Master of Science

in
Physics

Course Structure and Syllabus

For students admitted from academic year 2022-23 onwards
Under Choice Based Credit System
(Regulations:R22)

Department of Physics
Krishna University
Machilipatnam – 521 003
Andhra Pradesh
VISION
❖ To strive for all round development of students for attainment of scientific empowerment
both in teaching and research and self-reliant as well.
❖ To establish multi-institutional, interdisciplinary and international collaborations in thrust
areas of scientific research so as to acquire national and international recognition.
❖ To develop advanced characterization facilities for cutting edge research with a roadmap
towards the establishment of Centre for multifunctional nano-crystalline materials.
❖ To strive for transformation of laboratory research towards industrial scale so as to acquire
industrial collaboration and funding as well.
MISSION
❖ Dissemination of knowledge through research based teaching and learning processes with a
motive to inculcate strong research attitude in student community.
❖ Build good character and educate students so as to become enlightened individuals,
improving the living standards of their families and society.
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
❖ Develop the basic concepts in core areas of Physics, in particular, Classical, Statistical and
Quantum Mechanics, Mathematical Physics, Electromagnetic theory, Solid State Physics and
Nuclear & Particle Physics.
❖ Perform the General Physics, Basic Electronics, Solid State Physics and research oriented
experiments to inculcate the critical thinking with proper interpretation and analysis of results
with logical thinking.
❖ Develop the critical analysis and problem solving skills of students required in the application
of principles of Physics.
❖ Undertake small academic and/or research projects in the area of materials physics and write
/present a technical report/document.
❖ Prepare the students with a working knowledge of experimental/computational techniques
required to work independently.
❖ Strengthen student’s capability in organizing and presenting the acquired knowledge both in
oral and written discourse.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
❖ Acquire knowledge and understanding of fundamental concepts, principles and theories
related to the identified subject areas.
❖ Use computers/laptops effectively to solve problems through numerical methods and
simulations and to analyze the data through available software.
❖ Develop skills to interpret and explain the limits of accuracy of experimental data in terms of
significance and underlying theory.
❖ Demonstrate written and oral communication skills for dissemination of scientific results in
report, article, or oral presentation formats, which helps to develop his/her professional
development.
 COURSE STRUCTURE AND REQUIREMENTS FOR M.Sc. PHYSICS
(REGULATION: R22)

1 Title of the Course M.Sc. PHYSICS

2 Duration of the course 2 years (Four Semesters)

3 Eligibility criteria for The candidate seeking admission in to M.Sc. Physics course should
admission have passed a Bachelor’s Degree examination not less than three
years duration in any discipline with Physics at 10+2 level or should
have passed Bachelor’s Degree Examination not less than three
years duration in any discipline with Physics as one of the subjects.

4 Level of the Course Post Graduate

5 Mode of Admission The mode of admission is through APPGCET conducted by Andhra

Pradesh State Council of Higher Education or KRUCET conducted by
Krishna University.
6 Objectives of the The Objective of M.Sc. Physics course is to impart knowledge in
course basic concepts in core areas of Physics as well as recent advances
in Physics, training in experimental skills with an aim to develop
research in commercial and scientific applications.

7 Course Requirement The course shall include theory (core as well as non core, open
electives, specializations) papers, Laboratories, Assignments, Tests,
Seminars and /or Project Work.
8 Number of working In each semester at least ninety (90) working days must be
days dedicated for theory classes, practical classes and seminars/project
work.
 KRISHNA UNIVERSITY::MACHILIPATNAM
COURSE STRUCTURE FOR M.SC PHYSICS
UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
w.e.f. 2022-23 (R22 Regulations)
I SEMESTER
Course Code Course Name Teaching CORE Internal External No. of
Hours/ week Marks Marks Credits
L P T
22PHYC101 Classical Mechanics 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
22PHYC102 Mathematical Physics 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
22PHYC103 Atomic and Molecular 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
Physics
22PHYC104 Electronics 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
22PHYC105 Personality Development 3 1 0 Core 30 70 3
through Life Enlightenment
Skills
22PHYL101 General Physics – I 0 6 0 Core 30 70 3
22PHYL102 Electronics Lab 0 6 0 Core 30 70 3
TOTAL FOR FIRST SEMESTER 210 490 25

II SEMESTER

Course Course Name Teaching CORE / Internal External No. of

Code Hours/ week DSE/SEC Marks Marks Credits
L P T
22PHYC201 Statistical Mechanics 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
22PHYC202 Quantum Mechanics –I 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
22PHYC203 Solid State Physics 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
22PHYS204 Research Methodology& 3 1 0 SEC 30 70 3
IPR
DOMAIN SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSES (CHOOSE ANY ONE)
22PHYD201 Computational Methods 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
and Programming -
Matlab
22PHYD202 Applied Spectroscopy 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
22PHYD203 Photonics 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
LAB PRACTICALS
22PHYL201 General Physics – II 0 6 0 Core 30 70 3
22PHYL202 Computational Methods – 0 6 0 Core 30 70 3
Matlab
TOTAL FOR SECOND SEMESTER 210 490 25
nd
At the end of 2 semester, every student must undergo summer Internship/Apprenticeship/Project
work/Industrial training/Research based Project work for Six weeks and must prepare a report concerned as per
approved project guidelines, and submit the same to the University 14 days before the commencement of third
semester end examinations.
L – Lecture, T - Tutorial & P – Practicals
 III SEMESTER
Course Course Name Teaching
CORE / Internal External No. of
Code Hours/ week
ID/DS/ Marks Marks Credits
SE/OE/
L P T
MOOCS
22PHYC301 Quantum Mechanics –II 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
DOMAIN SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSES (CHOOSE ANY THREE)
22PHYD301 Electromagnetic Theory 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
22PHYD302 Lasers and Non linear Optics 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
22PHYD303 Condensed Matter Physics – I 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
22PHYD304 Thin Film Physics and 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
Technology
22PHYD305 Microprocessors and 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
Microcontrollers
22PHYD306 Optical System Design 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
LAB PRACTICALS
22PHYL301 Advanced Physics and Optics 0 6 0 Core 30 70 3
22PHYL302 Electronics IC – Version 0 6 0 Core 30 70 3
OPEN ELECTIVE (INTERDISCIPLINARY/MULTIDISCIPLINARY) COURSES (CHOOSE ANY ONE)
22PHYO301 Principles of Analytical 3 0 0 OEC 30 70 3
Instruments
22PHYO302 Introduction to nanomaterials 3 0 0 OEC 30 70 3
22PHYO303 Physics in every day life 3 0 0 OEC 30 70 3
TOTAL FOR III SEMESTER 210 490 25
IV SEMESTER
Course Course Name Teaching CORE/ID Internal External No. of
Code Hours/ week /DS/S/OE/ Marks Marks Credits
L P T MOOCS
22PHYC401 Nuclear and Particle Physics 4 0 0 Core 30 70 4
DOMAIN SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSES (CHOOSE ANY THREE)
22PHYD401 Analytical Techniques 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
22PHYD402 Advances in Materials 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
Science
22PHYD403 Condensed Matter Physics – 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
II
22PHYD404 Atmospheric Physics 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
22PHYD405 Quantum Field Theory 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
22PHYD406 Optical Materials Production 4 0 0 DSE 30 70 4
and Testing
LAB PRACTICALS
22PHYL401 Condensed Matter Physics 0 6 0 Core 30 70 3
Lab
ENTREPRENURAL & INNOVATION/IT SKILL RELATED TO DOMAIN SPECIFIC ELECTIVE
COURSES (CHOOSE ANY ONE)
22PHYS401 Optoelectronic devices 3 0 0 SEC 30 70 3
22PHYS402 Introduction to fiber optics 3 0 0 SEC 30 70 3
22PHYS403 Medical Physics 3 0 0 SEC 30 70 3
* CHOOSE MOOCs FROM SWAYAM/NPTEL SOURCES
22PHYM401 4
PHYP401- PROJECT WORK EVALUATION AND VIVA-VOCE 100 4
TOTAL FOR IV SEMESTER 180 520 30
L – Lecture, T- Tutorial & P – Practicals
Note: Students may be allowed to register and appear for MOOCS from the third semester itself. However, students are
to complete the MOOCS successfully and submit pass certificate of the same to the University through the Principal of
the College concerned for approval and endorsement of the same on grade cards and PCs and ODs as per the
regulations of the University.
 I SEMESTER

22PHYC101: CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Course Name Classical Mechanics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC101 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description

Classical mechanics (PHYC101) is introduced for describing the motion of macroscopic objects as well
as astronomical objects under the influence of a system of forces. It is concerned with the set of physical
laws describing the motions of bodies mathematically and is highly essential for the enhancing the logical
and analytical thinking of the students. For objects governed by classical mechanics, if the present state is
known, it is possible to predict how it will move in the future as well as how it has moved in the past. The
classical mechanics was based the foundational works of Sir Isaac Newton, and the mathematical
methods by Leibniz, Lagrange, Leonhard Euler, etc., in the 17th century. Later, more abstract methods
were developed, leading to the reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics
and Hamiltonian mechanics. They are used in all areas of modern physics.

Course Objective:
This course will provide to emphasize the mathematical formulation of mechanics problems and
to physically interpret the solutions.

Specific objectives include:

 To learn the Lagrangian, Hamiltonian and Hamilton-Jacobi formalism of simple classical
systems
 To impart the methods of solving central force problems and rigid body dynamics
 To impart knowledge on advanced concepts of the dynamics of system of particles.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Explain the concepts such as degrees of freedom, constraints, needed for Newtonian mechanics
and apply them to mechanical systems.
 Explain the concept of generalized coordinates, and understand the physical principle of
Lagrange and Hamilton's equations.
 Solve equations of motion for simple one and two body system and rigid bodies

Course Content:
UNIT-I: Newtonian Mechanics and Lagrangian mechanics
Newton’s laws, Mechanics of a particle: Conservation laws, Mechanics of a system of particles:
Conservation laws, Constraints, D’Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s equations, Velocity Dependent
potentials and the Dissipation function, L-C Circuit, Lagrangian for a Charged Particle Moving in an
Electromagnetic field.

Unit-II : Variational principles

Hamilton’s principle, Deduction of Hamilton’s equations from modified Hamilton principle, Derivation
of Lagrange’s equations from variational Hamilton‘s principle, Simple applications of the Hamilton
principle Formulation-Simple pendulum, Principle of Least Action.
UNIT-III: Canonical transformations
Legendre transformations, Equations of canonical transformation, Examples of Canonical
transformations, The harmonic Oscillator, Poisson brackets and other Canonical invariants, Equations of
motion, Infinitesimal canonical transformations, and conservation theorems in the Poisson bracket
formulation, the angular momentum Poisson bracket relations.

UNIT-IV: Hamilton – Jacobi Method

Hamilton – Jacobi equation of Hamilton‘s principal function, The Harmonic oscillator problem as an
example of the Hamilton – Jacobi Method, Hamilton –Jacobi equation for Hamilton‘s characteristic
function, Action – angle variables in systems of one degree of freedom.

UNIT-V: Dynamics of a rigid body

Independent coordinates of rigid body, The Euler angles, infinitesimal rotations as vectors (angular
velocity), components of angular velocity, angular momentum and inertia tensor, principal moments of
inertia, rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body, Symmetric bodies, Euler’s equations of motion for a
rigid body, Torque-free motion of a rigid body.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Classical Mechanics, H.GOLDSTEIN (Addison Wesley)2005.

2. Classical Mechanics, J. C.UPADHYAYA (Himalaya Publishing House)2010.
3. Classical Mechanics, Gupta, Kumar and Sharma, Pragati Prakashan, 2001
4. Classical Mechanics, G. Aruldass, PHI Learning Private Ltd, 2009
5. Introduction to Classical Mechanics, R. G. Takwale and P. S. Puranik, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006

22PHYC102: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

Course Name Mathematical Physics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC102 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Mathematical Physics (PHYC102) course is introduced to give emphasis on Special Functions, Laplace
and Fourier Transforms and complex variables as they have wide applications in solving the various
problems of physics, electrical engineering, optics, and signal processing. The mathematical methods are
developed for solving the problems in physics as well as formulation of physical theories and to inculcate
the mathematical vigor/rigor in the students.

Course Objectives:
This course will help students to develop knowledge in mathematical physics and its applications

Specific objectives include:

 To train the students about the special type of differential equations with their properties and their
solution
 To teach about basic properties of complex functions and related theorems
 Learn the fundamentals and applications of Fourier series, Fourier and Laplace transforms and
Tensor Analysis etc.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 To develop expertise in mathematical techniques required in physics
 To enhance problem solving skills
 To enable students to formulate, interpret and draw inferences from mathematical solutions

Course Content:
Unit-I: Special Functions
Beta and Gamma Functions – Definitions and properties – Evaluation of integrals- Legendre, Bessel,
Hermite and Laguerre differential equations – Solutions - Generating functions, Orthogonal properties of
Legendre, Bessel and Hermite Functions (Proof not necessary) –Recurrence relations.

Unit-II: Laplace Transforms

Definition and notation, Properties of Laplace transforms – First and Second shifting theorems - Change
of scale property - Laplace transform of derivatives - Laplace transform of integral, Laplace transforms
of Dirac delta function and Laplace transform of periodic functions (Square wave, saw tooth wave).
Inverse Laplace transforms: Definition, Null function, Properties, Solution of linear differential equations
with constant coefficients.

Unit-III: Fourier Transforms

Fourier series: Evaluation of Fourier coefficients, Half range series, Uses of Fourier series.
Fourier Transforms: Infinite Fourier transforms - Fourier sine and cosine transforms, Relationship
between Fourier transform and Laplace transform, Properties of Fourier transform and Problems. Finite
Fourier Transform - Fourier sine and cosine transforms, Fourier integral theorem.

Unit-IV: Complex Variables

Complex numbers and their algebra, Variables and Functions – Complex differentiation - Analytic
function - Cauchy – Reimann equations –Derivatives of elementary functions – Singular points and
classification. Complex integration - Cauchy’s integral theorem – Cauchy’s integral formula – Taylor’s
and Laurent’s theorem – Residues - calculations of Residues - Residue theorem –- evaluation of definite
integrals.

Unit-V: Tensor Analysis

Definition – Occurrence of tensors in physics – Notation and conventions - Contra variant vector -
Covariant vector – Tensors of second rank (mixed tensors).The algebra of tensors: Equality and null
tensor - Addition and subtraction of tensors - Outer product of tensors - Inner product of tensors –
Contraction of a tensor - Symmetric and anti-symmetric tensors - Quotient law – Fundamental tensor.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Special Functions, J.N. Sharma & R.K. Gupta (Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.)
2. Laplace and Fourier Transforms, J.K. GOYAL and K.P. GUPTA (Pragati Prakashan, Meerut).
3. Mathematical Physics, B.D. GUPTA (Vikas Pub.House).
4. Complex Variables, MURRAY R. SPIEGEL (Schaum’sOutlines).
5. Matrices and Tensors in Physics, A.W. JOSHI (Wiley Eastern Ltd.).
 22PHYC103: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Course Name Atomic And Molecular Physics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC103 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Atomic and Molecular Physics (PHYC103) course deals the interaction between matter and
electromagnetic radiation. It covers rotational, vibrational and electronic transitions responsible for
atomic and molecular spectra. The atomic absorption and emission spectroscopic techniques are
introduced for their wide applications in research and development, technology and medicine. A crucial
component of this course is to understand, the behaviour of the electrons that surround the atomic
nucleus, the way atoms and molecules interact with their environment.

Course Objectives:
This course will provide the application of quantum theory to atomic and molecular structure, and
the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and atoms and simple molecules

Specific objectives include:

 To learn principles, instrumentation and applications of atomic absorption and emission
spectroscopy.
 To educate the students about the fundamental aspects of molecular spectroscopy.
 To understand rotational, vibrational and electronic spectra of molecules and rationalize the role
of the molecular dipole moment.

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Understand the principle and applications of atomic absorption, emission spectroscopmeters.
 Identify the spectroscopic tools to investigate rotational, vibrational, electronic and structural
characteristics of materials.
 Students learn about rotational and vibrational energy levels of diatomic molecules and their role
in deriving properties of the molecules.
Course Content:
UNIT-I: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Introduction – Principle – Differences between Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Flame Emission
Spectroscopy– Advantages of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy over Flame Emission Spectroscopy–
Disadvantages of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy– Instrumentation– Single and Double beam Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopy––Applications of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.

