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STATISTICS

The document discusses key concepts in statistics including data collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation. It defines statistics, population and sample, and outlines the steps in a statistical inquiry. Descriptive and inferential statistics are introduced along with variables, scales of measurement, and methods for finding the mean, mode and median of grouped data.

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Carl Tyrone Dizon
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11 views4 pages

STATISTICS

The document discusses key concepts in statistics including data collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation. It defines statistics, population and sample, and outlines the steps in a statistical inquiry. Descriptive and inferential statistics are introduced along with variables, scales of measurement, and methods for finding the mean, mode and median of grouped data.

Uploaded by

Carl Tyrone Dizon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS

Statistics
-> a branch of Mathematics that deals with the collection, organization,
presentation, and interpretation of quantitative or numerical data.
-> Uses:
> Rates of birth/death
> projecting company income
> projecting World Market Trend
> etc.
Definition of Terms
1. Population
-> the totality of all objects under study
2. Sample
-> small part of population that serves as its representative.

Steps in Statistical Inquiry


1. Collection of Data
- process of gathering numerical information
> Ways of Gathering Data
a. interview method (direct method)
- QnA between interviewer and interviewee
- Face-to-Face or Online
b. questionnaire method
- respondent answers questions on paper
c. experiments
- laboratory / social experiments
d. observations
- observing a subject
e. documentary analysis
f. registration
- government agency informations
> Two Sources of Data
a. Primary data – collected by you
b. Secondary data – collected by others before you

2. Presentation of Data
- Process of organizing, classifying, and presenting data in tables or graphs.
> Ways of Presenting Data
a. textual method
- paragraph form
b. tabular method
c. graphical method
- Line graph, bar graph, pie graph, pictograph, map graph
3. Analysis of Data
- Describing the properties/behavior of the data or the possible correlation
of different quantities/variables.
- obtained after data summarization into measurements (ex. Averages)
4. Interpretation of Data
- Testing the significance of the results.

TWO SUB-AREAS / FIELDS OF STATISTICS


1. Descriptive Statistics
- techniques which are concerned with summarizing and describing numerical
data.
2. Inferential Statistics
- technique by which decision about a statistical population are made based
only on a sample having been observed or a judgement having been obtained.

VARIABLES
a. Qualitative
-> attributes or characteristics of a sample (quality)
b. Quantitative
-> numerical values (quantity)
1. Discrete – whole number (people, votes, etc)
2. Continuous – has decimals (height, length, width, etc.)

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal Data – ex. Color of skin, gender, nationality, religion
2. Ordinal Daa – ex. Honor ranking (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
3. Ratio – ex. Height, weight, length (has absolute zero)
4. Interval – exam results (no absolute zero)
MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
i f M (mid-point) fM
5-9 7 7 49
10-14 9 12 108
15-19 10 17 170
20-24 6 22 132
25-29 4 27 108
n = 36 ∑𝑓𝑀 = 567

𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝐿𝐿) + 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑈𝐿)


𝑀 (𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ) =
2
∑𝑓𝑀 567
𝑥̅ = = = 15.75
𝑛 36

𝑥̅ = 15.75

MODE OF GROUPED DATA


i f
11-22 3 𝑑1 = 19 − 11 = 8
23-34 5 𝑑2 = 19 − 14 = 5
35-46 11 𝑖 = |𝐿𝐿1 − 𝐿𝐿2 | = |11 − 23| = 12
47 − 46
47-48 19 𝐸𝐿𝐿 = = 46.5
59-70 14 2
71-82 6
83-94 2

𝑑1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡(𝐸𝐿𝐿) + [ ] 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙(𝑖)
(𝑑1 + 𝑑2)
8
= (46.5) + [ ] (12)
8+5
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 53.88

Steps
1. Find the greatest frequency (GF).
2. Subtract the GF to the value directly above and below it.
*Check the table class. If the arrangement is from low to high, the d 1 is the
number above the GF and the d2 is the number below it. Reverse if high to low.
3. Take two consecutive lower limits and subtract them to get your interval
4. Look for the class of the GF, subtract its LL by the UL of the class lower (in
value) to it and divide by (2) to get your ELL
5. Solve the equation.
MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA
i f cfb (cumulative frequencies - below )
3-5 2 2
6-8 7 9
9-11 15 24
12-14 8 32
15-17 3 35
n = 35

𝑛
2
−𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐸𝐿𝐿 + [ ]𝑖
𝑓
35
2
−9
𝑀𝑑 = 8.5 + [ ]3
15
𝑀𝑑 = 10.20

𝑖 = |𝐿𝐿1 − 𝐿𝐿2| = |3 − 6| = 3
9−8
𝐸𝐿𝐿 = = 8.5
2

STEPS
1. Begin with solving for (n/2). Upon obtaining its value, check the column for
cumulative frequencies and highlight the row with the closest value to (n/2). Also,
that would be your cfb
2. Fill in frequency from highlighted row
3. Look for the class of the highlighted row, subtract its LL by the UL of the
class lower (in value) to it and divide by (2) to get your ELL.
4. Take two consecutive lower limits and subtract them to get your interval.
5. Solve the equation

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