BASICS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LAB

ECH103B-P

LAB MANUAL
 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

•Before entering the lab, the student should carry the Identity card issued by the college, Class
notes, and Lab File.

•Student must sign in and sign out in the register provided when attending the lab session
without fail.

• Students, who are late more than 15 min., will not be allowed to attend the lab.

•Foods, drinks are NOT allowed.

•All bags must be kept near the door.

•Student need to come well prepared for the experiment.

•Work quietly and carefully.

•Be honest in recording and representing your data.

•Do not fiddle with apparatus. Handle instruments with care. Report any breakage to the
Instructor. Return all the equipment you have signed out for the purpose of your experiment
 SPECIFIC SAFETY RULES FOR BOEE LABORATORY

•You must not damage or tamper with the equipment or leads.

•You should inspect laboratory equipment for visible damage before using it. If there is a
problem with a piece of equipment, report it to the technician.

•You should not work on circuits where the supply voltage exceeds 40 volts (both for AC and
DC) without very specific approval from your lab supervisor. If you need to work on such
circuits, you should contact your supervisor for approval and instruction on how to do this
safely before commencing the work.

•Always use an appropriate stand for holding your soldering iron.

•Turn off your soldering iron if it is unlikely to be used for more than 10 minutes.

•Never leave a hot soldering iron unattended.

•Never touch a soldering iron element or bit unless the iron has been disconnected from the
mains and has had adequate time to cool down.

•Never strip insulation from a wire with your teeth or a knife, always use an appropriate wire
stripping tool.

•Shield wire with your hands when cutting it with a pliers to prevent bits of wire flying about
the bench
 Exp. Name of experiment Pages Remarks
No
1 Familiarization with the lab Equipment’s.

2 To verify the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s

Current Law
3 To experimentally verify Thevenin Theorem

4 Introduction to CRO and measuring various parameters

of Sine wave
5 Characteristics of PN junction diode in Forward and
reverse bias configuration using Zener diode.
6 Truth table Verification of AND and OR gate using
diode
7 To implement the diode in Half wave and full wave
rectifier and analyse the circuit
8 To plot the characteristics of Transistor in CE
Configuration
9 RC Phase Shift Oscillator

10 Op Amp as Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier

11 Minor project on 555 Timer Application

COURSE OUTCOMES

At the end of this course students will be able to:

CO1. Understand and apply the fundamental concepts of Basic Electrical circuits

CO2. Characterize & Apply the concepts and working principles of Diodes for its various
applications

CO3. Demonstrate familiarity with electronic devices viz., Transistors, Feedback Amplifiers
and Oscillators and design implementation. CO4. Analyse and Design Operational Amplifiers
and real-life applications using 555 Timer.
 EXPERIMENT NO-01

Familiarization with the Lab Equipment’s

Objective: To familiarize with various lab Equipment’s used.

Apparatus required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Bread board 1

2. Connecting wires Few

3. Resistors 1

4. Multimeter 1

Theory:

Various equipment’s and measuring instruments are:

Resistances:

The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass an

electric current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, and is
the ease with which an electric current pass. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual
parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm
(Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).

An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and
inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some resistance, except
for superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.

The resistance (R) of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it (V) to current
through it (I), while the conductance (G) is the inverse:

R=V/I, G=I/V

For a wide variety of materials and conditions, V and I are directly proportional to each other,
and therefore R and G are constant (although they can depend on other factors like temperature
or strain). This proportionality is called Ohm's law, and materials that satisfy it are called ohmic
materials.
Breadboard:

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a

bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless
breadboard (AKA plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the term
"breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these. "Breadboard" is also a synonym for
"prototype".

Digital Multimeter:
A multimeter or a multi-tester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm meter or volt-ohm-
milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog
multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters
(DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar representing the
measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common due to their cost and precision,
but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a
rapidly varying value.

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work,
or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used
to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as
electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring
systems.

Circuit Diagram:

Tabulation:

S.No. Resistors Resistance in ohms Voltage(V)

Calculated Measured Calculated Measured
1 R1

2 R2
3 R3

Calculation:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-02
KCL and KVL
Objective: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1 Bread board 1

2 Connecting wires Few

3 Resistors 1

4 Multimeter 1

5 DC Power Supply 1

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):

KCL states that “the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit

equals zero”.

i.e., Sum of all currents entering a node = Sum of all currents leaving a node

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):

KVL states that “the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop

in a circuit equals zero”.

i.e., Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises

Circuit Diagram:

KVL
KCL

Procedure:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2. Measure the voltages across the resistors.