UNIT-II: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Flame Photometry

Introduction – Theory of Emission Spectroscopy –Instrumentation –Spectrographs – Applications of
Emission Spectroscopy– Advantages and Disadvantages of Emission Spectroscopy– principle and
instrumentation of Inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) Principle and
Instrumentation of Flame Photometry –Applications of Flame Photometry

Unit-III: Rotational Spectroscopy

Introduction – Classification of molecules – Rotational spectra of a diatomic molecule – rigid rotator –
Isotopic effect in Rotational spectra–Intensity of rotational lines– non-rigid rotor – linear polyatomic
molecules – Symmetric top molecules. Moment of Inertia and bond lengths of linear tri-atomic molecule–
Microwave spectrometer. Applications of Rotational Spectroscopy - Microwave Oven.

Unit-IV: Vibrational Spectroscopy

Introduction – Diatomic molecule as simple harmonic oscillator – Anharmonic oscillator – vibrating
rotator - Energy levels and spectrum, Effect of isotopic substitution on vibrational bands, Sample
handling techniques– FTIR spectroscopy – Principle – FTIR Spectrometer - Applications of vibrational
spectroscopy

Unit-V: Electronic Spectroscopy of Diatomic Molecules

Introduction– Vibrational coarse structure– Vibrational analysis of band systems: Deslandres table –
Progressions and sequences information derived from vibrational analysis – Morse potential energy curve
– Frank-Condon principle – Rotational fine structure of electronic vibranic spectra- Fortrat Parabolae –
Dissociation – Predissociation.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Gurdeep Chatwal, Sharma Anand, Himalaya Publishing
House
2. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, G. Aruldhas, Prentice- Hall of India, Pvt, New Delhi,
(2014).
3. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. BANWELL and E.M. McCASH (Tata McGraw-
Hill - 2013).
4. Modern Spectroscopy, J.M. HOLLAS (John Wiley &Sons).
5. Molecular Spectroscopy, J.M. Brown, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford. (1998).

22PHYC104: ELECTRONICS
Course Name Electronics L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYC104 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Electronics (PHYC104) is designed to help the students in enhance the expertise in designing of
electronic circuits & integrated circuits and operation of electronic systems. This course comprises
subjects like Operational Amplifiers, Communication Electronics, Digital Electronics and
Microprocessor. This course deals with control of electron flow by amplification and rectification, which
has influenced highly the modern society. Practical applications started with the invention of the diode
and the triode in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages. They were
responsible for the electronics revolution of the first half of the twentieth century. They enabled the
construction of equipment that used current amplification and rectification to give us radio, television,
radar, long-distance telephony, broadcasting and communications, the music recording industry and
many more..

Course Objectives:
This course will provide mathematical and numerical background for design of electronics circuit &
component value in the different area of electronics system

Specific objectives include:

 To give an insight to the students about fundamental concepts, techniques and applications of
Op-amp.
  To introduce students to circuit designs and provide in-depth theoretical base of Digital
Electronics.
 To impart the principles of Digital electronic devices, Flip-flops, Counters and Electronics
communications, architecture and organization of microprocessors.

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Demonstrate operational amplifiers and their applications.
 Fundamental designing concepts of different types of Logic Gates, Minimization techniques etc
 Describe the architecture and organization of microprocessor along with instruction set format
Course Content:
Unit-I: Operational Amplifiers
Differential Amplifier – circuit configurations –- DC analysis – Ac analysis, inverting and non-inverting
inputs, CMRR, Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp-analysis. Op -Amp Architecture, Open loop
configuration inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Op-amp with negative feedback- voltage series
feedback – effect of feedback on closed loop gain, input resistance, output resistance,- voltage follower.

Unit-II: Practical Op-amps

Input offset voltage- input bias current-input offset current, total output offset voltage, CMRR frequency
response. Summing amplifier, Scaling and Averaging amplifiers, integrator and differentiator. Oscillators
principles – oscillator types –The phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, LC tunable oscillators –
Multivibrators- Monostable and astable –comparators – square wave and triangular wave generators-
Voltage regulators.

Unit-III: Communication Electronics

Introduction to communication system–Need for modulation – Amplitude modulation– Generation of
AM waves – Demodulation of AM waves – DSBSC modulation. Generation of DSBSC waves. Coherent
detection of DSBSC waves, SSB modulation, Generation and detection of SSB waves. Vestigial side
band modulation, Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).

Unit-IV: Digital Electronics

Combinational Logic gates- Decoder- encoders- Multiplexer (data selectors)-application of multiplexer -
De multiplexer (data distributors), Sequential Logic gates- Flip-Flops; the R-S Flip – Flop, JK Flip-Flop –
JK master slave Flip-Flops – T- Flip – Flop – D Flip – Flop , Registers; Buffer registers- Shift registers –
synchronous and asynchronous counters, application of counter.

Unit –V: Microprocessors

Introduction to microcomputers – Input /Output devices – ALU, Timing and Control Unit – registers
memory –– Pin configuration Description- Architecture and its operations – Address and Data Busses –
generating control signals – instruction set – addressing modes - assembly language Programs –looping,
counting and indexing – counters and timing delays – stack and subroutine.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Op-Amps & Linear integrated circuits, RAMAKANTH A.GAYAKWAD (PHI).
2. Electronic Communication Systems, George Kennedy (PHI)
3. Semiconductor Electronics, A.K.SHARMA (New Age International Publishers).
4. Fundamentals of Digital Circuits, A. ANANDA KUMAR, (PHI).
5. Digital principles and applications, MALVINO AND LEECH (TMH).
 6. Electronics: Analog and Digital, I.J. NAGARATH (PHI).
7. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085/8086, R.
S. GAONKAR (Wiley Eastern).
8. Electronic devices and circuit theory, R. BOYLESTED AND L. NASHLSKY (PHI).

22PHYC105: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH LIFE ENLIGHTENMENT

SKILLS

Course Name Personality Development Through Life L T P C IM EM TM

Enlightenment Skills
Course Code 22PHYC105 3 0 1 3 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Personality development is the development of your behavior patterns and attitude. It is the result of
where we are born, the circle we interact with and our personal temperament. Every person is different.
There are some characteristics traits that make you „you‟. Personality development through life
enlightenment course aims to help students identify negative behaviors which may be stopping them
from reaching their desired goals. This course will help students both in their personal and desired
professional life. The other purposes of personality development through life enlightenment course are
to enable you lead stress-free and healthier life, ethical decision making ability, enhanced confidence
level, and building a more pleasing personality.

Course Objectives:
The course aims to cause a basic awareness about the significance of soft skills in professional and
inter-personal communications and facilitate an all-round development of personality

Specific objectives include:

 Learn to achieve the highest goal happily.
 Become a person with stable mind, pleasing personality and determination.
 Learn to build positive attitude, self-motivation, enhancing self-esteem and emotional
intelligence
 Learn to develop coping mechanism to mange stress through Yoga and meditation
techniques
 Awaken wisdom among them.

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Develop their personality and achieve their highest goals of life.
 Lead the nation and mankind to peace and prosperity
 Develop a versatile personality
 Practice emotional self regulation.
 Develop a positive approach to work and duties
 Develop a versatile personality

Course Content:
UNIT- I: Introduction to Personality Development
The concept of personality - Dimensions of Personality – Theories of Personality development (Freud
& Erickson) – The concept of Success and Failure – Factors responsible for Success –Hurdles in
achieving Success and Overcoming Hurdles –– Causes of failure – Conducting SWOT (Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis.
UNIT- II: Attitude, Motivation and Self-esteem
Conceptual overview of Attitude – Types of Attitudes – Attitude Formation – Advantages/ Disadvantages
of Positive/Negative Attitude - Ways to Develop Positive Attitude.
Concept of motivation: Definition and Nature of Motivation/Motive – Internal and external motives –
Theories of Motivation – Importance of self- motivation- Factors leading to de- motivation.
Self-esteem - Definition and Nature of self-esteem – Do's and Don’ts to develop positive self- esteem –
Low self esteem - Personality having low self esteem - Positive and negative self esteem.

UNIT -III: Other Aspects of Personality Development

Body language - Problem-solving - Conflict Management and Negation skills - Decision-making skills -
Leadership and qualities of a successful leader – Character building -Team-work – Time management -
Work ethics – Good manners and etiquette – Emotional Ability/Intelligence – Dimensions of Emotional
Intelligence – Building Emotional Intelligence.

UNIT- IV: Neetisatakam-Holistic Development of Personality

Verses- 19,20,21,22 (wisdom) – Verses- 29,31,32 (pride and heroism) – Verses- 26,28,63,65(virtue)

Personality of Role Model – Shrimad Bhagwadgeeta

Chapter2-Verses 17, Chapter 3-Verses 36,37,42 – Chapter 4-Verses 18, 38,39 Chapter18 –
Verses 37,38,63

UNIT -V: Yoga & Stress Management

Meaning and definition of Yoga - Historical Perspective of Yoga - Principles of Astanga Yoga by
Patanjali – Meaning and Definition of Stress - Types of Stress - Eustress and Distress –Stress
Management – Pranayama- Pranayama: Anulom and Vilom Pranayama - Nadishudhi Pranayama–
Kapalabhati-Pranayama - Bhramari Pranayama - Nadanusandhana Pranayama – Meditation techniques:
Om Meditation - Cyclic meditation : Instant Relaxation technique (QRT), Quick Relaxation Technique
(QRT), Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) (Theory & Practical).

PRACTICAL COMPONENTS:
Students should identify different types of personality to know their own personality.
Students are to describe the characteristics of their personalities and submit the same for
assessment.
Students are to form in groups (a group consists of 4-6 students) to identify and write a brief
note on famous personalities of India and World.
Students are required to identify different types of attitudes and give any five examples of
each.
Students are expected to check their attitudes and develop ways to improve their attitudesat
work place and home.
Students are required to identify keys to self-motivation to achieve their goals.
Students are expected to identify at least seven types of body language and conduct
activities with the following:

S. No. Pose Possible Interpretations

1 Standing with your hands on your hips Aggressive, disgusted
2 Standing upright Confidence
3 Arms crossed on your chest Defensive
4 Resting your hand on your cheek Thinking
5 Touching or rubbing your nose Doubt, lying
6 Resting your head in your hands Boredom, tired
 7 Tapping your fingers Impatience
8 Biting your nails Nervous, insecure
9 Playing with your hair Insecure
10 Rubbing your eyes Disbelief, doubt

Conduct the following exercise to develop communication skills –Negotiation Skills and Empathy
Exercise: Card Pieces

In this activity, team members trade pieces of playing cards to put together completecards.

Uses-This exercise is useful for showing team members others' perspectives. It builds
communication and negotiation skills , and helps people to develop empathy .
People and Materials
 Enough people for at least three teams of two.
 Playing cards – use between four and six for each person.
 A private room.

Time -15 minutes.

Instructions:
1. Cut each playing card into half diagonally, then in half diagonally again, so you have four
triangular pieces for each card.
2. Mix all the pieces together and put equal numbers of cards into as many envelopes as you have
teams.
3. Divide people up into teams of three or four. You need at least three teams. If you're short of
people, teams of two will work just as well.
4. Give each team an envelope of playing card pieces.
5. Each team has three minutes to sort its pieces, determine which ones it needs to make
complete cards, and develop a bargaining strategy.
6. After three minutes, allow the teams to start bartering for pieces. People can barter on their
own or collectively with their team. Give the teams eight minutes to barter.
7. When the time is up, count each team's completed cards. Whichever team has the most
cards wins the round.

Advice for the Teacher/Facilitator

After the activity, ask your team members to think about the strategies they used. Discussthese
questions
1) Which negotiation strategies worked? Which didn't?
2) What could they have done better?
3) What other skills, such as active listening or empathy , did they need to use?

Conduct following Time management activity - Ribbon of Life

Take a colored ribbon length of approximately 1 meter/100 cm. and scissors.Start with the
following questions:
1. If the life span of an individual is say, 100 years. Consider that each cm represents one year.
The response will be that few live that long. Assuming a life of 75 to 90 years, cut 10 to 25 cm
off the ribbon, accordingly.
2. What is the average age of the participants sitting here, the response would be 25 to 30
depending on the group, in that case, cut another 25 cms of the ribbon and say that is gone you
cannot do anything.
3. What is left is 50 years? People will say, “Yes,” but the answer is NO.
4. Every year we have 52 weeks, that is 52 Sundays. If we multiply that by 50 years, it comes to
7.14 years. Reduce the ribbon by another 7.14 cm.
5. We also usually have Saturdays off, so reduce another 7. cms.
 6. Public/National holidays are 10 multiple with 50 years. That comes to another 1.5 years. Reduce
ribbon by another 1.5 cms.
7. Your casual leave, sick leave, and annual holidays approx. 40 days a year, multiplied by 50.
Cut off another 5 cms. Now you are left with about 29.5 years. But, the calculation is not over
yet.
8. You sleep an average of 8 hours daily; multiply that by 365 days and again by 50 years ( i.e.
122 days X 50 = almost 17 years). Cut off another 17 cm.
9. You spend time eating lunch, breakfast, snacks, and dinner total 2 hours daily (i.e. 30 days a
year X 50 years= 4 years or so). Cut off another 4 cm.
10. Last, let‟s figure we spend about 1 hour a day traveling from place to place for
activities and such. (that‟s about 2 more years). We‟re down to 6 (SIX ) years of life to make it
or break it.
 Exercise Decision making skills - Create Your Own
In this exercise, teams must create their own, brand new, problem-solving activity.
Uses:This game encourages participants to think about the problem-solving process. It builds skills such
as creativity, negotiation and decision making, as well as communication and time management. After the
activity, teams should be better equipped to work together, and to think on their feet.

What You'll Need

 Ideally four or five people in each team.
 A large, private room.
 Paper, pens and flip charts.

Time -Around one hour.

Instructions:
1. As the participants arrive, you announce that, rather than spending an hour on a problem-solving
team building activity, they must design an original one of their own.
2. Divide participants into teams and tell them that they have to create a new problem-solving team
building activity that will work well in their organization. The activity must not be one that they
have already participated in or heard of.
3. After an hour, each team must present their new activity to everyone else, and outline its key
benefits.

Advice for the Teacher/Facilitator:

There are four basic steps in problem solving : defining the problem, generating solutions,
evaluating and selecting solutions, and implementing solutions. Help your team to think creatively at
each stage by getting them to consider a wide range of options. If ideas run dry, introduce an alternative
brainstorming technique, such as brain writing . This allows your people to develop one others' ideas,
while everyone has an equal chance to contribute.
After the presentations, encourage teams to discuss the different decision-making processes they
followed. You might ask them how they communicated and managed their time . Another question could
be about how they kept their discussion focused. And to round up, you might ask them whether they
would have changed their approach after hearing the other teams' presentations.
 Students are asked to recite verses: 26,28,63,65 (virtue) of Neetisatakam-Holistic
development of personality.
 Students are asked to identify personality of role Mmodels from Shrimad Bhagwadgee taand
portray the roles of the same.
 Students are asked to practice Yoga and meditation techniques
Text and Reference Books:
1. Hurlock, E.B. Personality Development, 28th Reprint. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill,2006.
2. Gopinath,Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthanam P, Bhartrihari”s ThreeSatakam, Niti-sringar-
vairagya, New Delhi, 2010
 3. Swami Swarupananda, Srimad Bhagavad Gita, Advaita Ashram,Publication Department,
Kolkata, 2016.
4. Lucas, Stephen. Art of Public Speaking. New Delhi. Tata - Mc-Graw Hill. 2001
5. Mile, D.J Power of positive thinking. Delhi. Rohan Book Company, (2004).
6. Pravesh Kumar. All about Self- Motivation. New Delhi. Goodwill Publishing House.2005.
7. Smith, B . Body Language. Delhi: Rohan Book Company. 2004
8. Yogic Asanas for Group Training - Part-I: Janardhan Swami Yogabhyasi Mandal,Nagpur.
9. Rajayoga or Conquering the Internal Nature by Swami Vivekananda, Advaita Ashrama
(Publication Department), Kolkata.
10. Nagendra H.R nad Nagaratna R, Yoga Perspective in Stress Management, Bangalore,
Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashan.
Online Resources:
1. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc16_ge04/preview
2. https://freevideolectures.com/course/3539/indian-philosophy/11
 22PHYL101: GENERAL PHYSICS – I
(Minimum 10 experiments are to be done)

1. Determination of wavelengths of the spectral lines of mercury spectrum using Hartmann’s

dispersion formula-Grating
2. Determination of speed of sound in a liquid using ultrasonic interferometer
3. Characteristics of electromagnetic coils (a) by varying distance between the coils and(b) by
varying current
4. Measurement of band gap of semiconductor
5. Determination of dielectric constant of a liquid
6. Determination of Planck’s constant using photodiode
7. Characteristics of LED
8. |B – H Curve
9. Thermo electric power
10. Heat Capacity of solids
11. Lechers wire experiment
12. Determination of the thickness of a thin wire using laser
13. Diffraction grating – determination of wavelength of laser.
14. Two Probe Method for Resistivity Measurement
15. Any two online virtual lab experiments with in the syllabus have to be carried out (using
MHRD web resource).

22PHYL102: ELECTRONICS LAB

(Minimum 10 experiments are to be done)

1. Zener Diode as voltage Regulator

2. Verification of truth tables of various logic gates: AND, OR, NOR and NOT using NAND gate
and NOT gate.
3. Construction and verification of the truth tables for De Morgan’s theorems
4. Construction of half adder and full adder circuits and verification of their truth tables
5. Construction of multiplexer and de-multiplexer circuits and verification of their truth tables
6. Construction of Encoder and Decoder circuits
7. Verification of truth tables of R-S, J-K, flip-flops
8. R-C Phase shift oscillator
9. Astable Multivibrator using transistor.
10. Determination of practical op amp parameters
11. Wien’s Bridge Oscillator.
12. JFET based amplifier.
13. UJT-Characteristics
14. Op amp with more than one input – Inverting and non-inverting configurations.
15. Any two online virtual lab experiments with in the syllabus have to be carried out (using
MHRD web resource).
 II SEMESTER

22PHYC201: STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Course Name Statistical Mechanics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC201 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description
Statistical Mechanics (PHYC201) is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and
probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural
laws, but explains the macroscopic behavior of the nature from the behavior of such ensembles.
Statistical mechanics arose out of the development of classical thermodynamics, which successfully
explains macroscopic physical properties—such as temperature, pressure, and heat capacity—in terms of
microscopic parameters that fluctuate about average values and are characterized by probability
distributions. The Statistical mechanics introduces the statistical ensemble, which is a large collection of
virtual, independent copies of the system in various states. The statistical ensemble is a probability
distribution over all possible states of the system. In classical statistical mechanics, the ensemble is a
probability distribution over phase points, usually represented as a distribution in a phase space with
canonical coordinate axes. In quantum statistical mechanics, the ensemble is a probability distribution
over pure states,and can be compactly summarized as a density matrix.

Course Objective:
This course will provide to acquire the knowledge of various statistical distributions.

Specific objectives include:

 To review the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics to understand statistical
mechanics.
 Understanding the classical and quantum distribution laws and their relations
 To understand the principles of classical statistical mechanics and its applications to
compute the various micro and macroscopic properties of the matter through the
statistical probability laws and distribution of particles

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Understand different ensembles, their distribution functions and the corresponding
thermodynamic potentials.
 Knowledge on role of distribution of particles and energy within the available states on
properties of the matter.
 Knowing the possible states of the matter and energy exchange during the change in state
of the matter.

Course Content:
Unit-I: Basics of Classical Statistical Mechanics
Introduction, Microstates and Macro states, Phase space, Volume in Phase space, Ensembles-Types of
Ensembles, Ensemble average, Liouvilles theorem, Conservation of extension in phase, Equation of
motion and Liouville theorem, Equal a prior probability, statistical equilibrium.
Unit-II: Canonical and Grand Canonical Ensembles
Micro canonical ensemble – Ideal gas in micro canonical ensemble, Gibbs paradox, Canonical ensemble -
Ideal gas in canonical ensemble, Grand canonical ensemble - Ideal gas in grand canonical ensemble,
Comparison of various ensembles. Equipartition theorem.

Unit-III: Partition functions

Canonical partition function, Molecular partition function, Translational partition function, Rotational
partition function, Vibrational partition function, Electronic and Nuclear partition function, Application
of rotational partition function, Application of vibrational partition function to solids.
UNIT IV: Ideal Bose -Einstein Gas
Bose-Einstein distribution, Bose-Einstein condensation, thermodynamic properties of an Ideal Bose-
Einstein gas, liquid helium, Two-fluid model of liquid Helium II, Super fluid phases of 3He.

UNIT -V: Ideal Fermi-Dirac Gas

Fermi-Dirac distribution, Degeneracy, electrons in metals, Thermionic emission, Magnetic susceptibility
of free electrons, White Dwarfs, Nuclear Matter.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Statistical and Thermal Physics, S. LOKANADHAN and R.S. GAMBHIR(PHI).
2. Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Applications, S.K. SINHA (Tata Mc Graw-Hill).
3. Statistical Mechanics, GUPTA AND KUMAR (Pragati Prakashan, Meerut).
4. Fundamentals of statistical and Thermal Physics, F.REIF (Waveland Press, Inc.).
5. Statistical Mechanics, K. HUANG (John Wiley &Sons).

22PHYC202: QUANTUM MECHANICS – I

Course Name Quantum Mechanics – I L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC202 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Quantum Mechanics - I (PHYC202) course is intended to give insights to the students on origin of the
Quantum Mechanics. It arose gradually from theories to explain observations which could not be
reconciled with classical physics, such as the black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect etc.,. These
early attempts to understand microscopic phenomena, led to the development of quantum mechanics in
the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac and others.
Quantum mechanics describes the physical systems at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is
the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum
technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics differs from classical physics in that
energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities of a bound system are restricted to discrete
values (quantization), objects have characteristics of both particles and waves (wave–particle duality),
and there are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its
measurement, given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle). The modern theory is
formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. For example, a wave function
provides information, in the form of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's
energy, momentum, and other physical properties may yield.
Course Objectives:
This course will help students to understand the inadequacy of classical physics and the need for
quantum theory of radiation and matter.

Specific objectives include:

 To connect the historical development of quantum mechanics with previous knowledge and learn
the basic properties of quantum world.
 To apply the quantum formalism to study the angular momentum concepts
 To apply Schrodinger wave equation for various physical concepts.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Apply principles of quantum mechanics to calculate wave functions.
 Solve time independent & time dependent Schrodinger wave equation for simple potentials.
 Some standard approximation techniques such as time independent perturbation, Variational
method and WKB approximation for solving quantum static systems will be enlightened.

Course Content:
Unit- I: Schrodinger wave equation and potential problems in one dimension
Inadequacy of classical mechanics, Necessity of quantum mechanics, Postulates of Quantum Mechanics,
Physical interpretation of the wave function, Normalized and orthogonal wave functions, (i) Time
independent Schrödinger equation (iii) Time dependent Schrödinger equation, Expectation values of
dynamical quantities, Continuity equation, Ehrenfest theorem, Stationary states, One - dimensional
problems: Particle in a box, Potential step, Rectangular potential barrier, Linear Harmonic oscillator by
Schrodinger equation.

Unit -II: Linear Vector spaces and Operators

Linear Vector Space, Hilbert space, Linear operators: Momentum Operator, Hamiltonian Operator,
Hermitian operators and their properties, Parity Operator, Projection Operator, Inverse and Unitary
Operators, Eigen values and Eigen functions of an Operator, Dirac’s Bra and Ket notations, Uncertainty
relation between two operators, Commutator algebra.

UNIT-III: Equation of motion and Identical Particles

Equation of motion in Schrodinger’s picture and Heisenberg’s picture, Correspondence between the two,
Correspondence with classical mechanics, Application of Heisenberg’s picture to Harmonic oscillator,
The indistinguishability of identical particles, Symmetric and anti symmetric wave functions, Creation,
Annihilation operators and their properties.

Unit -IV: Time-independent perturbation

Time-independent perturbation theory: Non-degenerate perturbation theory - evaluation of first order
perturbation and second order perturbation - Ground state of Helium atom. Degenerate perturbation
theory-Effect of electric field on the n=2 state of Hydrogen (Stark effect in Hydrogen), Variation method
- ground state of Helium atom, WKB approximation method, Validity of WKB method.

Unit -V: Time dependent perturbation

Introduction, Time - dependent perturbation: General perturbations, variation of constants, and transition
into closely spaced levels – Fermi’s Golden rule, Interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic
radiation, Absorption and emission of radiation, Einstein transition probabilities, Sudden and adiabatic
approximation.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Quantum mechanics: Concepts and Applications, N. ZETTILI (John Wiley &Sons).
2. Quantum Mechanics : G. Aruldhas
3. Quantum Mechanics: D.J. Griffith, Prentice Hall
4. Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, R.D. RATNA RAJU (I.K. Int PubHouse).
5. Quantum Mechanics, L.I. SCHIFF(McGraw-Hill).

22PHYC203: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Course Name Solid State Physics L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYC203 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Solid State Physics (PHYC203) will enable the student to employ classical and quantum mechanical
theories needed to understand the physical properties of solids. It is the branch of physics that studies
how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-
state physics forms a theoretical basis of materials science. Many properties of materials are affected by
their crystal structure. This structure can be investigated using a range of crystallographic techniques,
including X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. The sizes of the individual
crystals in a crystalline solid material vary depending on the material involved and the conditions when it
was formed. Most crystalline materials encountered in everyday life are polycrystalline, with the
individual crystals being microscopic in scale, but macroscopic single crystals can be produced either
naturally (e.g. diamonds) or artificially.

Course Objectives:
The course conveys an understanding of how solid state physics has contributed to the existence of a
number of important technological developments of matter.

Specific objectives include:

 Introduce the students to solid state physics with a primary theme to study the basic theory of
structure, composition and physical properties of crystalline materials.
 Concepts like reciprocal space, Brillouinzones, structure determination by diffraction will be
explained correlating the structure & band structure of the crystals.
 To enhance the ability of students to understand electron and band theories

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Describe different types of crystal structures in terms of the crystal lattice and the basis of
constituent atoms
 Formulate the problem of electrons in a periodic potential, examine its consequence on the band
structure of
 Understand the behaviour of electrons in solids including the concept of energy bands and
effect of the same on material properties.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Introduction to crystallography
Periodic array of atoms- Lattice translation vectors, Basis and the Crystal Structure, Primitive Lattice cell,
Fundamental types of lattices-Two Dimensional lattice types, three Dimensional lattice types- Index
system for crystal planes- simple crystal structures; sodium chloride- cesium chloride – Hexagonal Close
Packed Structure -Diamond Structure- Zinc Sulfide structure

Unit-II: Crystal Diffraction and Reciprocal Lattice

Bragg’s law, scattered wave amplitude-Reciprocal Lattice vectors-Diffraction conditions-Laue Equations,
Brillouin Zones - Reciprocal lattice to SC lattice, BCC lattice and FCC lattices, properties of reciprocal
lattice, geometrical structure factor- BCC lattice and FCC lattices, atomic form factor.

Unit-III : Free Electron Fermi Gas

Energy levels in one-dimension, Free electron gas in 3 dimensions, Heat capacity of the electron gas-
Experimental heat capacity of metals, electrical conductivity and Ohms law - experimental electrical
resistivity of metals, Motion in Magnetic Fields, Hall effect, thermal conductivity of metals - Ratio of
thermal to electrical conductivity- Widemann Franz ratio.

Unit-IV: Fermi Surfaces of Metals

Reduced zone scheme - periodic Zone schemes- Construction of Fermi surfaces- Electron orbits, hole
orbits and open orbits, Experimental methods in Fermi surface studies – Quantization of orbits in a
magnetic field, De-Hass-van Alphen Effect, extremal orbits, Fermi surface of Copper. Fermi surface of
gold, Magnetic breakdown.

Unit-V: Band Theory of Solids

Failure of free electron theory of metals, Nearly free electron model-Origin of the energy gap-The Bloch
theorem- Kronig-Penney Model, wave equation of electron in a periodic potential-distinction between
metals, insulators and intrinsic semiconductors, Effective mass of electron- Crystal momentum of an
electron-Approximate solution near a zone boundary.
Text and Reference Books:
1. Solid State Physics, A.J. DEKKER (Macmillan).
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics, CHARLES KITTEL (John Wiley & Sons).
3. Introduction to Solid State Physics, ARUN KUMAR (PHI).
4. Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. SRIVASTAVA (PHI).
5. Solid State Physics, GUPTA and KUMAR (K. Nath & Co.)
6. Solid State Physic and electronics R.K.PURI & V.K BABBAR( S.CHAND)
 22PHYC204: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY& IPR

Course Name RESEARCH METHODOLOGY& IPR L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC204 3 0 1 3 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Research Methodology& IPR (PHYC204) course is aimed to develop research bent of mind (spirit of
inquiry) and impart research skills to the all Post graduate students. It also encompasses the series of
research methodology contents: from problem formulation, to design, to data collection, analysis,
reporting and dissemination. This course also covers intellectual property rights (IPR), and intended to
equip students with conceptual understandings of current scenario of IPR, and the practical issues
encountered in filing patents, trademarks and copyrights.

Course Objectives:
The objective of research is to find answers to the questions by applying scientific procedures. In
other words, the main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and has not yet been
discovered
Specific objectives include:
 To understand some basic concepts of research and its methodologies
 To develop an understanding of the basic framework of research process.
 To develop an understanding of various research designs and techniques.
 To identify various sources of information for literature review and data collection.
 Ability to write a research Proposal, report and thesis
 To demonstrate knowledge and understanding of IPR Filing and Rights
Course Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Understand some basic concepts of research and its methodologies
 Identify appropriate research topics
 Select and define appropriate research problem and parameters
 Demonstrate the ability to choose methods appropriate to research aims and objectives
 Have adequate knowledge on measurement & scaling techniques
 Have basic awareness of data analysis-and hypothesis testing procedures
 Prepare a project proposal (to undertake a project)
 Write a research report and thesis
 File Patents, Trademarks and Copy Rights

Course Content:
UNIT- I: Foundations of Research & Research Design
Meaning of Research – Definitions of Research – Motivation in Research – General Characteristics
of Research – Criteria of Good Research – Types of Research – Research Process – Research
Methods vs. Methodology – Defining and Formulating the Research Problem – Review of Literature –
Approaches to Critical Literature Review – Importance of Literature Review in Identifying Research
Gaps and Defining a Problem – Development of Working Hypothesis.

UNIT- II: Research Design, Sampling Concepts, and Data Collection Methods
Meaning, Significance and Characteristics of Good Research Design–Types of Research Design:
Exploratory, Conclusive Research and Experimental – Sampling Theory: Types of Sampling and Errors in
Sampling – Data Collection: Types of Data – Data Collection Methods and Techniques for Primary and
Secondary Data.
UNIT-III: Measurement & Scaling Techniques, Hypothesis Formulation and Testing, Overview of
Data Analysis and Report Writing
Basic measurement scales –Reliability & Validity – Definition and Types of Hypothesis– Hypothesis
Formulation and Testing Procedure – Overview of Data Analysis: Methods, Process and Types–Report
Writing: Significance of Report Writing, Different Steps in Writing Report, Layout of the Research
Report, Types of Reports, Oral Presentation, Mechanics of Writing a Research Report Precautions for
Writing Research Reports – How to Write a Research Proposal– Research Ethics, Conflict of Interest and
Plagiarism.

UNIT- IV: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Definition and Nature and Features of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) –Types of Intellectual Property
Rights – Procedure for Grants of Patents –Rights of a Patent – Scope of a Patent Rights-Licensing and
Transfer of Technology–Why protection of intellectual property is important? Enforcement of
IPR – Infringement of IPR

UNIT -V:Indian and International Scenario and New Developments in IPR

IPR Developments in India for the past Five Years – Development of IPR Laws in India – International
Cooperation on IPR – New Developments in IPR – Administration of Patent System –International
Patent protection – Case Studies in Indian and Global Contexts.

PRACTICAL COMPONENTS:
Students should identify different research problems with examples and describe the
characteristics of researchable problems in their academic
area/society/community/organization concerned.
Students are to form in groups (a group consists of 4-6 students) and conduct critical
literature survey with regard to the identified research problems and prepare a brief literature
review coupled with research gaps and working hypothesis.
Students are required to identify and develop good research design to address the defined
research problems.
Students are expected to write the research design on Exploratory and DescriptiveResearch.
Students are required to develop practical experience in writing a research proposal by
conducting a thorough critical review of any three research proposals (examples).
Students are expected to develop templates for technical report writing.
Students should conduct a team based mini research project, which is a unified and
practical case on a topic of their choice, with approximately 4-6 students per group.
Students are expected to identify types of plagiarism in academic research, and how to
avoid plagiarism in research.
Students are asked to identify and submit a brief report on Indian patents of International
repute.
Students are asked to write on Patent registration procedure, and visit Official website
ofIntellectual Property India https://ipindia.gov.in to know how to get IPR in India.
Students are asked to identity and summarise remedies available against the infringement of
intellectual property rights in Indian and global contexts.
Students are asked to submit any five examples of ethical issues in copyright and patents.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Garg, B.L., Karadia, R., Agarwal, F. and Agarwal, U.K., 2002, An introduction to Research
Methodology, RBSA Publishers.
2. Cohen, L. Lawrence, M., & Morrison, K. (2005), Research Methods in Education (5thedition).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Kothari, C.R., 1990, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New AgeInternational.
4. Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
5. Anthony, M., Graziano, A.M. and Raulin, M.L., 2009, Research Methods: A Process of
Inquiry, Allyn and Bacon.
6. Fink, A., 2009, Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. Sage
Publications.
7. Day, R.A., 1992, How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, Cambridge University Press.
8. Wadehra, B.L. 2000, Law relating to patents, trade marks, copyright designs and geographical
indications. Universal Law Publishing.
9. Coley, S.M. and Scheinberg, C. A., 1990, Proposal Writing, Sage Publications.
10. Carlos, C.M., 2000. Intellectual property rights, the WTO and developing countries: the
TRIPS agreement and policy options, Zed Books, New York.
11. Leedy, P.D. and Ormrod, J.E., 2004, Practical Research: Planning and Design, Prentice Hall.
12. Satarkar, S.V., 2000. Intellectual property rights and Copy right. Ess Ess Publications.

Important Websites:
➢ www.ipindia.nic.in - Intellectual Property Office, India
➢ www.patentoffice.nic.in – Patent office, India
➢ http://copyright.gov.in/ - Copyright Office, India
➢ ipr.icegate.gov.in – Automated Recordation & Targeting for IPR Protection
➢ http://www.icegate.gov.in- E- Commerce portal of Central Board of Excise and Customs
➢ www.ipab.tn.nic.in - Intellectual Property Appellate Board, India
➢ www.mit.gov.in – Department of Information Technology, India
➢ http://www.mit.gov.in/content/office-semiconductorintegrated-circuits-layout-designregistry
➢ Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Registry (SICLDR)
➢ www.plantauthority.gov.in – Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority, India
➢ http://nbaindia.org/ - National Biodiversity Authority
➢ www.nipo.in – The Indian IPR Foundation
➢ www.wipo.int – World Intellectual Property Organisation
➢ http://www.wto.org – World Trade Organisation
 22PHYD201: COMPUTATIONALMETHODS AND PROGRAMMING - MATLAB

Course Name Computational Methods and L T P C IM EM TM

Programming
Course Code 22PHYD201 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description
Computational Methods and Programming (PHYD201) introduces students to MATLAB programming,
and demonstrate it’s use for scientific computations. The basis of computational techniques is expounded
through various coding examples and problems, and practical ways to use MATLAB will be discussed.
Computational Methods brings to light the numerous uses of numerical methods in engineering. It clearly
explains the application of these methods mathematically and practically, emphasizing programming
aspects when appropriate. By approaching the cross-disciplinary topic of numerical methods with a
flexible approach, this course encourages a well-rounded understanding of the subject. This course
discusses the details of the numerical algorithms involved and also provides MATLAB code for their
implementation. Applications of numerical methods to various physical systems including nonlinear
systems and fractals are also discussed. The methods discussed and some of the examples are highly
useful to the students for solving problems.

Course Objectives:
The course is an introduction to the properties and computational implementations of basic methods of
scientific computing.

Specific objectives include:

 Students are expected to have a good working knowledge of computational methods and
programming
 Programming via MATLAB will be used to reinforce the fundamentals of the course as well as to
solve intractable/real-life problems.
 Programming will be done in MATLAB

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 To learn the basic principles of computer programming in MATLAB and SIMULINK
 To learn how to make use of the computing systems in the Schoo
 Appreciate the power of numerical techniques and computer-based solutions.

Course Content:
Unit – I: Introduction to MATLAB.
The MATLAB Environment, MATLAB Basics – Variables, Numbers, Operators, Expressions, Input and
output, Vectors, Arrays – Matrices

Unit – II: MATLAB Functions & Graphics

Built-in Functions, User defined Functions, Files and File Management – Import/Export, Basic 2D, 3D
plots, Graphic handling
Unit – III: Programming with MATLAB
Conditional Statements, Loops, MATLAB Programs – Programming and Debugging, Applications of
MATLAB Programming.

Unit – IV: Numerical Methods and their applications

Curve Fitting: Straight line fit, Polynomial fit, Numerical Integration and Differentiation: Trapezoidal
method, Simpson method. Linear and Nonlinear Equations: Eigen values, Eigen vectors, Solution of
linear algebraic equations using Gauss Elimination and LU decomposition, Solution of nonlinear
equation in single variable using Gauss siedal and Newton-Raphson method.

Unit – V: Ordinary Differential Equations

Introduction to ODE’s, Euler’s method, second order RungaKutta method, MATLAB ode45 algorithm
in single variable and multivariables. Transforms: Discrete Fourier Transforms

Text and Reference Books:

1. Agam Kumar Tyagi, “MATLAB and Simulink for Engineers”, OXFORD Higher Education.
2. Dr. Shailendra Jain, “Modeling& Simulation using MATLAB – Simulink”, Wiley – India.
3. Won Y.Tang, Wemun Cao, Tae-Sang Ching and John Morris, “Applied Numerical Methods
Using MATLAB”, A John Wiley & Sons.
4. Steven T. Karris, “Introduction to Simulink with Engineering Applications”, Orchard
Publications
5. “A Guide to MATLAB - for Beginners and Experienced Users”, 2nd Ed., Brian R. Hunt, Ronald
L. Lipsman, Jonathan M. Rosenberg, Cambridge University Press, (2006).

22PHYD202: APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY

Course Name Applied Spectrosscopy L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYD202 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Applied Spectroscopy (PHYD202) is the application of various spectroscopic methods for the detection
and identification of different elements or compounds to solve problems in fields like forensics,
medicine, the oil industry, atmospheric chemistry, and pharmacology. The spectroscopic methods are
useful in determination chemical bonds through their characteristic absorption frequencies or
wavelengths. This course covers the principles and use of Raman Spectroscopy, Fluorescence &
Phosphorescence Spectroscopy , Rare Earth Spectroscopy, High Resolution and Photon Spectroscopy
studies for structure determination. Studies will focus on the underlying theory of each technique along
with instrumentation and sample requirements.

Course Objectives:
This course is about practical applications of spectroscopic methods for structure elucidation of organic
molecules.

Specific objectives include:

 The aim of this course is to expose students to the principles and operation of the instruments
involved in spectroscopic methods
  To produce and train students for thriving career in chemical industry academics and research
institutions of repute.
 To train students in multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary areas in spectroscopy

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Use the various techniques to analyze and characterize substances within a laboratory
 Analyze data obtained from sophisticated equipments for elucidation optical and spectroscopic
properties of materials.
 Determine molecular structure using spectroscopic information

Course Content:
UNIT- I: Raman Spectroscopy
Introduction–Theory and instrumentation of Raman Scattering–Laser Raman Spectroscopy–Sample
Handling Techniques – Polarization of Raman Scattered Light – Single Crystal Raman Spectra– Raman
Investigation of Phase Transitions–Fourier Transform (FT) Raman Spectroscopy and its additional
advantages over the conventional Raman Spectroscopy, Significance of confocal Raman spectrometer,
Surface enhanced Raman Scattering-Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy

UNIT - II: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectroscopy

Introduction – Normal and Resonance Fluorescence – Intensities of Transitions – Non-radiative decay of
fluorescent molecules–Phosphorescence and the nature of the triplet state – Population of the triplet
state–Delayed Fluorescence –Excitation spectra–Experimental methods–Emission lifetime
measurements–Time resolved emission spectroscopy–Applications of Fluorescence and
Phosphorescence.

UNIT - III: Rare Earth Spectroscopy

Introduction –Intensity of absorption and emission bands – Oscillator strengths – Intra-configurational f-f
transitions –Selection rules –Electric and Magnetic dipole transitions–Judd-Ofelt theory and evaluation of
Judd-Ofelt parameters –Radiative transition probabilities of excited states of rare earth ions – branching
ratios, stimulated emission cross-sections –Non-radiative process –Energy transfer – Possible
mechanisms of energy transfer–Resonance energy transfer–Process of IR to visible upconversion –
Applications of rare earth doped luminescent materials.

UNIT – IV: High Resolution Spectroscopy

Introduction – Light detectors – Single photon counting technique –Phase sensitive detectors –Laser
optogalvanic spectroscopy – Matrix isolation spectroscopy – Laser cooling and its applications.

UNIT- V: Two Photon Spectroscopy

Introduction – Two photon absorption spectroscopy – Selection rules – Expression for the two photon
absorption cross section – Photo acoustic spectroscopy – Experimental methodology and applications to
Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine

Text and Reference Books:

1. Spectroscopy Straughan and Walker (vol. 2 & 3, John Wiley & Sons, 1976.
2. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy BY G. Aruldhas, Printice-Hall Pvt. Ltd. 2001.
3. Introduction to ligand fields, B. N. Figgis (Intersci. Pub. New York, 1966.
 4. Laser and Excited states of Rare Earths, R. Reisfeld and C.K. Jorgnesen, Springer-
Verlag, New York, 1977.
5. Optical Properties of Transparent Rare Earth compounds, S. Hufner, Acad. Press, 1978.
6. High Resolution Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas.
7. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Pub. 1983.
8. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Pub. 2001.
9. Opto Acoustic Spectroscopy and Detection, Yoh-Han Pao, Academic Press, 1977.

22PHYD203: PHOTONICS

Course Name Photonics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYD203 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Photonics (PHYD203) course deals with light generation, amplification, guiding, manipulation, and
detection for harvesting information. This course introduces some of the fundamental aspects of
photonics excluding generation and detection. Though covering all light's technical applications over the
whole spectrum, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-infrared light. The
photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the
early 1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s.

Course Objectives:
Photonics is a scientific and technical field that examines and employs light's characteristics and
interactions with matter

Specific objectives include:

 To develop theoretical and practical knowledge in photonics.
 To understand basic concepts of photonics at nanoscale
 To familiarize with the latest developments in photonics and its applications

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Learn the fundamental principles of photonics and light-matter interactions,
 Develop the ability to formulate problems related to photonic structures/processes and analyze
them, and
 Understand processes that help to manipulate the fundamental properties of light.

Course Content:
UNIT - I: Integrated Optics
Introduction–Planar wave guide–Channel wave guide–Y-junction beam splitters and couplers- FTIR
beam splitters – Prism and grating couplers –Lens wave guide – Fabrication of integrated optical devices
- Integrated photodiodes – Edge and surface emitting laser – Distributed Bragg reflection and Distributed
feedback lasers - Wave guide array laser.
UNIT - II: Optical Signal Processing
Introduction-Effect of lens on a wavefront, Fourier transform properties of a single lens, Optical transfer
function, Vanderlugt filter, Image spatial filtering, Phase-contrast microscopy, Pattern recognition, Image
de-blurring, Photonic switches, Optical transistor, Optical Gates- Bistable systems, Principle of optical
Bistability, Bistable optical devices, Self electro-optic effect device.

UNIT - III: Photonic Crystals

Basics concepts, Theoretical modeling of photonic crystals, Features of photonic crystals, Methods of
fabrication, Photonic crystal optical circuitry, Nonlinear photonic crystals, Photonic crystal fibers,
Photonic crystals and optical communications, Photonic crystal sensors.

UNIT - IV: Optoelectronic devices

Quantum well, Quantum dot and Super lattices; LED materials, Device configuration and efficiency,
Light extraction from LEDs, LED structures-single heterostructures, double heterostructures, Device
performances and applications, Quantum well lasers; Photodiode and Avalanche photodiodes (APDs),
Laser diodes-Amplification, Feedback and oscillation, Power and efficiency, Spectral and spatial
characteristics.

UNIT – V: Modulation of Light

Electro-optic effect, Pockels and Kerr effects, Electro-optic phase modulation, Electro-optic amplitude
modulation, Acousto-optic effect, Acousto-optic modulation, Raman-Nath and Bragg modulators:
deflectors and spectrum analyzer, Magneto-optic effect, Faraday rotator as an optical isolator.
Advantages of optical modulation.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Optical Guided Wave Signal Devices, R.Syms And J.Cozens. Mcgraw Hill, 1993.
2. Optical Electronics, A Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi,
1991
3. Fundamentals of Photonics, B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, John Willy and Sons,1991
4. Introduction to Fourier Optics, Joseph W. Goodman, McGraw-Hill, 1996.
5. Nanophotonics, P.N.Prasad, Wiley Interscience, 2003.
6. Biophotonics, P.N.Prasad, Wiley Publications, 2004.
7. Semi conductor opto electronics devices, P. Bhattacharya, Prentice – Hall of India,
New Delhi, 1995.
8. Electro-Optical devices, M.A. Karim, Boston, Pws-Kent Publishers, 1990
9. Optoelectronics: An Introduction, J.Wilson And J.F.B.Hawkes, Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi, 1996.
 22PHYL201: GENERAL PHYSICS – II
(Minimum 10 experiments are to be done)

1. Determination of Curie temperature of a Ferro electric crystal

2. Determination of molar refractive indices of organic liquids and comparison of the experimental
molar refractive indices with theoretical values
3. Study of the temperature variation of specific heat of graphite
4. Determination of the fill factor and efficiency of a solar cell by plotting I-V characteristic curve
for constant illumination
5. Forbidden energy gap of semiconductors
6. Determination of Hall coefficient and carrier concentration of the sample material.
7. Electron Spin Resonance
8. Determination of refractive index of liquids using hollow prism
9. Magnetic Susceptibility of a Paramagnetic Liquid (Quink’s tube)
10. Magneto resistance of a Semiconductor
11. DC Conductivity of ferrite material
12. Determination of elastic constants of glass (and Perspex) by Cornu’s interference method
13. Determine the radius of curvature of the Plano-convex lens by using Newton’s rings experiment
14. Determination of the size of the lycopodium particles by diffraction method using
Spectrometer method and b) Young’s method.
15. Any two online virtual lab experiments within the syllabus have to be carried out (using MHRD
web resource).

22PHYL202: COMPUTATIONAL METHODS - MATLAB

(Minimum 10 experiments are to be done)

1. Write a program for the multiplication of two matrices using arrays using MATLAB
2. Write a program for the Newton-Raphson method with necessary algorithm using MATLAB.
3. Write a Program for Trapezoidal Rule using MATLAB.
4. MATLAB program for Simpsons 1/3Rule using MATLAB.
5. MATLAB program for Euler’s Method
6. MATLAB program for Solution of first order differential equations using the Runge -
Kutta method
7. MATLAB program for Numerical integration using the Simpson’s method
8. MATLAB program for Bisection Method
9. Determination of Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a Square matrix using MATLAB
10. Determination of roots of a polynomial using MATLAB.
11. Determination of polynomial using method of Least Square Curve Fitting using MATLAB.
12. Determination of polynomial fit, analyzing residuals, exponential fit and error bounds from the
given data using MATLAB.
13. Determination of time response of an R-L-C circuit using MATLAB.
14. Any two online virtual lab experiments within the syllabus have to be carried out (using MHRD
web resource).
 III SEMESTER
22PHYC301: QUANTUM MECHANICS - II

Course Name Quantum Mechanics – II L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC301 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Quantum Mechanics - II (PHYC301) is a second course in quantum theory leads from quantum basics to
basic quantum field theory, and lays the foundation for research-oriented concepts. This course is aimed
to give insights on angular momentum, basic concepts of scattering cross-section & amplitude and to
solve simple problems on scattering besides relativistic quantum physics.

Course Objectives:
This course will help students to understand the Spin, angular momentum operators and Energy
levels of Hydrogen atom.

Specific objectives include:

 To understand the basic ideas of Advanced Quantum Mechanics.
 To apply the formalism to study the angular momentum concept and scattering of fundamental
particles.
 The methods of advantage of scattering theory in dealing with some special problems.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 The various notations and the Schrodinger &Heisenberg formalism of quantum mechanics.
 Know about the Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
 Understanding the Scattering theory

Course Content:
UNIT-I: Orbital angular momentum
Introduction, Orbital Angular momentum, commutation relations for angular momentum operator.
Ladder operators, Angular Momentum in spherical polar coordinates, Eigen value problem for L2 and Lz,
Eigen value problem for L+ and L- operators, Eigen values and Eigen functions of Rigid rotator and
Hydrogen atom.

Unit-II: Spin and Total Angular Momentum

Spin angular momentum, Pauli’s exclusion principle and connection with statistical mechanics, Pauli spin
matrices for electron, Commutation relations, Pauli operators, Pauli eigen values and eigen functions,
Total angular momentum J, Commutation relations of total angular momentum with components. Eigen
values of J2and Jz, Eigen values of J+ and J-, Explicit matrices for J, Jx, Jy & Jz.

UNIT-III: Scattering Theory

Scattering cross section, scattering amplitude, Partial waves, Scattering by a central potential: Partial
wave analysis, significant number of partial waves, Scattering by an attractive square well potential,
scattering length, Born approximation – Criteria for the validity of Born approximation. Scattering due to
screened coulomb potential, Form factor, Optical theorem, Low energy limit.
Unit-IV: Relativistic quantum mechanics
Klein - Gordon equation - continuity equation (probability and current density), Klein-Gordon equation
in the presence of electromagnetic field, Dirac equation for a free particle, Dirac matrices - properties -
probability and current density, Dirac equation in presence of electromagnetic field, Constants of motion
– Linear momentum – Total angular momentum (existence of electron spin), Velocity operator, Helicity
operator, Zitterbewegung operator.

Unit-V: Covariant notation

Covariant notation, covariance of Dirac equation, Invariance of Dirac equation under Lorentz
transformation, Pure rotation and Lorentz transformation, Charge conjugation, Hole theory, Projection
operators for energy and spin, Dirac equation for Zero mass and spin half particles.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Quantum mechanics: Concepts and Applications, N. ZETTILI (John Wiley &Sons).
2. Quantum Mechanics: Theory & Problems, KAKANI and CHANDALIA (S. Chand & Sons).
3. Physical Chemistry, PETER ATKINS (W. H. Freeman and Co.).
4. Quantum Mechanics: G. Aruldhas.
5. Quantum Mechanics: D.J. Griffith, Prentice Hall
6. Quantum Mechanics, E. MERZBECHER(Wiley).
7. Quantum Mechanics, L.I. SCHIFF(McGraw-Hill).
8. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J.J. SAKURAI(Pearson).

22PHYD301: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Course Name Electromagnetic Theory L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYD301 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Electromagnetic Theory (PHYD301) course is designed to review the fundamentals and application of
electromagnetic field theory. This course also enables the students to understand all Maxwell’s equation
in time varying field and their role in solving the problems related to electromagnetics. In this course the
students will also learn about waveguides, electric and magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole radiation
besides the relativistic electrodynamics.

Course Objectives:
The students will also be able to understand to solve real life problem related to electromagnetics.
Specific objectives include:
 To understand the importance of Maxwell’s equations in solving electromagnetic field problems.
 Learn about the fields produced by stationary and moving charged systems and propagation of
electromagnetic fields.
 To make the students learn about radiation from electric and magnetic dipole, and electric
quadrupole
Course Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Derive the electromagnetic wave equations from Maxwell’s equations and calculate the energy
carried by electromagnetic waves.
 The student should be able to measure the charge on a surface, calculate the energy stored in a
Electromagnetic field and intensity of energy crossing a point in EM field
 The student will be able to find out the modes propagating in rectangular wave guides and able to
understand about the transmission lines.

Course Content:
Unit- I: Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell’s equations in differential and integral forms, Electromagnetic waves in vacuum, Plane waves in
non-conducting media: Energy flux in a plane wave, radiation pressure and momentum, plane waves in
conducting media, the skin effect, Reflection and refraction of plane waves at a plane interface- Fresnel’s
laws; Reflection from the surface of a metal.

Unit -II: Wave guides

Introduction-Propagation of Waves between conducting Planes, Waves in Guides of arbitrary Cross-
section, Wave Guides of rectangular Cross –section, coaxial wave guide, Resonant Cavities, Dielectric
wave Guides.

Unit-III: Scalar and Vector Potentials:

Coulomb and Lorentz gauge, Wave equation for potentials: Hemiltonian in generalized potential form.
Field equations and their solution. Retarded potentials – Radiation from an Oscillating Dipole - Linear
Antenna.

Unit -IV: Electromagnetic radiation:

Lienard-Wiechert potentials, Potentials for a charge in uniform motion-Lorentz formula, radiation from
an acceleration charged particle at low velocity- Larmor formula, radiation from a charged particle
moving in a circular orbit, electric quadrupole radiation.

UNIT-V: Relativistic Electrodynamics

Review of special theory of relativity, Lorentz transformations-consequences, Minkowski four vectors,
energy-momentum four vector, covariant formulation of mechanics, Transformation of electric and
magnetic fields under Lorentz transformations, field tensor, invariants of electromagnetic field, covariant
formulation of electrodynamics. radiation from relativistic particles

Text and Reference Books:

1. Electromagnetics, B.B. LAUD (New Age InternationalPublishers)
2. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths (Pearson AddisonWesley)
3. Electromagnetic theory and Electrodynamics, SATYAPRAKASH (KNRN Ed.Pub.)
 22PHYD302: LASERS AND NON LINEAR OPTICS
Course Name Lasers And Non Linear Optics L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYD302 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Lasers and Non Linear Optics (PHYD302) course provides an insight on the principles of lasers and their
applications in various areas of science and industry. It also provides fundamentals of nonlinear optics
and interaction of light with matter. The non-linear behaviour is typically observed only when the electric
field of the light is comparable to the atomic electric field. Such fields can be obtained from lasers. In
nonlinear optics, the superposition principle no longer holds. This course is also emphasized on
fundamentals and applications of Holography and fiber optics.

Course Objectives:
Students will learn about the principles of lasers and their most important components, the
interaction of highly intensive light with matter
Specific objectives include:
 To understand the principles and operation of various kinds of lasers and their applications in
various areas of science and industry
 To understand the fundamentals of lasers and their role in non-linear optics, holography, fiber
optics.
 It also provides fundamentals of nonlinear optics and interaction of light with matter

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 The course provides students with a working knowledge of laser physics and provides
introduction into nonlinear optics and laser applications.
 Students should be familiar with the operation and construction of lasers- Know about the
properties of laser radiation
 Comprehend the basics of lasers and their applications in Hologrphy, Non-liner and fiber optics

Course Content:
Unit-I: Principles of Lasers
Introduction – directionality- brightness-monochromaticity-coherence–absorption and emission processes
- the Einstein coefficients - amplification in a medium - laser pumping Boltzmann’s principle and the
population of energy levels – attainment of population inversion - two level – three level and four level
pumping. Optical feedback: the optical resonator laser power and threshold condition confinement of
beam within the resonator – stability condition.

Unit-II: Lasers and Optical Processes

Laser output - Absorption and emission - shape and width of broadening lines – line broadening
mechanisms – natural, collision and Doppler broadening. Types of Lasers: Argon ion gas laser, Dye laser,
Nd: YAG laser, Semiconductor laser, Applications of lasers.

Unit-III: Nonlinear Optics

Basic Principles- Harmonic generation – Second harmonic generation- Phase matching – Third Harmonic
generation-Optical mixing –Parametric generation of light –Parametric light oscillator-Frequency up
conversion-Self focusing of light.
Unit-IV: Holography
Introduction to Holography-Basic theory of Holography-Recording and reconstruction of Hologram-
Diffuse object illumination-Speckle pattern – Frenel and Fourier transform Holography - Applications of
Holography

Unit-V: Fiber Optics

Introduction – total internal refraction –optical fiber modes and configurations-fiber types – rays and
modes- Step index fiber structures – ray optics representation - wave equations for step indexed fibers –
modal equation – modes in step indexed fibers – power flow in step indexed fibers. Graded indexed fiber
structure: Structure – Numerical aperture and modes in graded index fibers-Signal degradation in optical
fibers.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Laser and Non-Linear Optics, B.B. LAUD (New Age International Publishers)
2. Introduction to Modern Optics, GRANT R. FOWLES (Dover Pub Inc.).
3. Lasers and their Applications, M.J. BEESLEY (Taylor and Francis).
4. Optical Fiber Communications, GERD KEISER (Tata McGraw-Hill Book)

22PHYD303: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS – I

Course Name Condensed Matter Physics - I L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYD303 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks
Course Description:
Condensed Matter Physics (PHYD303) is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and
microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from
electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of
matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them. The diversity of systems and
phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary
physics. This course covers various kinds of crystal defects and their generation and influence on material
properties. This course is intended to understand the optical, thermal, and magnetic properties of the
solids.

Course Objectives:
The course covers crystal defects, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties of the solids.
Specific objectives include:
 To understand the various crystal defects and their generation and influence on material
properties.
 To understand optical, thermal and magnetic properties of solids
 To learn about various kinds of luminescence and lattice vibrations

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 To realize the importance of crystal defects.
 Formulate the theory of lattice vibrations (phonons) and use that to determine thermal
properties of solids
 This course will provide the deep understanding to elucidate the magnetic and optical
properties of crystalline solids
Course Content:
Unit-I: Crystal Defects
The structure of metals, lattice defects and configurational entropy – The number of vacancies and
interstitial as function of temperature, the formation of lattice defects in metals, interstitial diffusion in
metals, chemical diffusion in metals-Kirkendalll effect, Edge and screw dislocation, Estimates of
dislocations densities, The Frank -Read mechanism of dislocation multiplication.

Unit-II: Optical Properties

Optical and thermal electronic excitation in ionic crystals. The ultraviolet spectrum of the alkali halides;
excitons, Illustration of electron-hole interaction in single ions, Qualitative discussion of the influence of
lattice defects on the electronic levels, Non stoichiometric crystals containing excess metal. The
transformation of F centers into F’-centers and vice- versa, Photoconductivity in crystals containing
excess metal, Color centers resulting from excess halogen, Color centers produced by irradiation with X-
rays.

Unit-III: Luminescence
Introduction, Kinds of Luminescence, Excitation and emission, Efficiency of Phosphor, Decay
mechanisms, Thermo luminescence and glow, Thallium- activated alkali halides, the sulfide phosphors,
Electroluminescence.

Unit-IV: Lattice Vibrations and Thermal Properties

Elastic waves in one dimensional array of identical atoms. Vibrational modes of a diatomic linear lattice
and dispersion relations. Acoustic and optical modes. Infrared absorption in ionic crystals. Phonons and
verification of dispersion relation in crystal lattices. Lattice heat capacity – Einstein and Debye theories.
Lattice thermal conductivity-Phonon mean free path.

Unit-V: Magnetic Properties of Solids

Quantum theory of Para magnetism, Crystal Field Splitting, Quenching of the orbital Angular Momentum
Ferromagnetism Curie point and the Exchange integral, Saturation Magnetization at Absolute Zero,
Magnons, Bloch’s T3/2 law. Ferromagnetic Domains. Ferrimagnetisms. The structure of ferrites, The
saturation magnetization, Elements of Neel‘s theory.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Solid State Physics, A.J. DEKKER (Macmillan).
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics, CHARLES KITTEL (John Wiley &Sons).
3. Solid State Physics, GUPTA and KUMAR (K. Nath &Co.).
4. Solid State Physics, S.O. PILLAI (New Age International).
5. Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, Narosa, 2019, 3rd edition
 22PHYD304: THIN FILM PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY
Course Name Thin Film Physics and Technology L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYD304 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Thin Film Physics and Technology (PHYD304) course is aimed to know its role in the design and
development of miniaturised devices with higher speed in new generation of integrated circuits, which
requires advanced materials in the form of thin films and their new processing techniques. Thin films is a
two dimensional system, which is of great importance to many real-world problems. Its materials costs
are very small as compared to the corresponding bulk material and they perform the same function
similar to bulk counter parts. This course covers the fabrication, characterization and applications of thin
films.

Course Objectives:
Thin film research shares the knowledge from multi-disciplines (e.g., materials science, chemistry, solid
state physics, mechanics and etc.)

Specific objectives include:

 The course is aimed at equipping the students with the basic understanding of how thin films are
fabricated, characterized and their applications.
 To introduce nucleation and growth mechanisms of thin films based on thermodynamics and
molecular theory
 To familiarize with physics and techniques involved in the measurement and characterization of
thin films

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Gain knowledge over Vacuum technology and principle of vacuum pumps- various types of
vacuum pumps and their corresponding ranges.
 Gain knowledge about various physical fabrication methods of thin films like thermal
evaporation, Pulsed laser deposition, Sputtering, Epitaxy etc.
 Gain knowledge about various Chemical methods of fabrication like Oxidation, pyrolysis,
Various methods of chemical Vapour Deposition.

Course Content:
UNIT – I : Vacuum Technology
Fundamentals of vacuum, basic definition and pressure regions of vacuum, kinetic theory of gases mean
free path, types of flow, conductance, vacuum pumps and systems, rotary mechanical pump, roots pump,
diffusion pump, turbo molecular pump, sputter ion pump, measurement of vacuum, concept of different
gauges, capacitance gauges, Pirani gauge, ionization gauge and penning gauge, vacuum system
components and operation.

UNIT – II: Physical Methods of Thin Film Deposition

Thermal evaporation, resistive heating, flash evaporation, laser evaporation, rf-heating, co-evaporation,
electron bombardment heating, sputtering plasma, discharges and arc, sputtering variants, sputtering yield
low pressure sputtering, rf-sputtering, reactive sputtering, magnetron sputtering, magnetron
configurations, bias sputtering, evaporation versus sputtering.
UNIT – III: Chemical Methods of Thin Film Deposition
Electrodeposition, electrolytic deposition, electro less deposition, anodic oxidation, spray pyrolysis, spin
and dip coating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), homogenous and heterogeneous process, CVD
reactions, pyrolysis, hydrogen reduction, halide disproportionation, transfer reactions, CVD processes
and systems, low pressure CVD, laser enhanced CVD, metalorganic CVD (MOCVD).

UNIT – IV: Growth of Thin Films and Thickness Measurements

Introduction: nucleation and early stages of film growth, thermodynamic aspects of nucleation, capillary
theory, thin film growth modes Volmert, Weber (VW) growth, Frank-van der Merwe (FM) growth,
Stranski-Krastanov growth, thickness measurement, electrical methods, microbalance monitors, quartz
crystal monitor, mechanical method (stylus), optical interference methods, ellipsometry, interference
fringes.

UNIT – V: Characterization Methods of Thin Films

X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy
dispersive analysis, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Rutherford
backscattering spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry.

Text and Reference Books:

1. M. Ohring, Materials Science of Thin Films: Deposition and Structure, 2nd Ed., Academic Press (An
Imprint of Elsevier), 2002.
2. S. Campbell, The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication, 2nd Ed., OUP, 1996.
3. Kaufmann, Characterization of Materials, 2nd Ed., Wiley, 2003.

22PHYD305: MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

Course Name Microprocessors And Microcontrollers L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYD305 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Microprocessors And Microcontrollers (PHYD305) is essential course for students to know the
fundamentals and applications of the microprocessor and microcontroller systems. The student will be
able to incorporate these concepts into their electronic designs where control can be achieved via a
microprocessor/controller implementation. Microprocessors are used extensively in the design of any
computing facility. It contains units to carry out arithmetic and logic calculations, fast storage in terms of
registers and associated control logic to get instructions from memory and execute them. A number of
devices can be interfaced with them to develop a complete system application. On the other hand,
microcontrollers are single chip computers, integrating processor, memory and other peripheral modules
into a single System-on-Chip (SoC). Apart from input-output ports, the peripherals often include timers,
data converters, communication modules, and so on. The single chip solution makes the footprint of the
computational element small in the overall system package, eliminating the necessity of additional chips
on board. This course is started with a discussion on a simple microprocessor, 8085 and its architecture. It
will be followed by different microcontrollers and their hardware intricacies.
Course Objectives:
The Course will provide strong foundation for designing real world applications using microprocessors
and microcontrollers.

Specific objectives include:

 To understand the concepts of microprocessor and microcontrollers.
 To enable design and programming of microcontroller based system.
 To know about the interfacing Circuits.

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Gain good knowledge on microcontrollers and implement in practical applications
 Learn Interfacing of Microcontroller
 Get familiar with real time operating system
Course Content:
UNIT –I: Introduction Microcontroller
Introduction, Microcontrollers and Microprocessors, History of Microcontrollers and Microprocessors,
Embedded versus External Memory devices, 8-bit and 16-bit Microcontrollers, CISC and RISC
Processors, Harvard and Von Neumann Architectures, Commercial Microcontroller devices;MCS-51
family, Atmel Microcontrollers, PIC Microcontrollers.

UNIT –II: Interfacing I/O Devices

Introduction to I/O Interface, I/O Port Address Decoding, Programmable Peripheral Interfaces,
Programmable Keyboard Interface, Programmable Interval Timer, Programmable Communications
Interface,

UNIT –III: 8051 Microprocessor

8051 PIN Description, Connections, Parallel I/O Ports, 8051 Memory organization, Addressing Modes;
Register Addressing, Direct Addressing, Register Indirect Addressing, Immediate Addressing and Base
Register plus index register – Indirect Addressing, MCS -51 Instruction Set, 8051 Instructions, Simple
Programs.

UNIT- IV: 8086 Microprocessor

Pin Description, Operation Modes, Minimum Modes and Maximum Modes, Registers of Intel 8086,
Internal Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor, Segment Register and Memory Segmentation, Data
Registers, Pointer and Index Registers, Status Register, The Stack, Input/output Address Space,
Addressing Modes of the 8086.

UNIT- V: 8086 Microprocessor Instructions & Programming

The Instruction set of the 8088/8086, Data Transfer Instruction, Arithmetic Instructions, Logic
Instructions, Shift Instructions, Rotate Instructions, Flag Control instructions Compare Instruction Jump
Instructions, Subroutines and Subroutine – Handling Instructions, The Loop and Loop Handling
Instructions, Strings and String-Handling Instructions. Assembly Language programs of 8086
Text Books and Reference Books:
1. Microcontrollers Theory and Applications by Ajay V Deshmukh ,Tata McGraw Hill
2. The Intel Microprocessors by Barry B. Brey & C.R. Sarma, Pearson Education
3. Fundamental of microprocessor and microcomputer By B. Ram, Dhanpat Rai Publications
4. Muhammad Ali Mazidi : The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems
5. Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Application By Ramesh S. Gaonkar
 22PHYD306: Optical System Design
Course Name Optical System Design L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYD306 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Optical System Design (PHYD306) course covers the basic knowledge of optics and the flow of light
through an optical system. This course encompasses the various components of an optical system. The
course discusses the simple components of an optical system, including its light, lens, oblique beams, and
photophysical aspects. It then deals with the system’s projection, plane mirrors, prisms, magnifying
instruments, and telescope. Other components considered are the surveying instruments, mirror imaging
systems, photographic optics, and spectroscopic apparatus.

Course Objective:
 To learn and analyze the optical systems with ray tracing
 To analyze optical systems for and make corrections
 To judge the quality of optical systems by determining OPD, MTF and OTF
 To understand catadioptric systems

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Explain the concepts optical systems with ray tracing.
 Analyze optical systems for and make corrections
 Judge the quality of optical systems by determining OPD, MTF and OTF
 Understand catadioptric systems

Course content
Unit – I First order Optics
Ray Tracing of paraxial ray, graphical ray tracing, trigonometric ray tracing at a spherical surface,
Magnification and the Lagrange theorem, The Gaussian optics of a lens system, First order Layout of an
optical system.

Unit –II Aberrations

Symmetrical Optical system, Aberration detection using ray trace data, Spherical aberration, surface
contribution formulas, Zonal spherical aberration, Primary spherical aberration, Design of a spherically
corrected achromat, coma and sine condition, The optical sine theorem, The abbe sine condition,
Astigmatism and the coddington equations, The Petzval theorem, Curvature and distortion, Chromatic
aberration, Chromatic of a cemented doublet, Contribution of a single surface to the primary.

Unit – III Stops, Apertures, Pupils and Diffraction

The aperture stop and pupils, The field stop, vignetting, glare stops, cold stops, baffles, the telecentric
stop, apertures and image illumination – f number and cosine fourth, depth of focus, diffraction effects of
apertures, Resolution of optical systems.

Unit – IV Wavefront aberrations and MTF

Optical path difference: Focus shift, Optical path difference: spherical aberration, aberration tolerances,
image energy distribution (geometric), spread functions – point and line, geometric spot size due to
spherical aberration, The modulation transfer function, Square wave Vs Sine Wave targets, spherical
modulation transfer functions:diffracted limited systems, radial energy distribution, point spread
functions for the primary aberrations.

Unit – V Mirro and Catadioptric systems

Comparison of lenses and mirrors, ray tracing a mirror system, single mirror systems, single mirror
catadioptric systems, two mirror systems, multiple mirror zoom systems
Books:
1. Kingslake, R., Optical System Design, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 2010
2. Warren J Smith, Modern optical Engineering, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 2000
3. Optical System Design, Biljana Tadic-Galeb, Paul Yoder, and Robert, E.Fischer, McGraw Hill
Education, Second Edition, 2008
4. Principle of Optics, B.K.Mathur, Gopal Press, Second Edition, 1970

22PHYL301: ADVANCED PHYSICS & OPTICS

(Minimum 10 experiments are to be done)
1. Determination of numerical aperture and losses in optical fiber.
2. Determination of Rydberg constant using mercury spectrum
3. Determination of wavelengths of the spectral lines of mercury spectrum using Hartmann’s
dispersion formula-Prism
4. DeterminationofYoung’smodulusofatransparentmaterialbyNewton’srings
5. Determination of Cauchy’s constants using Prism
6. Viscosity of a liquid by Oscillating disc method
7. Characteristic curve of GM counter and estimation of its operating voltage
8. Laser diffraction
9. Study of Characteristics of LASER
10. Non-Destructive Testing – Ultrasonic
11. Comparison of the experimental and theoretical frequencies of band gaps of mono-atomic and
diatomic lattices.
12. Optical absorption coefficient of solutions
13. Analysis of Raman spectrum.
14. Study of interference of light (biprism or wedge film)
15. Any two online virtual lab experiments with in the syllabus have to be carried out (using MHRD
web resource).

22PHYL302: ELECTRONICS IC – VERSION

(Minimum 10 experiments are to be done)
1. Construction of mono stable multivibrator using IC 555 and tracing of output waveforms
2. Construction of astable multivibrator using IC555
3. IC 555 timer – Schmitt Trigger
4. IC 741 timer – Schmitt Trigger
5. Construction of Twin-T oscillator and to generate sine waveforms of different frequencies by
varying time constant
6. Construction of Colpitts oscillator circuit using IC 741 and determination of frequency by
varying both inductance and capacitance
7. Integrator using IC741
8. Differentiator using IC741
9. Astable Multivibrator using IC-741
10. Construction of Wien bridge oscillator using IC 741
11. Familiarization with pin configuration of typical OP-AMP IC 741 and its use as:
a) Inverting amplifier (b) Non-inverting amplifier,
12. IC 741 as (a) summing amplifier (b) difference amplifier
13. Construction of a) Low Pass Filter b) High Pass Filter C ) Band pass filter using IC741
14. Triangular wave generation using IC741
15. Any two online virtual lab experiments with in the syllabus have to be carried out (using MHRD
web resource).
 22PHYO301: PRINCIPLES OF ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Course Name Principles Of Analytical Instruments L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYO301 3 0 0 3 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
The Principles Analytical Instruments (PHYO301) course is aimed to give fundamentals of selective
instruments and their applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, clinical, food-processing laboratories, and
oil refineries. They are employed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about the presence or
absence of one or more components of the sample.

Course Objectives:
This course is designed to give the student an understanding in the operation and care of instruments
used in the chemical laboratories of industry
Specific objectives include:

 To understand the basic theory and principles of selective analytical instruments.

 To impart fundamental knowledge on gas chromatography and liquid chromatography.
 To understand the working principle, types and applications of NMR and Mass spectroscopy

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Understand the fundamental principles of selective analytical instruments used in medical
diagnosis, quality assurance & control and research studies.
 Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of the various instrumental methods and develop
critical thinking for interpreting analytical data.
 Understand the working principle, types and applications of NMR and Mass spectroscopy

Course Content:
UNIT -I: Spectrophotometry
Introduction - Beer-Lambert law – UV-Visible spectroscopy – Instrumentation, Essential parts of
spectrophotometer- Gratings and prisms – Radiant energy sources – filters – Photosensitive detectors-
Photomultiplier tubes -Atomic absorption spectrophotometry – Flame emission and atomic emission
photometry – Construction, working principle, instrumentation and applications.

UNIT -II: Chromatography

General principles –classification –chromatographic behavior of solutes– quantitative determination –
Gas chromatography– Liquid chromatography –High-pressure liquid chromatography – Applications.

UNIT- III: Lasers and Holography

Basic principles of lasers - Spontaneous and stimulated emission – Laser beam properties - Types of
lasers- Ruby laser-He-Ne laser - GaAs laser - Dye laser – Applications of Lasers, Introduction to
Holography –Recording and reconstruction of Hologram –Applications of Holography.

UNIT- IV: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry

NMR – Basic principles – Continuous and Pulsed Fourier Transform NMR spectrometer – Mass
Spectrometry – Sample system – Ionization methods – Mass analyzers – Types of mass spectrometry.
UNIT -V: Structure and Microscopic Techniques
X- ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, Powder X-ray Diffractometer - Basic principles, Instrumentation and
applications of Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Atomic force
microscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry and Thermo gravimetric analysis

Text and Reference Books:

1. Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J.A., Settle, F.A., Instrumental methods of analysis, CBS
publishing & distribution, 7th Edition, 2012.
2. Robert E. Sherman., “Analytical Instrumentation”, Instruments Society of America, 1996.
3. Khandpur, R.S., “Handbook of Analytical Instruments”, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Co.
Ltd.,2nd Edition 2007.
4. Ewing, G.W., “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis”, McGraw-Hill, 5th Edition reprint
1985. (Digitized in 2007).
5. Liptak, B.G., “Process Measurement and Analysis”, CRC Press, 5th Edition, 2015.
6. NPTEL lecture notes on, “Modern Instrumental methods of Analysis” by Dr.J.R. Mudakavi,
IISC, Bangalore.

22PHYO302: INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS

Course Name Introduction To Nanomaterials L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYO302 3 0 0 3 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Introduction to Nanomaterials (PHYO302) course is a broad and interdisciplinary one, which describes
the different physical and chemical methods for synthesis of different nanostructures and their
characterization through various tools and their applications in diverse fields. Nanomaterials are
cornerstones of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It has the potential for design and development of
miniature devices and products with enhanced efficiency and the range. It is already having a significant
commercial impact, which will assuredly increase in the future.

Course Objectives: The emphasis of the course is to gain knowledge about the nanomaterial and to
understand the physics of Nanomaterials in detail to explore the wide applications.

Specific objectives include:

 To learn about synthesis of nanomaterials by physical and chemical approaches.
 To learn about nanoporous and composite materials and their applications.
 To understand the lithographic process for the fabrication nanodevices.
Course Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Synthesis of nanomaterials and their size and shape dependent properties.
 Understand the functionalization of nanoparticles
 Fabricate the device structures using lithographic techniques.
Course Content:
UNIT – I: Introduction to Nanomaterials
Introduction and origin of Nanomaterials – Zero, One and Two dimensional Nanomaterials Quantum
confinement, Density of states, Dependence of dimensionality - Physical and chemical properties.

UNIT - II: Synthesis of Nanomaterials - Chemical Methods

Introduction to Bottom-up and Top-down approaches Sol-Gel Process– Self-assembly –
Electrodeposition – Spray Pyrolysis– Flame Pyrolysis–Metal Nanocrystals by Reduction– Solvothermal
Synthesis– Photochemical Synthesis–Combustion Method– Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

UNIT III: Synthesis of Nanomaterials- Physical Methods

Ball Milling – Inert Gas Condensation Technique (IGCT)–Thermal evaporation–Pulsed Laser Deposition
(PLD) – Sputtering – Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)–Microlithography– Etching.

UNIT - IV: Nano-Carbon

Carbon molecules and carbon bond - C60: Discovery, Synthesis and structure of C60- Superconductivity
in C60 - Carbon nanotubes: Fabrication – Structure – Electrical properties – Vibrational properties –
Mechanical properties – Applications (fuel cells, chemical sensors, catalysts).

UNIT - V: Nano Devices

Introduction – Nanofabrication – Photo-Lithography – Pattern transfer –Introduction to MEMS - Single
Electron Transistor – Solar Cells –Dye sensitized solar cells - Light Emitting diodes – Gas Sensors –
Microbatteries- Field emission display devices – Fuel Cells.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications – Edited by A.S.Edelstein and
R.C.Cammarata, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2002.
1. Introudction to Nanotechnology – Charles P.Poole Jr and Frant J.Owens, Wiley Interscience,
2003.
2. Nanopracticles from Theory to Applications edited by Gunter Schmid, Wiley VCH, 2004.
3. Nanoelectronics and Nanosystems by K.Goser, P.Glosekotter and J.Dienstuhl. (Springer).
4. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2012) T.Pradeep et al.,.
5. Nanoscale Science and Nanotechnology (John-Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2005) by R.W. Kelsall,
I.W.
6. Hamley and M. Geoghegan,
7. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials (Imperial College Press, London, 2004) by G. Cao,.
8. M. Wilson, K. Kannangara, G. Smith, M. Simmons, B. Raguse, Nanotechnology: Basic Science
and Emerging Technologies (Overseas Press, New Delhi, 2005).

22PHYO303: PHYSICS IN EVERY DAY LIFE

Course Name Physics In Every Day Life L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYO303 3 0 0 3 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description and Purpose:

Physics In Every Day Life (PHYO303) course is intended for students with little or no background in
Science. It introduces physics through a set of modules that closely connected to our everyday life.
Physics gets involved in your daily life after you wake up in the morning. The buzzing sound of an alarm
clock helps you wake up in the morning as per your schedule. The sound is something you can't see, but
hear or experience. Physics studies the origin, propagation, and properties of sound. The course also
describes the basics physics in transportation, sports etc.,

Course Objectives:
Students will make correct judgment/ decisions on physics related issues in their daily life based on basic
physics principles

Specific objectives include:

 It introduces physics through a set of modules that closely connected to our everyday life
 Explain physics related phenomenon using basic physics principles and terminology
 Makes a correct judgement/decisions on physics related issues in their daily life based on basic
physics principles

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Demonstrate ability to collect, process, and analyze scientific data
 Understand and apply Newton’s laws of motion to verbally and mathematically explain
various physical situations
 Understand and apply physical principles and laws that describe phenomena related to optics.
Course Content:
Unit – 1: Transportation
Concept of force, Inertia, Newton’s laws of motion, momentum, impulse - Law of conservation of linear
momentum and energy and its applications. Friction and its uses, various methods for reducing the
friction.

Unit – II: Optics

Transmit information, reflection, refraction, lenses (plano convex lens, plano concave lens, combination
of lenses, cameras, microscope, telescope, the eye, principles –types –applications of interference,
diffraction and polarization

Unit – III: Physics in Earth's Atmosphere

Sun, Earth's atmosphere as an ideal gas; Pressure, temperature and density, Pascal's Law and Archimedes'
Principle, Coriolis acceleration and weather systems, Rayleigh scattering, Red sunset, Reflection,
refraction and dispersion of light, Total internal reflection, Rainbow.

Unit – IV: Physics in Human Body

The eyes as an optical instrument, Vision defects, Rayleigh criterion and resolving power, Sound waves
and hearing, Sound intensity, Decibel scale, and temperature control.

Unit – V: Physics in Sports

The sweet spot, Dynamics of rotating objects, Running, Jumping and pole vaulting, Motion of a spinning
ball, Continuity and Bernoulli equations, Banana shot: Magnus force, Turbulence and drag.

Text Books:
1. University Physics by F. W. Sears, M. Zemansky, R. A. Freedman, and H. D. Young, Pearson
Education
2. Fundamentals of Physics by D. Halliday, R. Resnick, J. Walker, John Wiley & Sons
 IV SEMESTER

22PHYC401: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

Course Name Nuclear and Particle Physics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYC401 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Nuclear and Particle Physics (PHYC401) course describes the structure of nuclei—their formation,
stability, and decay. It aims to understand the fundamental nuclear forces in nature, their symmetries, and
the resulting complex interactions between protons and neutrons in nuclei and among quarks inside
hadrons, including the proton. Nuclei are are made up of protons and neutrons (hadrons) which determine
the element identity and isotope, and some of the radioactive processes. The hadrons are composites
particles made up of fundamental particles known as quarks and gluons and their interactions lead to the
strong nuclear force that provides the binding force to hold protons and neutrons near each other. Nuclear
Physics has numerous important applications in medicine, the military, materials engineering, industry,
biology, geology, and archeology.

Course Objectives: To impart knowledge about basic nuclear physics properties and nuclear models for
understanding of related reaction dynamics. Specific objectives include:
 To know the basic properties of nucleus and visualize the characteristics through different
nuclear models
 To understand nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors for generation of nuclear energy.
 To demonstrate the mechanism of particle accelerators and creation of novel particles.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Explain the basic parameters of nucleus and its nuclear structure through different models.
 Understand the characteristics of nuclear forces and the different nuclear model to calculate the
radioactivity decay process.
 Demonstrate the particle accelerators technologies and their role as nuclear medicine and detector
technologies.

Course Content:
Unit-I: Nuclear Forces
Characteristics of Nuclear Forces, Ground state of deuteron, neutron-proton scattering at low energies,
Proton – Proton scattering at low energies, Meson theory of nuclear forces (Yukawa’s Potential).

Unit-II: Nuclear Models

Weizsacker’s semi-empirical mass formula -mass parabolas- Liquid drop model– Bohr – Wheeler theory
of nuclear fission -Nuclear shell model, magic numbers, spin-orbit interaction, prediction of angular
momenta and parities for ground states, Collective model.

Unit-III: Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear reactors

Types of nuclear reactions and conservation laws, Nuclear cross section, Compound nuclear reactions –
Bhor’s theory, Resonance theory – Briet - Wigner one level formula. Nuclear fission reactions – Types of
fission -Distribution of fission products – Neutron emission in fission –Nuclear fusion and thermonuclear
reactions – Hydrogen bomb. Nuclear fission reactors, Nuclear chain reactions – Four factor formula, the
critical size of a reactor – General aspects of reactor design –Research reactors and Power reactors.

Unit-IV: Elementary Particle Physics

Classification of elementary particles-interactions, Conservation laws – Gell-Mann and Nishijima
formula, Elementary ideas of CP and CPT invariance, Properties of leptons, mesons and baryons –
Elementary particle symmetries (SU2 and SU3 symmetries) – Quark model – Higg’s particle –
Elementary ideas.

Unit-V : Particle Accelerators

Introduction, Classification of accelerators, Electrostatic accelerators – Cockcroft-Walton accelerator,
Van de Graff accelerator, Linear accelerators – Drift tube and Wave guide accelerators – Low energy
circular accelerators – Cyclotron and Betatron – High energy circular accelerators – Proton and electron
Synchrotrons and Microtron.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Nuclear Physics, D.C.TAYAL (Himalaya publishingCo.).
2. Introductory Nuclear Physics, KENNETHS.KRANE (JohnWiley&Sons).
3. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, HARALD A. ENGE (AddisonWesley).
4. Concepts of Nuclear Physics, BERNARD L.COHEN (McGraw-Hill).
5. Introduction to High Energy Physics, D.H.PERKINS (CambridgeUniversityPress).
6. Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. GRIFFITHS(Wiley-VCH).
7. Nuclear Physics, S.B.PATEL (Wiley Eastern Ltd.).
8. Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics, B.B. SRIVASTAVA (Rastogi Publications).

22PHYD401: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Course Name Analytical Techniques L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYD401 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Analytical Techniques (PHYD401) course is aimed to train the students the principles, basic theory,
instrumentation, and applications of selected analytical instruments. Analytical technique is a method that
is used to determine a chemical or physical property of a material. There are a wide variety of techniques
used for analysis, using highly specialized instrumentation. Analytical Techniques are the methods used
for the qualitative and quantitative determination of concentration of a compound by using various like,
spectroscopic techniques (NMR, ESR, NQR, Mossbauer etc., )

Course Objectives:
Students will understand that analytical instruments are the complex tools whose utility depends in detail
on how analysts both configure and apply them.

Specific objectives include:

 The primary objectives of this course are to develop the skills to understand the basic theory and
principle of analytical techniques.
 To provide scientific understanding of analytical techniques and detail interpretation of results.
 To develop critical thinking for interpreting analytical data.
Course Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Explain the theoretical aspects of various analytical techniques and instruments.
 Learn the skills to prepare standard solution, samples and analysis of the samples using these
techniques.
 Undertake the correct sample preparation and characterization prior to analysis by the chosen
techniques or instruments

Course Content:
Unit-I: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Nuclear spin and magnetic moment, theory of NMR, chemical shift, Relaxation mechanisms, Spin-lattice
(T1), spin-spin (T2) relaxation times by pulse methods, Bloch equations, Theory of relaxation
mechanisms for spin ½ nuclei, Proton NMR, Carbon-13 NMR and Experimental methods, CW NMR
spectrometer and applications.

Unit-II: Electron Spin Resonance

Magnetic moment of an electron, two states of an electron in a magnetic field, ESR theory- Spin-spin
interaction, Spin-lattice interaction - Hyperfine interaction-g factor, Characteristics of g and A values,
Line widths and Intensities, Relaxation effects, Experimental methods –ESR Spectrometer and
applications.

Unit-III: Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance spectroscopy, fundamental requirements of NQR spectroscopy, General
principles, Integral spins and Half integral spins, Experimental detection of NQR frequencies, Block
diagram of NQR spectrometer – Experimental methods of SR oscillator, CW oscillator, pulse methods.

Unit-IV: Electron Spectroscopy

Photo electron spectroscopy- theory- Instrumentation- Applications, Energy Dispersive Spectra (EDS),
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron
Spectroscope, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermal
Gravimetric Analysis.

Unit-V: Mossbauer Spectroscopy

The Mossbauer Effect, Recoilless Emission and Absorption, The Mossbauer Spectrometer, Experimental
methods, Chemical shift, Quadrupole interaction, Magnetic Hyperfine interactions and applications.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, E.R. ANDREW (Cambridge UniversityPress).
2. Spectroscopy, B.P. STRANGHAN and S. WALKER, Volume-I (John Wiley & Sons).
3. Pulse and Fourier Transform NMR, T.C. FARRAR and E.D. BECKER, (AcademicPress).
4. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, G. ARULDAS (Prentice Hall ofIndia).
5. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy, RAYMOND CHANG (McGrawHill).
6. Mossbauer Effect and Its Applications, V.G. BHIDE (McGrawHill).
 22PHYD402: ADVANCES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE

Course Name Advances in Materials Science L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYD402 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description and Purpose:

The Course Advances in Materials Science (PHYD402) is focussed to equip the students with knowledge
and understanding of the key structural properties of different classes of materials. Students will gain
skills in characterisation of materials. Materials science is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field that
aims to understand the fundamental properties of materials. Materials science has broad applications
across technology, healthcare, engineering and environmental science. As an interdisciplinary science,
materials science draws on the cognate disciplines of chemistry, physics and engineering to equip the
students with a broad skillset. This advanced course includes mini projects, equipping the students with
the required skills and knowledge of the scientific, technical, and societal aspects of materials to be
highly competitive in the rapidly expanding materials science industry.

Course Objectives: The principles and theory of a range of methods as well as modelling tools,
applicable to a broad spectrum of materials types at different length scales be enlightened.

Specific objectives include:

 To know about different types of advanced and functional materials.
 To understand the structure, properties and applications of these materials
 To understand the characterization, properties and processing and design of these materials.
Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Students will be able to understand the utility of these materials in daily life.
 Students will be able to select materials for design and construction in further related studies
 Students can pursue this course as a research oriented program
Course Content:
Unit-I: Classification of Materials
Introduction, structure of materials, bonding in solids, Types of materials, Metals, Ceramics (and glasses)
polymers, composites, semiconductors. Metals and alloys: Phase diagrams of single component, binary
and ternary systems, diffusion, nucleation and growth-Mechanical Properties. Metallic Glasses.
Preparation, structure and properties like electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical, applications.

Unit-II: Glasses
The glass transition - Glass formation, Types of glasses. Theories of glass transition-Factors that
determine the glass transition temperature - Glass forming systems and ease of glass formation -
Preparation of glass materials-Applications of Glasses: Electronic applications, electrochemical
applications, optical applications, and Magnetic applications.

Unit-III: Biomaterials - Implant materials:

Introduction to biomaterials for biomedical applications, Chemical structure and property of biomaterials,
Preparation. Stainless steels and its alloys, Ti and Ti based alloys, Ceramic implant materials;
Hydroxyapatite glass ceramics, Carbon Implant materials, Polymeric Implant materials, Soft tissue
replacement implants: Sutures, Surgical tapes and adhesives, heart valve implants, artificial organs, Hard
Tissue replacement Implants
Unit-IV: Nano Structured Materials:
Origin of Nanomaterials – Zero, One and Two dimensional Nanomaterials Quantum confinement,
Density of states, physical and chemical properties, Synthesis of Nanomaterials -Bottom-up and Top-
down approaches, Chemical methods: Sol-Gel Process–Spray Pyrolysis – Solvothermal Synthesis–
Chemical Vapor Deposition(CVD), Physical methods: Ball Milling – Inert Gas Condensation Technique–
Thermal evaporation–Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) – Sputtering.

Unit-V: Carbon based nanomaterials:

Carbon based molecules and carbon bond - C60: Discovery, Synthesis and structure of C60 -
Superconductivity in C60 - Carbon nanotubes: Fabrication – Structure – Electrical properties –
Vibrational properties – Mechanical properties – Applications (fuel cells, chemical sensors, catalysts).

Text and Reference Books:

1. Inorganic Solids, D.M. ADAMS (John Wiley & Sons).
2. Physics of Amorphous Materials, S.R.ELLIOTT (Longman).
3. Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, D.A. PORTER AND K.E. EASTERLING (CRC
Press).
4. Biomaterials: An Introduction, JOON PARK and R.S. LAKES (Springer).
5. Biomaterials: Principles and Applications, J.B. PARK (CRC Press).
6. Nanocrystalline materials, H. GLEITER (Review article from “Progress in Materials Science,
Volume 33, Issue 4, 1989, Pages 223-315”).
7. W. D. Callister, "Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction", John Wiley & Sons,
2007.
8. Charles P Poole Jr., and Frank J. Ownes, Introduction to Nanotechnology, John Wiley Sons, Inc.,
2003

22PHYD403: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS – II

Course Name Condensed Matter Physics – II L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYD403 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description and Purpose:

Condensed Matter Physics – II (PHYD403) course will obtain a basic knowledge of the theory of
superconductors and the Josephson effect and their applications in cryoelectronics. The study of dielectric
properties concerns storage and dissipation of electric and magnetic energy in materials. Dielectrics are
important for explaining various phenomena in electronics, optics, solid-state physics and cell biophysics.

Course Objectives: This course will help students to understand the advanced topics such as
superconductivity and its applications.

Specific objectives include:

 To know about dielectrics, dielectric constant and its measurement
 To familiarize the students with the ferroelectric domains and its applications
 To study about superconductors and various theories related to superconductivity
Learning Out comes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Students will learn about Dielectrics, Ferroelectrics & High Temperature Superconductors
 Students can peruse their research in dielectrics or ferroelectrics or superconductors
 Learning about the crystal growth techniques.

Course Content:
Unit- I: Crystal Growth Techniques
Bridgeman - Czochralski - Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) growth techniques - zone refining and
floating zone growth - chemical vapour deposition (CVD) - Molecular beam epitaxy - vapour phase
epitaxy - hydrothermal growth - Growth from melt solutions - Flame fusion method.

Unit- II: Superconductivity-Introduction

Meissner effect, Isotope effect, specific heat, thermal conductivity and manifestation of energy gap,
London equations, type I and type II superconductors, Quantum tunnelling, Cooper pairing due to
phonons, BCS theory of superconductivity.

Unit-III: Applications of Superconductivity

Ginzburg - Landau theory and application to Josephson effect - dc Josephson effect, ac Josephson effect,
macroscopic quantum interference, applications of superconductivity, high temperature
superconductivity.

Unit- IV: Dielectrics

Introduction, Dipole moment, Various types of polarization – Electronic, ionic, and orientation
polarization, Macroscopic description of the static dielectric constant, The internal field according to
Lorentz, Clausius - Mossotti equation, The static dielectric constant of solids, Complex dielectric
constant, Frequency dependence of dielectric constant, Dielectric loss, Effect of temperature on dielectric
constant, Applications of dielectrics.

Unit -V: Ferroelectrics

General properties of ferroelectric materials. Classification and properties of representative ferroelectrics
- Dipole theory of ferroelectricity, objections against the dipole theory, Ionic displacements and the
behaviour of BaTiO3 above Curie temperature, theory of spontaneous polarization of BaTiO3,
Ferroelectric domains.

Text and Reference Books:

1. Solid State Physics, A.J. DEKKER(Macmillan).
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics, CHARLES KITTEL (John Wiley &Sons).
3. Solid State Physics, GUPTA and KUMAR (K. Nath &Co.).
4. Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai (New Age International).
 22PHYD404: ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS

Course Name Atmospheric Physics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYD404 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Atmospheric Physics (PHYD402) course attempts to impart knowledge with the basics of atmosphere,
thermodynamics and various dynamical phenomenon it leads to understanding various important aspects
of atmosphere. Atmospheric physics is a vital part of a weather forecast model and is often referred to as
the physical parametrization. The course is designed to train students with both deep understanding of the
fundamental laws of physics that govern weather and climate as well as practical tools and skills in a
broad range of applications.

Course Objectives: Student shall be able to apply fundamental physical principles to understand
atmospheric and climate-change processes.

Specific objectives include:

 To develop knowledge in atmospheric physics and its applications in meteorology.
 To create an awareness among students about our weather and climate systems.
 To develop the ability to understand the atmospheric processes, interpret and draw inferences from
the meteorological diagrams

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Apply fundamental physical principles to understand atmospheric and climate-change processes
 Identify and assess the fundamental numerical methods found in predictive models of weather and
atmospheric climate change
 Become familiar with thermodynamic concepts for atmospheres and make use of thermodynamic
diagrams for evaluation of stability and cloud formation

Course Content:
UNIT – I: Basics of the Atmosphere and Radiation Principle
Thermodynamic state of the atmosphere (pressure, density, temperature), equation of state, hydrostatic
equilibrium, hypsometric equations, atmospheric structure, standard atmosphere, thermal structure of the
atmosphere; components of meteorology, meteorological conventions ; Radiation- orbital factors,
planetary orbits, orbits of the earth, seasonal effects, daily effects, sunrise, sunset, and twilight, flux,
radiation principles, propagation, emission and distribution of solar energy, absorption reflection and
transmission. Beer’s law, surface radiation budget, solar radiation, longwave radiation.

UNIT – II: Atmospheric Thermodynamics

Heat-Sensible and latent heats, Lagrangian heat budget, first law of thermodynamics ; Moisture-
measures of water vapour, saturation, humidity variables, lifting condensation level, isohumes, surface
moisture flux, saturated adiabatic lapse rate ; Stability-stability of the atmosphere, parcel and slice
methods-entrainment, dry and saturated adiabatic and processes, potential temperature, equivalent
potential temperature, concept of lapse rate, dry adiabatic lapse rate, static energy, hydrostatic equation,
convective instability, thermodynamic diagrams.
UNIT – III: Cloud Physics and Aerosols, Ozone and Trace Gases
Clouds- their formation and classification, cloud condensation nuclei, warm and cold clouds, cloud
droplet growth, precipitation mechanisms, artificial precipitation, radar observation, measurement of
rainfall, growth of cloud droplets Rain, hail and snow, structure of thunderstorms and mesoscale
convective systems; Atmospheric aerosols- ozone chemistry, atmospheric trace gases and their role in
atmospheric chemistry and radiation budget.

UNIT – IV: Atmospheric Dynamics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Fundamental forces in meteorology - pressure, gravity, centripetal and Coriolis forces, momentum
equations, inertial flow, geostrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind, divergence and verticalmotion,
Rossby's, Reynold's, Richardson's and Froude's number, equation of motion, scale analysis, geostrophic
and hydrostatic approximation, gradient wind, vertical variation of wind, thermal wind, continuity
equation and convergence, circulation and vorticity, vorticity equation; Atmospheric boundary
layer(ABL)-boundary layer formation, ABL structure and evolution, ABL equation, Ekman layer,
turbulence kinetic energy, eddy transport of heat, water vapors and momentum, Richardson criterion.

UNIT – V: Weather and Climate Change

Weather-surface and upper air-pressure and wind systems, synoptic observations-surface and upper air-
pressure and wind systems, tropical weather systems, ITCZ, tropical cyclones, western disturbances, jet
streams, monsoons over India; Climate- components of climate system, atmospheric radiation budget
and greenhouse effect and the science of climate change, role of aerosols in climate change.

Text Books:
1. R.B. Stull, Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, 2nd Ed., Brooks Cole, 2000
2. J.R. Holton, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology,5th Ed., Academic Press, 2012.
3. R.B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Vol. 13. Springer Science &
Business Media, 2012.
4. M. Salby, Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics, 1st Ed., Academic Press, 1996.
5. P.A. Menon, Our Weather, National Book Trust, 1989.
6. J.T. Houghton and A. C. Bruce, Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Reference Books:
1. A.C. Donald, Essentials of Meteorology, Brooks Cole, 2008.
2. J.T. Houghton, The Physics of the Atmospheres, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
3. R.K. Pachauri et al., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Climate Change,2014.
 22PHYD405: QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Course Name Quantum Field Theory L T P C IM EM TM
Course Code 22PHYD405 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Quantum Field Theory (PHYD405) course is a theoretical framework that combines classical field
theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics that explains the fundamental structure of matter and
the physics of the early universe. The course has an emphasis on quantum electrodynamics. It is used in
particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to
construct models of quasiparticles. It treats particles as excited states of their underlying quantum fields,
which are more fundamental than the particles. The quantum field of a particle is determined by
minimization of the Lagrangian, a functional of fields associated with the particle. Interactions between
particles are described by interaction terms in the Lagrangian involving their corresponding quantum
fields. Each interaction can be visually represented by Feynman diagrams according to perturbation
theory in quantum mechanics.

Course Objectives: This course will provide the foundation to students for more advanced studies in
quantum field theory.
Specific objectives include:
 To apply the fundamental concepts of classical field theory
 To emphasize the mathematical formulation of second quantization problems and to physically
interpret the solutions
 To lay the solid background of mathematical methods to use in field theories.
Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 It provides the foundation for more advanced studies in quantum field theory
 Apply Feynman rules to calculate probabilities for basic processes with particles
 Develop critical thinking and problem-solving abilities with application to a diverse range of
practical problems in quantum field theory.

Course Content:
UNIT – I: Classical Field Theory
Review of classical field theory, Lagrangian field theory, Lorentz invariance, Noether's theorem and
conserved currents, Hamiltonian field theory.

UNIT – II: Canonical Quantization

The Klein-Gordon equation, the simple harmonic oscillator, free quantum
fields,vacuumenergy,particles,relativisticnormalization,complexscalar fields, the Heisenberg picture,
causality and propagators, applications, non-relativistic field theory.

UNIT – III: Interacting Fields

Types of interaction, the interaction picture, Dyson's formula, scattering, Wick's theorem, Feynman
diagrams, Feynman rules, amplitudes, decays and cross sections, Green's functions, connected diagrams
and vacuum bubbles, reduction formula.
UNIT – IV: The Dirac Equation
The Lorentz group, Clifford algebras, the spinor representation, the Dirac
Lagrangian,chiralspinors,theWeylequation,parity,Majoranaspinors,symmetries and currents, planewave
solutions.

UNIT – V: Quantizing The Dirac Field

A glimpse at the spin-statistics theorem, Fermionic quantization, Fermi-Dirac statistics, propagators,
particles and antiparticles, Dirac's hole interpretation, Feynman rules, Quantum electrodynamics: gauge
invariance, quantization, inclusion of matter – QED, Lorentz invariant propagators, Feynman rules, QED
processes

Text Books:
1. M. Peskin and D. Schroeder, An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison-Wesley, 1995.
2. L. Ryder, Quantum Field Theory, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 1996.
3. M. Srednicki, Quantum Field Theory, 1st Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Reference Books:
1. S. Weinberg, The Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol. 1, 1st Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2. A. Zee, Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, 2nd Ed., Princeton University Press, 2010.

22PHYD406: Optical Material Production and testing

Course Name Optical Material Production and Testing L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYD406 4 0 0 4 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Optical Material Production and Testing (PHYD406) course provides a familiarity with precision
optical manufacturing and metrology; and an introduction to the materials, machinery, tooling, methods,
processes, metrology, and production flow used to fabricate precision optical elements. The optical,
thermal, and working properties of common optical materials will be compared. The processes and
machinery involved in shaping, finishing, measuring, cleaning, and coating optical components will be
described. Strengths and limitations of metrology instruments and methods will be discussed. This
knowledge will help the students to understand how the choice of optical specifications and tolerances
can either lead to more cost effective optical components, or can excessively drive the price up. Topics
covered include optical materials, traditional, and novel optical fabrication technologies, surface testing
and fabrication tolerances.

Course Objective:
 Understand types of IR materials, optical crystals, optical plastics, metals their properties and
applications
 Select production methods for optical glass, optical crystals, IR materials and optical plastics
 Identify the shop supplies for making optical components
 Analyse the optical components by interferometry, spherometry , autocollimator and surface
analyser
 Design optical systems
Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Understand types of IR materials, optical crystals, optical plastics, metals their properties and
applications
 Select production methods for optical glass, optical crystals, IR materials and optical plastics
 Identify the shop supplies for making optical components
 Analyse the optical components by interferometry, spherometry, autocollimator and surface
analyser design optical systems

Unit – I Optical Glass

Types, composition, chemical behavior, mechanical and thermal properties, low expansion materials,
fused quartz, crystal quartz, mirror materials

Unit – II IR materials:
Ge-Si-Gallium arsenide, Zinc selenide, sinc sulphide optical crystals, alkali earth fluorides, alkali halides,
KDP and homologs optical plastics, metal optics, ceramic materials.

Unit – III Material Production

Glass making dry and continuous tank methods, limitations, inspection for flaws. IR material
manufacturing, chemical vapor deposition, CZ method float zone refining, casting of silicon horizontal
bridgeman liquid encapsulated Czochralski. Growth methods for optical crystals, hydrothermal process,
heat exchanger method, solution growth crystals.

Unit – IV Optical Shop Supplies & Tools and Fixtures

Abrasives, Polishing compounds, pitch, cements, coolants and solvants. Spherical and plano tools, spot
blocks, diamond tools

Unit – V Optical Fabrication and Shop testing

Shaping, milling, grinding and polishing, centering and cementing, thin film Coating Interferometric
testing, spherometers, autocollimator, surface analysis, testing after assembly.

Text Books:
1. Hank K Carrow, “Fabrication methods for precision optics”, John Wiley sons, New York, 1993
2. David Malacara, Optical Shop testing, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992.
3. Marvin J.Weber, Handbook of Optical Materials

22PHYL401: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS LAB

(Minimum 10 experiments are to be done)

1. Resistivity of semiconductor by four probe method

2. Magnetic hysteresis loop tracer
3. Coefficient of linear expansion
4. G. M. Counter - determination of dead time
5. Composite Piezoelectric Oscillator
6. Synthesis/Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes by Spray Pysolysis method and its verification
through x-ray diffraction.
7. Dielectric Constants of solids
8. Dielectric Constant and Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Ceramics
9. Measurement of optical spectrum of an alkali atom
10. Measurement of optical spectrum of alkaline earth atoms
11. Energy gap of a thermistor.
12. Characteristics of Photo diode
13. Synthesis and estimation of band gap energy of amorphous materials
14. Dielectric constant of liquids
15. Any two online virtual lab experiments within the syllabus have to be carried out (using MHRD
web resource).
 22PHYS401: OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES

Course Name Optoelectronic Devices L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYS401 3 0 0 3 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Optoelectronic Devices (PHYS401) course introduces the students with the fundamentals of
optoelectronics and principles of the optoelectronic devices operation such as light emitting diodes, laser
diodes and photodiodes. This course provides the background in optoelectronics, help the students to
meet the demand of growing semiconductor optoelectronic industry and prepares them to advanced study
and research in the optoelectronics devices. which are becoming important components in consumer
optoelectronics, IT and communication devices, and in industrial instrumentation. The course begins with
a recap of essential semiconductor physics, followed by the study of interaction of photons with electrons
and holes in a semiconductor, leading to the realization of semiconductor photon amplifiers, sources,
modulators, and detectors.

Course Objectives: This course provides a complete overview of the wide variety of different
semiconductor optoelectronic devices employed in light wave systems and networks
Specific objectives include:
 To learn the principle of optical detection mechanism in different detection devices.
 To understand different light modulation techniques and the concepts and applications of
optical switching.
 To study the integration process and application of opto electronic integrated circuits in
transmitters and receivers.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Student will able to understand the electron theory of solids in terms of motion of electron in a
periodic lattice and electrical properties of matter.
 Student will able to understand the Optical transitions in semiconductors and photovoltaic
effect.
 Student will able to understand the how to measure the semiconductor electronic parameters
using different techniques

Course Content:
UNIT- I: Elements Of Light And Solid State Physics
Wave nature of light, Polarization, Interference, Diffraction, Light Source, review of Quantum
Mechanical concept, Review of Solid State Physics, Review of Semiconductor Physics and
Semiconductor Junction Device.

UNIT- II: Display Devices And Lasers

Introduction, Photo Luminescence, Cathode Luminescence, Electro Luminescence, Injection
Luminescence, Injection Luminescence, LED, Plasma Display, Liquid Crystal Displays, Numeric
Displays, Laser Emission, Absorption, Radiation, Population Inversion, Optical Feedback,
Threshold condition, Laser Modes, Classes of Lasers, Mode Locking, laser applications.
UNIT- III: Optical Detection Devices
Photo detector, Thermal detector, Photo Devices, Photo Conductors, Photo diodes, Detector Performance.

UNIT- IV: Optoelectronic Modulator

Introduction, Analog and Digital Modulation, Electro-optic modulators, Magneto Optic Devices,
Acoustoptic devices, Optical, Switching and Logic Devices.

UNIT -V: Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Introduction, hybrid and Monolithic Integration, Application of Opto Electronic Integrated Circuits,
Integrated transmitters and Receivers, Guided wave devices.

Text Books:
1. J. Wilson and J.Haukes, “Opto Electronics – An Introduction”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1995.
2. Bhattacharya “Semiconductor Opto Electronic Devices”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt., Ltd., New
Delhi, 1995.
3. Jasprit Singh, “Opto Electronics – As Introduction to materials and devices”, McGraw-Hill
International Edition, 1998.

22PHYS402: FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION

Course Name Fiber Optic Communication L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYS402 3 0 0 3 30 70 100
L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Fiber Optic Communication (PHYS402) course is aimed to introduce students to the fundamentals of
fiber optic communications. The course will start with a refresher on the operation of key components
needed for an effective fiber optic communication system, and then show how these components interact
at a system level. Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of infrared light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and
telemetry through local area networks or across long distances. Optical fiber is used by many
telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, internet communication, and cable
television signals.

Course Objectives: Fiber-Optic Communication provides solid background to students in wide ranging
topics of fiber-optics.
Specific objectives include:
 Equipping the students with the basic understanding of optical fibers and optical fiber
communication and outlines the advantages of a fiber optic communication system.
 Various mechanisms of optical signal attenuation in an optical fiber and pulse broadening through
intermodal dispersion in an optical fiber.
 Total dispersion in a single mode fiber and waveguide dispersion in various types of graded index
fibers and optical sources and detectors
Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Know about optical fibers, their applications in telecommunication and outlines the advantages of a
fiber optic communication system.
 Gain knowledge about various mechanisms of optical signal attenuation in an optical fiber and
Pulse broadening through intermodal dispersion in an optical fiber.
 Understand total dispersion in a single mode fiber and waveguide dispersion in various types of
graded index fibers

Course Content:
Unit - I
Introduction, need for optical communication, salient features of optical fibers, ray theory of light
guidance, numerical aperture, modes of a fiber, single and multimode fibers, step-index and graded-index
fibers.

Unit - II
Fiber fabrication techniques, Transmission characteristics of optical fibers, attenuation, pulse broadening
mechanism, intermodal dispersion, bit rate - length product, material dispersion

Unit - III
Power associated with modes of dielectric symmetric planar waveguide, asymmetric planar waveguide,
single polarization single mode waveguide, excitation of guided modes by prism coupling technique,
radiation modes, optical fiber waveguide, EH and HE modes

Unit - IV
Optical fiber modes, field patterns, fractional power in the core, single mode fiber, cut-off wavelength,
mode field diameter, bend loss, splice loss, waveguide dispersion, group delay, Total chromatic
dispersion, dispersion in graded-index and multilayer fibers, optical fiber components and devices,
directional coupler, power splitter, WDM coupler, polarization controllers, fiber Bragg gratings

Unit – V
Detectors for optical communication, p-i-n photodetector, APD, System design, dispersion and
attenuation limited systems, BER, power budgeting of fiber link, recent advances

Text book:
1. A. K. Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan, ‘Introduction to Fiber Optics’, Cambridge University Press
2. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, ‘Fundamentals of Photonics,’ Wiley-Interscience
3. G.P. Agrawal, ‘Optical Fiber Communication System’ Wiley-Interscience
4. G. Keiser, ‘Optical Fiber Communications’, McGraw Hill
5. A. Snyder and J Love, ‘Optical Waveguide Theory’, Chapmann and Hall
6. J. M. Senior, ‘Optical Fiber Communications,’ Pearson Prentice Hall
Web resources: Dr. Vipul Rastogi, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee , NPTL video lectures,
URL: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115107095/33#
 22PHYS403: MEDICAL PHYSICS

Course Name Medical Physics L T P C IM EM TM

Course Code 22PHYS403 3 0 0 3 30 70 100

L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, C-Credits, IM-Internal Marks, EM-External Marks, TM-Total Marks

Course Description:
Medical Physics (PHYS403) course will provide an introduction to the rich field of medical physics. The
course will begin by outlining the mechanisms of particle interactions in matter and biological tissue, as
well as methods employed to monitor and measure radiation. The methods and signal processing
techniques employed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)
imaging, single photon emitting computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and ultrasound will be
discussed. This course presents the fundamental principles and objectives of health physics (radiation
protection), the quantities of radiation dosimetry (the absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose)
used to evaluate human radiation risks, elementary shielding calculations and protection measures for
clinical activities.

Course Objectives: This course enables the students to understand the detailed interactions of radiation
with matter.

Specific objectives include:

 To understand the general concepts in radiation and its interaction and dose measurement.
 To apply the physics concepts in clinical trials.
 To emphasize the significance of various medical techniques and therapy

Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course the students should be able to:
 Acquire the major aspects of nature and subject of medical physics and the application of physics
to medicine
 Outline the principles of physics of different medical radiation devices and their modern advances
 Recognize the nature, properties, dosimetery of radiation and basics of radiation protection and
also medical effects

Course Content:
UNIT – I: Ionising Radiation and Dosimetry
Generation of radiation, Interaction of charged particles with matter, interaction of high energy photons
with matter, radiation depth of interaction, range, attenuation curves, dose and exposure measurement,
maximum permissible levels, overview of measurement methods: film dosimeters, thermos luminescent
dosimetry (TLD), dose measurement during radiography.

UNIT – II: Radioisotopes and Nuclear Medicine

Diagnosis with radioisotopes, isotopes, half-life, nuclear radiations, energy of nuclear radiations, units of
activity, isotope generators, principles of measurement: counting statistics, sample counting, liquid
scintillation counting, non-imaging investigations examples: haematological measurements, Glomerular
filtration rate, radionuclide imaging, bone imaging, dynamic renal function.
UNIT – II: Image Production-I
Radionuclide imaging: the gamma camera, energy discrimination, collimation, image display, single-
photon emission tomography (SPET), positron emission tomography (PET), ultrasonic imaging: pulse–
echo techniques, tissue interaction with ultrasound, transducer arrays, applications: Doppler imaging, CT
imaging: absorption of X-rays, data collection, image reconstruction, beam hardening, spiral CT.

UNIT – IV: Image Production-II

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT): image reconstruction, data collection, multi-frequency and 3D
imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): the nuclear magnetic moment, precession in the presence
of a magnetic field, T1 and T2 relaxations, the saturation recovery pulse sequence, the spin–echo pulse
sequence, localization: gradients and slice selection, frequency and phase encoding, the FID and
resolution, imaging and multiple slicing.

UNIT – V: Electrophysiology
Sources of biological potentials, the nervous system, neural communication, the interface between ionic
conductors: Nernst equation, membranes and nerve conduction, muscle action potentials, volume
conductor effects, the ECG/EKG and its detection and analysis, characteristics of the ECG/EKG, the
electrocardiographic planes, recording the ECG/EKG, ambulatory ECG/EKG monitoring.

Text Books:
1. B.H. Brown, R.H. Smallwood, D.C. Barber, P.V. Lawford, and D.R. Hose, Medical Physics and
Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999.
2. S.A. Kane, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, CRC Press, 2009.

Reference Books:
1. F.M. Khan, and J.P. Gibbons, Khan's the physics of radiation therapy. Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins, 2014.
2. P. Suetens, Fundamentals of Medical Imaging. Cambridge university press, 2017.
3. W.J. Meredith, and J.B. Massey, Fundamental Physics of Radiology. Butterworth-Heinemann,
2013.
4. F.A. Smith, A Primer in Applied Radiation Physics, World Scientific Publishing Co. Inc, 2000.
 22PHYM401: CHOOSE MOOCs SWAYAM/NPTEL
The students shall be allowed to register and appear for MOOCs of his /her own choice
SWAYAM/NPTEL, which is not covered in the syllabus, on the recommendation of the faculty. The
available/suitable online courses shall be suggested to the students during the third semester and/or at the
beginning of the IV semester, which is mandatory course. The students are to complete the MOOCs
successfully and submit the pass certificates of the same to the University through the Principal of the
College concerned for the approval and endorsement of the same on the grade cards and PCs and ODs as
per the regulations of the University.

22PHYP401: PROJECT WORK EVALUATION

A). Research activity: A short research activity on any significant or interesting aspects of the works
(preferably relevant to the students’ field of study/specialization) has to be performed or observed by a
student in the organization. As part of curriculum students are required to write a short report generally
named as a Research activity under the guidance of supervisor.

B).Purpose of Research activity: The basic purpose of writing a Research activity is to allow students to
explore the breadth of research that is performed within the organization. For students, this breadth of
exposure to outside research may prove fruitful as a platform for their own research at some later point
(can be extended to as a thesis topic for Ph.D degree) and also for career connections/employment
opportunities prior to post graduation through demonstrating their competences in research techniques. It
is up to the student to choose/select the title/topic for Research activity from any interesting aspects of
their duties they are involved. However, the supervisor may also assist the student in selecting the
Research Activity Report title that can satisfy him/her expectation as well as it is related to the students
fields of study. It is expected that the supervisor stay in regular contact with the student for monitoring
and checking the smooth progress of the Research activity and assuring and contributing to the
assessment. Supervisor is expected to provide feedback on student performance to the HoD.