RAYMOND OFFICE 201803810

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

( NETWORK THEORY )
EEB 331

NAME: RAYMOND

SURNAME: OFFICE

STUDENT ID: 201803810

LAB 2: TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Objectives ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Theory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

 Equipment---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

 Procedure-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-5

 Results and analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-7

 Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

 Recommendations -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

 References --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

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INTRODUCTION
Capacitors and inductors are two of the three passive elements used in circuit design. These two
passive elements are not able to dissipate or generate energy, but can return stored energy into a
circuit. If we have a capacitor, inductor, and resistor placed in series or parallel with either a
voltage or current source we will form a RLC or second-order circuit. It is called a second-order
circuit because of the second-order differential required to solve for the voltage or current. One
of the most common uses for a second order circuit is tuning a radio frequency, such as an
AM/FM radio. Ideal capacitors do not have inductance or resistance, and cannot dissipate
energy, and ideal inductors do not have capacitance or resistance, and cannot dissipate energy,
even though in reality this is rarely the case[3].This report presents and discusses the results of an
investigation of time domains. The report is organised into eight sections. This introductory
section provides a very brief of description of the topic of investigation. In the second section the
objectives of the experiment are presented. In third section a review of theory and literature is
undertaken. In the fourth section the methodology used in the experiment is described. In the
fifth section the results of the experiment are presented. Finally, section six presents the
discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from the results.

AIMS OF THE EXPERIMENT

The aim of this experiment is:
a) To familiarise the student with the use of Multisim software circuit analysis.
b) To investigate transient and steady - state response of second order networks.

THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Time domain analysis ; time domain analysis refer to the analysis of electrical circuits based on
how voltages and current vary with time[3]. Time domain analysis gives the behavior of the
signal over time. Understanding time domain analysis help in filter design and communications
networks This allows predictions and regression models for the signal .
Transient response ;The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response that will die out
with time or is the response of a system to a change from an equilibrium or a steady state[3].
Steady state response ; is the behavior of the circuit a long time after an external excitation is
applied this state that is established after a certain time in the system[2].

The response can be classified as one of three types of damping that describes the output in
relation to the steady-state response.

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Underdamped An underdamped response is one that oscillates within a decaying envelope. The
more underdamped the system, the more oscillations and longer it takes to reach steady-state[1].
Critically damped A critically damped response is that response which reaches the steady-state
value the fastest without being underdamped[1].
Overdamped An overdamped response is the response that does not oscillate about the steady-
state value but takes longer to reach steady-state than the critically damped case. Here damping
ratio is greater than one[1].

Below is the graphical representation of damping in steady state response

Figure 1
EQUIPMENT
PC equipped NI Multisim Software .

PROCEDURE
The circuit in figure 2 below was connected on a computer using the multism software. The
simulation was ran for resistor R1 = 0.1Ω, 2.0Ω, 5Ω, 6Ω , 10Ω and 100Ω and the plots of each
simulation were saved.

Figure 2; circuit diagram

From figure 2 XFG1 is the function generator, and XSC1 is the oscilloscope
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 Oscilloscope settings:
Time division : 10 s/div
Voltage division
- Channel A : 20 V/div
- Channel B: 20 V/div
 Function Generator settings: Square waveform
Frequency: 1 mHz
Duty cycle: 50%
Amplitude: 10 Vp
Offset: 0 V

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Practical results
1. under damped case

Figure 3: Response with R=0.1Ω

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Figure 5: Response with R1=1.0Ω

From figure 3 above it shows that the signal wave appears above and below the reference (zero)
line before reaching the steady state.
2. critically damped case

Figure4a : Response with R1=6.0Ω

Figure4b : Response with R=7.0Ω

From figure4 the critically damped case was analyzed and two resistors were selected. It is seen
from the figures that the response reached the steady state fastest without having been underdamped.
3. Overdamped case

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Figure5a: Response for R1=25.0Ω Figure 5b: Response with R1=50.0Ω

From the above figure it is seen that it takes longer to reach steady state than the critical damped
case.

Sample Calculations
Calculation of resonant frequency:
For a series RLC Circuit: L=1H and C = 0.125F

= 1 = 0.45Hz
2 π √ 1 x 0.125
1.Underdamped case

Taking 0.1Ω resistor and 2.0 Ω and 5.0 Ω

α
¿
R
2 L
¿
0 . 1
2 × 1
¿
0 . 0 5
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ α
¿
R
2 L
¿
2
2 × 1
¿
1
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ α
¿
R
2 L
¿
5
2 × 1
¿
2 . 5
¿

Therefore .
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2.Critically underdamped case

Taking the 6Ω resistor

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α
¿
R
2 L
¿
6
2× 1
¿
3

Therefore damped.
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3.Overdamped case
α α
¿ ¿
R R
2 L 2 L
¿ ¿
10 100
2× 1 2× 1
¿ ¿
5 50

Therefore .
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DISCUSSION
As seen in the results and analysis above, the practical results matches with the sample
(theoretical) results, therefore showing that the experiment was accurate and precise. All the
graphs of each case matched the expected outputs. The multism software functioned perfectly,
no errors /challenges were encountered during the experiment.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As per the results and analysis, the objectives of the experiment were achieved. Multism
software was successfully used to simulate the time response circuit therefore its use was
effectively studied. Transient and steady state response for the second order circuit successfully
investigated.
It is recommended that the number of workstations be increased so as to avoid crowding in one
station and promote effective learning.

References

[1] linkedln writing, "SlideShare," 30 September 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.slideshare.net/ManthanKanani1/time-response-analysis-66594438. [Accessed 4
november 2019].
[2] M. S. Charles K, Fundamentals of electric circuits fifth edition, New York: Msgraw-hill,
2013.
[3] F. Thomas L, Principles of electric circuits ninth edition, New york: Pearson Prentice Hall,
2010.

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