3. Observe that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is

zero.

b) Kirchhoff’s current law:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2. Measure the currents through the resistors.

3. Observe that the algebraic sum of the currents at a node is zero.

Observation table

S.No Resistors(in KΩ) Voltage(V) Current(mA)

Measured Calculated Measured Calculated

1 R1=

2 R2=

3 R3=

4 R4=

Calculations:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-03

Thevenin Theorem

Objective: To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the full load current for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Bread board 1

2. Connecting wires Few

3. Resistors As per circuit

4. Multimeter 1

5. DC Power Supply 1

Statement:

Any linear bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by a equivalent

voltage source (VTH). Thevenin’s voltage or VOC in series with looking pack resistance RTH.

Precautions:

1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.

2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding

ammeter readings.

To find VTH

3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter

(VTH).
To find RTH

4. To find the Thevenin’s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the

RTH using multimeter.

5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set VTH and RTH and note the

corresponding ammeter reading.

6.Verify Thevenins theorem

Circuit Diagram:

Observation Table:

S.No Voltage(VTH) RTH(KΩ) Load current IL(mA)

Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Measured Calculated

Calculations:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-04

Introduction to CRO and measuring various parameters

Aim: To experimentally measure the parameters like average Value, RMS, peak value and to
calculate form factor, peak factor of various waveforms.

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Function Generator 1

2. CRO 3

3. Probes 1

4. Connecting wires Few

Theory:

Function generator: A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or

software used to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of
frequencies. Some of the most common wave forms produced by the function generator are the
sine, square, triangular and saw tooth shapes.

CRO: The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a common laboratory instrument that provides
accurate time and amplitude measurements of voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies.
Its reliability, stability, and ease of operation make it suitable as a general-purpose laboratory
instrument.
Observation Table:

peak voltage

Time period

Average value

RMS value

Form factor

Peak factor

Calculation:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-05

Design AND & OR gate using diode

Aim: To verify Truth table Verification of AND and OR gate using diode

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Bread board 1

2. Diode(1N4001) 3

3. Multimeter 1

4. Power supply 3

5. Connecting wires Few

6. Resistor(1K) 1

Theory: Diode logic (DL) or diode resistor logic (DRL) is a logic family that uses only
diodes and the resistors in the implementation of the logic functions. AND and OR functions
can be implemented using the diode logic very easily. The main drawback of the diode logic
family is that it is not complete. The inverter (NOT) function cannot be implemented using
diode logic.

Circuit diagram:

OR Gate

AND Gate:
Truth Tables:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-6

Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier

Aim:

To examine the input and output waveforms of half and full wave Rectifier

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Bread board 1

2. Diode(1N4001) 3

3. CRO 1

4. Auto Transformer (9-0-9) 1

5. Connecting wires Few

6. Resistor(1K) 1

Theory:

The simplest rectifier is a diode connected to AC power supply. This is also known as a half
wave rectifier. A simple half wave rectifier is a single p-n junction diode connected in series
to the load resistor.

This principle is used in a half wave rectifier to convert AC to DC. The input provided here is
an alternating current. This input voltage is stepped down using a transformer. A p-n junction
diode conducts current only when it is forward biased. The same principle is made use of in a
half wave rectifier to convert AC to DC. The input here is an alternating current. This input
voltage is stepped down using a transformer. Since the diode is forward biased for half cycle
of the AC, the output is available only during that half cycle.

Full wave rectifier

Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an output voltage or current
which is purely DC or has some specified DC component. Full wave rectifiers have some
fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier counterparts. The average output voltage
is higher than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has lesser ripple than that of
the half wave rectifier producing a relatively smoother output waveform.

Filtering the rectified voltage

The output across the diodes in the above steps is neither complete nor is it completely DC.
The output is not steady DC and is not practical to use with circuits. A filter circuit also
known as a smoothing capacitor is added to the rectifier circuit to improve the output.
Smoothing capacitors are connected in parallel with the load across the output of the full
wave bridge rectifier. This filter circuit increases the average DC output level as the capacitor
acts like a storage device. The smoothing capacitor converts the rippled output of the rectifier
into a smoother DC output.
 EXPERIMENT NO-07

Transistor Characteristics in CE configuration(VLab)

Aim: To study and plot the transistor characteristics in CE configuration.

