 FOR END USER AND INDIVIDUALS:
Reduce Local Computing Power
• Traditional local computing power requirement :
– One need to buy your own personal computer
– Buy powerful processor if you need intensive computing
– Buy large memory to meet application requirement
– Install plenty of applications in need

• Some drawbacks :
– One can hardly replicate the same system environment
– One needs to regularly update or upgrade software and
hardware
– One needs to reinstall all applications if you reinstall the
OS
 Reduce Local Computing Power
• Using Cloud Computing services :
– One can utilize the remote computing power in the cloud
– One needs only basic computing power to connect to
internet
– Application in the cloud will automatically upgrade

• Some benefits :
– One can access his/her applications anywhere through the
Internet
– One can dynamically request for computing power on
demand
– Application may need not to be reinstalled even reinstall
the OS
 Reduce Local Computing Power
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Hardware User needs to buy Only basic hardware to
Requirement powerful hardware connect to internet
Software Install application in No local installation
Requirement local computer requirement
Portability Hard to be portable Natively portable
 FOR END USER AND INDIVIDUALS:
Reduce Local Storage Power
• Traditional local storage power requirement :
– User programs and data files are stored in local devices
– User has to backup data regularly preventing hardware
damage

• Some drawbacks :
– Storage space may not enough for burst data requirement
– Storage space may be over needed which result in
resource waste
– Data consistency is hard to maintain between computers
– Need to sacrifice part of storage space for data backup
 Reduce Local Storage Power
• Using Cloud Computing services :
– User programs and data files are stored in the cloud
– Cloud service provider will guarantee the data availability

• Some benefits :
– One can dynamically allocate storage space on demand
– One can access data anywhere through the Internet
– No need to care about data consistency between
computers
– No need to care about data loss due to hardware damage
 Reduce Local Storage Power
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Limited to local disk, Dynamically allocated
Storage Space
may be under utilized on demand
Storage Data Difficult to maintain Data consistency
Consistency data consistency maintained by cloud
Availability Regular user backup Cloud service guarantee
 FOR END USER AND INDIVIDUALS:
Variety of End Devices
• Traditional computing resource :
– One can connect to the Internet by personal computer
– Only personal computer can deliver reasonable
computing power
– Small devices cannot perform incentive computation
due to their power and hardware limitation

• Some drawbacks :
– Computing power is not portable
– Small devices can only perform simplified works
 Variety of End Devices
• Devices collaborate with Cloud services :
– Device connects to the Internet through wireless network
– Device accesses cloud services through web service interface
– Device sends computing incentive jobs into cloud and wait
for results

• Some benefits :
– User can easily access cloud service through small devices
– User can access almost unlimited computing power
anywhere
– Small devices can be intelligently managed through cloud
 Variety of End Devices
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Computing Only accessed through Accessed through small
Power desktop computer smart devices
Functionalities was Shift computing incentive
Small Device
limited due to their jobs into cloud, and then
Intelligence
power consumption wait for results
Service Model Overview
 Infrastructure as a Service
• Infrastructure as a Service - IaaS
– The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing,
storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where
the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can
include operating systems and applications.
– The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,
deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select
networking components .
• Examples :
– Amazon EC2
– Eucalyputs
– OpenNebula
– … etc
 Platform as a Service
• Platform as a Service - PaaS
– The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created
using programming languages and tools supported by the provider.
– The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or
storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly
application hosting environment configurations.
• Examples :
– Microsoft Windows Azure
– Google App Engine
– Hadoop
– … etc
 Software as a Service
• Software as a Service - SaaS
– The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are
accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface
such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email).
– The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage,
or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception
of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
• Examples :
– Google Apps (e.g., Gmail, Google Docs, Google sites, …etc)
– SalesForce.com
– EyeOS
– … etc
 Deployment Model
• There are four primary cloud deployment
models :
– Public Cloud
– Private Cloud
– Community Cloud
– Hybrid Cloud
 Public Cloud
• Public cloud definition
– The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general
public or a large industry group and is owned by an
organization selling cloud services.
– Also known as external cloud or multi-tenant cloud, this
model essentially represents a cloud environment that is
openly accessible.
– Basic characteristics :
• Homogeneous infrastructure
• Common policies
• Shared resources and multi-tenant
• Leased or rented infrastructure
• Economies of scale
 Private Cloud
• Private cloud definition
– The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may
be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on
premise or off premise.
– Also referred to as internal cloud or on-premise cloud, a private cloud
intentionally limits access to its resources to service consumers that
belong to the same organization that owns the cloud.
– Basic characteristics :
• Heterogeneous infrastructure
• Customized and tailored policies
• Dedicated resources
• In-house infrastructure
• End-to-end control
 Public vs. Private
• Comparison :
Public Cloud Private Cloud
Infrastructure Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Policy Model Common defined Customized & Tailored
Resource Model Shared & Multi-tenant Dedicated
Cost Model Operational expenditure Capital expenditure
Economy Model Large economy of scale End-to-end control
 Community Cloud
• Community cloud
definition
– The cloud infrastructure
is shared by several
organizations and
supports a specific
community that has
shared concerns (e.g.,
mission, security
requirements, policy,
and compliance
considerations).
 Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid cloud definition
– The cloud infrastructure is a
composition of two or more clouds
(private, community, or public) that
remain unique entities but are
bound together by standardized or
proprietary technology that enables
data and application
portability (e.g., cloud bursting
for load-balancing between
clouds).
Cloud Ecosystem
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Distributed System:
• Virtualizations:
• Web 2.0:
• Service Orienting Computing:
• Utility Orienting Computing:
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Distributed System:
A distributed System is a collection of Independent
computers that appears to its user as a single
coherent system.
The Major milestones have led to Cloud Computing :
• Mainframe Computing:
• Clusters:
• Grids:
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Distributed System:
• Mainframe Computing:
Mainframe computers or mainframes also
known as "big iron" are computers used primarily by
large organizations for critical applications; bulk data
processing, such as census, industry and consumer
statistics, and enterprise resource planning; and
transaction processing.
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Distributed System:
• Cluster Computing:
A computer cluster is a set of loosely or tightly
connected computers that work together so that, in
many respects, they can be viewed as a single
system. Unlike grid computers, computer clusters
have each node set to perform the same task,
controlled and scheduled by software.
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Distributed System:
• Grids:
Grid computing is a processor architecture that
combines computer resources from various domains
to reach a main objective. In grid computing,
the computers on the network can work on a task
together, thus functioning as a supercomputer.
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Virtualization:
Virtualization in Cloud Computing is making a
virtual platform of server operating system and
storage devices. This will help the user by providing
multiple machines at the same time it also allows
sharing a single physical instance of resource or an
application to multiple users.
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Web 2.0:
The web is the primary interface (medium) through
which cloud computing delivers or provides its
services to everyone. ... So basically Web 2.0 is the
current state of online technology as it compares to
early days of the Web, it comprises by greater user
interactivity and collaboration and enhanced
communication channels.
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Service –Oriented Computing:
Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) is
the computing paradigm that utilizes services as
fundamental elements for developing
applications/solutions. Services are self-describing,
platform-agnostic computational elements that
support rapid, low-cost composition of distributed
applications.
 Role of Technologies in realization of
Cloud Computing:
• Utility –Oriented Computing:
The term Utility Computing refers to utility
computing technologies and business models, which
provides a service provider to its customers IT
services, and they charge you by
consumption. Examples of such IT services
are computing power, storage or applications.
 Cloud Computing Platform and
Technologies
• Amazon Web Services:
• Google AppEngine:
• Microsoft Azure:
• Hadoop:
• Force.com and SalesForce.com
• Manjrasoft Aneka