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Bread board 1

2. Transistor (BC147) 3

3. Multimeter 1

4. Power supply 3

5. Connecting wires Few

6. Resistor(1K,10K) 1

Theory: A BJT is a three terminal two – junction semiconductor device in which the
conduction is due to both the charge carrier. Hence it is a bipolar device and it amplifier the
sine waveform as they are transferred from input to output. BJT is classified into two types –
NPN or PNP. An NPN transistor consists of two N types in between which a layer of P is
sandwiched. The transistor consists of three terminal emitter, collector and base. The emitter
layer is the source of the charge carriers and it is heartily doped with a moderate cross-sectional
area. The collector collects the charge carries and hence moderate doping and large cross-
sectional area. The base region acts a path for the movement of the charge carriers. In order
to reduce the recombination of holes and electrons the base region is lightly doped and is of
hollow cross-sectional area. Normally the transistor operates with the EB junction forward
biased. In transistor, the current is same in both junctions, which indicates that there is a
transfer of resistance between the two junctions. Hence known as transfer resistance of
transistor.

Procedure:

INPUT CHARECTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set VCE, vary VBE in regular interval of steps and note down the Corresponding B
reading. Repeat the above procedure for different values of VCE.
3. Plot the graph: VBE Vs IB for a constant VCE.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set IB, Vary VCE in regular interval of steps and note down the corresponding IC reading.
Repeat the above procedure for different values of IB.

3. Plot the graph: VCE Vs IC for a constant IB.

Observation Table:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-09

RC Phase Shift Oscillator

Aim: To calculate the frequency of the RC phase shift oscillator & to measure the phase
angles at different RC sections

Apparatus Required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Bread board 1

2. Transistor (BC 107) 3

3. Multimeter 1

4. Power supply 3

5. Connecting wires Few

6. Resistor 1 each
8KΩ or 10KΩ
22KΩ
1.2KΩ
100KΩ
7. Capacitor 1 each
0.001µf – 3 Nos
10µF – 2Nos
1µf
8. CRO 1

Theory: RC-Phase Shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier followed by three sections of RC phase
shift feedback Networks the output of the last stage is return to the input of the amplifier. The
values of R and C are chosen such that the phase shift of each RC section is 60º.Thus the RC
ladder network produces a total phase shift of 180º between its input and output voltage for the
given frequencies. Since CE Amplifier produces 180 º phases shift the total phase shift from
the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360º or 0º. This
satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit
is greater than or equal to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.

Circuit Diagram:
Output Waveform:
 EXPERIMENT NO-10

Inverting and non-inverting amplifier

Aim: To Implement Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier, using Op-Amp.

Apparatus required:

S.NO Apparatus Qty

1. Bread board 1

2. Function Generator 1

3. Multimeter 1

4. Power supply 3

5. Connecting wires Few

6. Resistor(1K) 1

7. IC 741 1

8. Capacitor(100µF) 1

Theory:

Inverting Amplifier: This is the most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. The output V0
is fed back to the inverting input through the Rf – Rin network as shown in figure where Rf is
the feedback resistor. The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through Rin
and non-inverting input terminal of Op-amp is grounded. The output V0 is given by

V0 = Vi (-Rf / Rin) where, the gain of amplifier is - Rf / Rin

The negative sign indicates a phase-shift of 180 degrees between Vi and V0. The effective input
impedance is Ri. An inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to invert and amplify a voltage.
The Rin, Rf resistor network allows some of the output signal to be returned to the input. Since
the output is 180° out of phase, this amount is effectively subtracted from the input, thereby
reducing the input into the operational amplifier. This reduces the overall gain of the amplifier
and is dubbed negative feedback.
 The circuit diagram of non – inverting amplifier is shown in figure. Here, the signal is applied
to the non – inverting input terminal and feedback is given to inverting terminal. The circuit
amplifiers the input signal without inverting it. The gain for non-inverting is given by

𝑅𝑓
A = 1 + 𝑅2

Compared to the inverting amplifier, the input resistance of the non-inverting is extremely
large.

Circuit Diagram:

a) Inverting Amplifier b) Non-Inverting

Amplifier

Procedure:

Inverting & Non – inverting amplifier: Make connections as given in fig 1 & fig 2 for
inverting and non-inverting amplifiers respectively.

1. Give sinewave input of Vi volts using AFO with the frequency of 1 KHZ.
2. The output voltage V0 observed on a CRO. A dual channel CRO to be used to see Vi
&
Vo.

3. Vary Rf and measure the corresponding V0 and observe the phase of V0 with respect t
/V0.
4. Tabulate the readings and verify with theoretical values.

Observations:
 Rf R1 GAIN Observed V0 Calculated V0

V0 = Vi (-Rf / Rin)

INVERTING
AMPLIFIER

NON-INVERTING
AMPLIFIER

Result: