Data Mining:

Concepts and Techniques

— Chapter 1 —

1
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
2
 Why Data Mining?

◼ The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes

◼ Data collection and data availability
◼ Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web,
computerized society
◼ Major sources of abundant data
◼ Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …
◼ Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, …
◼ Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
◼ We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
◼ “Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—Automated
analysis of massive data sets

3
 Evolution of Sciences
◼ Before 1600, empirical science –physically closed to actual system like chemistry
experiments
◼ 1600-1950s, theoretical science
◼ Each discipline has grown a theoretical component. Theoretical models often motivate
experiments and generalize our understanding.
◼ 1950s-1990s, computational science
◼ Over the last 50 years, most disciplines have grown a third, computational branch (e.g.
empirical, theoretical, and computational ecology, or physics, or linguistics.)
◼ Computational Science traditionally meant simulation. It grew out of our inability to find
closed-form solutions for complex mathematical models.
◼ 1990-now, data science
◼ The flood of data from new scientific instruments and simulations
◼ The ability to economically store and manage petabytes of data online
◼ The Internet and computing Grid that makes all these archives universally accessible
◼ Scientific info. management, acquisition, organization, query, and visualization tasks
scale almost linearly with data volumes. Data mining is a major new challenge!
◼ Jim Gray and Alex Szalay, The World Wide Telescope: An Archetype for Online Science,
Comm. ACM, 45(11): 50-54, Nov. 2002
4
 Evolution of Database Technology
◼ 1960s:
◼ Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS
◼ 1970s:
◼ Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation
◼ 1980s:
◼ RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.)
◼ Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)
◼ 1990s:
◼ Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web
databases
◼ 2000s
◼ Stream data management and mining
◼ Data mining and its applications
◼ Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems

5
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
6
 What Is Data Mining?

◼ Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)

◼ Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously
unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from
huge amount of data
◼ Data mining: a misnomer?
◼ Alternative names
◼ Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge
extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data
dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc.
◼ Watch out: Is everything “data mining”?
◼ Simple search and query processing
◼ (Deductive) expert systems

7
 Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
◼ This is a view from typical
database systems and data
Pattern Evaluation
warehousing communities
◼ Data mining plays an essential
role in the knowledge discovery
process Data Mining

Task-relevant Data

Data Warehouse Selection

Data Cleaning

Data Integration

Databases
8
 Knowledge discovery as a process is depicted in Figure and
consists of an iterative sequence of the following steps:

1. Data cleaning (to remove noise and inconsistent data)

2. Data integration (where multiple data sources may be combined)

3. Data selection (where data relevant to the analysis task are retrieved from the database)

4. Data transformation (where data are transformed or consolidated into forms appropriate for
mining by performing summary or aggregation operations, for instance)

5. Data mining (an essential process where intelligent methods are applied in order to extract data
patterns)

6. Pattern evaluation (to identify the truly interesting patterns representing knowledge

based on some interestingness measures;)

7. Knowledge presentation (where visualization and knowledge representation techniques are used
to present the mined knowledge to the user)

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 9

 Example: A Web Mining Framework

◼ Web mining usually involves

◼ Data cleaning
◼ Data integration from multiple sources
◼ Warehousing the data
◼ Data cube construction
◼ Data selection for data mining
◼ Data mining
◼ Presentation of the mining results
◼ Patterns and knowledge to be used or stored into
knowledge-base

10
 Data Mining in Business Intelligence

Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Decision
Making

Data Presentation Business

Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst

Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting

Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses

DBA
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
11
 ◼ Business intelligence (BI) is a collection of
applications and techniques used to transform data
into actionable information.

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 12

 KDD Process: A Typical View from ML and
Statistics

Input Data Data Pre- Data Post-

Processing Mining Processing

Data integration Pattern discovery Pattern evaluation

Normalization Association & correlation Pattern selection
Feature selection Classification Pattern interpretation
Clustering
Dimension reduction Pattern visualization
Outlier analysis
…………

◼ This is a view from typical machine learning and statistics communities

14
 Example: Medical Data Mining

◼ Health care & medical data mining – often

adopted such a view in statistics and machine
learning
◼ Preprocessing of the data (including feature
extraction and dimension reduction)
◼ Classification or/and clustering processes
◼ Post-processing for presentation

15
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
16
 Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
◼ Data to be mined
◼ Database data (extended-relational, object-oriented, heterogeneous,

legacy), data warehouse, transactional data, stream, spatiotemporal,

time-series, sequence, text and web, multi-media, graphs & social
and information networks
◼ Knowledge to be mined (or: Data mining functions)
◼ Characterization, discrimination, association, classification,

clustering, trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc.

◼ Descriptive vs. predictive data mining

◼ Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels

◼ Techniques utilized
◼ Data-intensive, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics,

pattern recognition, visualization, high-performance, etc.

◼ Applications adapted
◼ Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining,

stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.

17
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
18
 Data Mining: On What Kinds of Data?
◼ Database-oriented data sets and applications
◼ Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
◼ Advanced data sets and advanced applications
◼ Data streams(such as video surveillance and sensor data, where data flow in and out like
streams) and sensor data
◼ Time-series data(such as historical records or stock exchange data) , temporal data, sequence
data (incl. bio-sequences)
◼ Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
◼ Object-relational databases
◼ Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
◼ Spatial data and spatiotemporal data (such as maps)
◼ Multimedia database(including text, image, video, and audio data)
◼ Text databases
◼ The World-Wide Web (a huge, widely distributed information repository made available by the
Internet)
19
 Kinds of Data?

◼ A relational database is a type of database that stores and provides

access to data points that are related to one another.
◼ It is based on the relational model, an intuitive, straightforward
way of representing data in tables.

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 20

 Relational Database - example

Fig.Fragments of relations
from a relational database
for AllElectronics.

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 21

◼ Data warehouse is a central repository of information that can be
analyzed to make more informed decisions.
◼ Stores historical data.

◼ A data warehouse is a repository of information collected from

multiple sources, stored under a unified schema, and that
usually resides at a single site. Data warehouses are constructed
via a process of data cleaning, data integration, data
transformation, data loading, and periodic data refreshing.
◼ Is usually modeled by a multidimensional database structure
◼ Each dimension corresponds to an attribute or a set of attributes in
the schema, and each cell stores the value of some aggregate
measure, such as count or sales amount.
◼ The actual physical structure of a data warehouse may be a
relational data store or a multidimensional data cube.
◼ A data cube provides a multidimensional view of data and allows
the precomputation and fast accessing of summarized data.
September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 22
 .
Fig.Typical framework of a data warehouse for AllElectronics

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 23

◼ Transactional databases are row-stores, which means that
data is stored on disk as rows, rather than columns.
◼ consists of a file where each record represents a
transaction.
◼ A transaction typically includes a unique transaction
identity number (trans ID) and a list of the items making
up the transaction (such as items purchased in a store).

“Show me all the items purchased by Sandy Smith”

“How many transactions include item number I3?”
“Which items sold well together?”

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 24

 ◼ Data streams: a set of digital signals used for different
kinds of content transmission. A data stream consists
of a series of data elements ordered in time.
◼ Sensor data: is the output of a device that detects and
responds to some type of input from the physical
environment.
◼ Time series data : also referred to as time-stamped
data, is a sequence of data points indexed in time
order. These data points typically consist of successive
measurements made from the same source over a
fixed time interval and are used to track change over
time.

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 25

 ◼ Temporal data is simply data that represents a state in
time, Temporal data is collected to analyze weather
patterns and other environmental variables, monitor
traffic conditions, study demographic trends, and so
on.
◼ Sequence Data: defined as data in which the points in
the dataset are reliant on the other points in the
dataset.
◼ Structured data: is highly organized and easily
understood by machine language.
◼ Spatial data: can be referred to as geographic data or
geospatial data.
◼ Spatiotemporal data are data that relate to both space
and time.
September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 26
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
27
Data Mining Function: (1) Generalization

◼ Information integration and data warehouse construction

◼ Data cleaning, transformation, integration, and
multidimensional data model
◼ Data cube technology
◼ Scalable methods for computing (i.e., materializing)
multidimensional aggregates
◼ OLAP (online analytical processing)
◼ Multidimensional concept description: Characterization
and discrimination
◼ Generalize, summarize, and contrast data
characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet region

28
Data Mining Function: (2) Association and
Correlation Analysis
◼ Frequent patterns (or frequent itemsets)
◼ What items are frequently purchased together in
Walmart?
◼ Association, correlation vs. causality
◼ A typical association rule
◼ Milk → Bread [0.5%, 75%] (support, confidence)
◼ Are strongly associated items also strongly correlated?
◼ How to mine such patterns and rules efficiently in large
datasets?
◼ How to use such patterns for classification, clustering,
and other applications?
29
Data Mining Function: (3) Classification

◼ Classification and label prediction

◼ Construct models (functions) based on some training examples
◼ Describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction
◼ E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
◼ Predict some unknown class labels
◼ Typical methods
◼ Decision trees, naïve Bayesian classification, support vector
machines, neural networks, rule-based classification, pattern-
based classification, logistic regression, …
◼ Typical applications:
◼ Credit card fraud detection, direct marketing, classifying stars,
diseases, web-pages, …

30
Data Mining Function: (4) Cluster Analysis

◼ Unsupervised learning (i.e., Class label is unknown)

◼ Group data to form new categories (i.e., clusters), e.g.,
cluster houses to find distribution patterns
◼ Principle: Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing
interclass similarity
◼ Many methods and applications

31
Data Mining Function: (5) Outlier Analysis
◼ Outlier analysis
◼ Outlier: A data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the data
◼ Noise or exception? ― One person’s garbage could be another
person’s treasure
◼ Methods: by product of clustering or regression analysis, …
◼ Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis

32
Time and Ordering: Sequential Pattern,
Trend and Evolution Analysis
◼ Sequence, trend and evolution analysis
◼ Trend, time-series, and deviation analysis: e.g.,

regression and value prediction

◼ Sequential pattern mining

◼ e.g., first buy digital camera, then buy large SD

memory cards
◼ Periodicity analysis

◼ Motifs and biological sequence analysis

◼ Approximate and consecutive motifs

◼ Similarity-based analysis

◼ Mining data streams

◼ Ordered, time-varying, potentially infinite, data streams

33
 Structure and Network Analysis

◼ Graph mining
◼ Finding frequent subgraphs (e.g., chemical compounds), trees

(XML), substructures (web fragments)

◼ Information network analysis
◼ Social networks: actors (objects, nodes) and relationships (edges)

◼ e.g., author networks in CS, terrorist networks

◼ Multiple heterogeneous networks

◼ A person could be multiple information networks: friends,

family, classmates, …
◼ Links carry a lot of semantic information: Link mining

◼ Web mining
◼ Web is a big information network: from PageRank to Google

◼ Analysis of Web information networks

◼ Web community discovery, opinion mining, usage mining, …

34
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
36
Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines

Machine Pattern Statistics

Learning Recognition

Applications Data Mining Visualization

Algorithm Database High-Performance

Technology Computing

37
Why Confluence of Multiple Disciplines?

◼ Tremendous amount of data

◼ Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes of
data
◼ High-dimensionality of data
◼ Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
◼ High complexity of data
◼ Data streams and sensor data
◼ Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
◼ Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
◼ Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
◼ Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
◼ Software programs, scientific simulations
◼ New and sophisticated applications
38
September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 39
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
40
 Applications of Data Mining
◼ Web page analysis: from web page classification, clustering to
PageRank & HITS algorithms
◼ Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
◼ Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
◼ Biological and medical data analysis: classification, cluster analysis
(microarray data analysis), biological sequence analysis, biological
network analysis
◼ Data mining and software engineering (e.g., IEEE Computer, Aug.
2009 issue)
◼ From major dedicated data mining systems/tools (e.g., SAS, MS SQL-
Server Analysis Manager, Oracle Data Mining Tools) to invisible data
mining

41
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
42
 Major Issues in Data Mining (1)

◼ Mining Methodology
◼ Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
◼ Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
◼ Data mining: An interdisciplinary effort
◼ Boosting the power of discovery in a networked environment
◼ Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
◼ Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided mining
◼ User Interaction
◼ Interactive mining
◼ Incorporation of background knowledge
◼ Presentation and visualization of data mining results

43
 Major Issues in Data Mining (2)

◼ Efficiency and Scalability

◼ Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
◼ Parallel, distributed, stream, and incremental mining methods
◼ Diversity of data types
◼ Handling complex types of data
◼ Mining dynamic, networked, and global data repositories
◼ Data mining and society
◼ Social impacts of data mining
◼ Privacy-preserving data mining
◼ Invisible data mining

44
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
45
 A Brief History of Data Mining Society

◼ 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases

◼ Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley,
1991)
◼ 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
◼ Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G.
Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
◼ 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
and Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
◼ Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
◼ ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
◼ More conferences on data mining
◼ PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM
(2001), etc.
◼ ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007
46
 Conferences and Journals on Data Mining

◼ KDD Conferences ◼ Other related conferences

◼ ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on ◼ DB conferences: ACM SIGMOD,
Knowledge Discovery in
VLDB, ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, …
Databases and Data Mining (KDD)
◼ Web and IR conferences: WWW,
◼ SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM)
SIGIR, WSDM
◼ (IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data Mining
(ICDM) ◼ ML conferences: ICML, NIPS
◼ European Conf. on Machine ◼ PR conferences: CVPR,
Learning and Principles and ◼ Journals
practices of Knowledge Discovery
◼ Data Mining and Knowledge
and Data Mining (ECML-PKDD)
Discovery (DAMI or DMKD)
◼ Pacific-Asia Conf. on Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining ◼ IEEE Trans. On Knowledge and
(PAKDD) Data Eng. (TKDE)
◼ Int. Conf. on Web Search and ◼ KDD Explorations
Data Mining (WSDM) ◼ ACM Trans. on KDD

47
Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer, Google

◼ Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM)

◼ Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc.
◼ Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD
◼ Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology—CD ROM)
◼ Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA
◼ Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc.
◼ AI & Machine Learning
◼ Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc.
◼ Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems,
IEEE-PAMI, etc.
◼ Web and IR
◼ Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc.
◼ Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems,
◼ Statistics
◼ Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc.
◼ Journals: Annals of statistics, etc.
◼ Visualization
◼ Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc.
◼ Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.
48
 Chapter 1. Introduction
◼ Why Data Mining?

◼ What Is Data Mining?

◼ A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

◼ What Kind of Data Can Be Mined?

◼ What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?

◼ What Technology Are Used?

◼ What Kind of Applications Are Targeted?

◼ Major Issues in Data Mining

◼ A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society

◼ Summary
49
September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 50
 ◼ Database, data warehouse, World Wide Web, or other information repository: This is
one or a set of databases, data warehouses, spreadsheets, or other kinds of
information repositories. Data cleaning and data integration techniques may be
performed on the data.
◼ Database or data warehouse server: The database or data warehouse server is
responsible for fetching the relevant data, based on the user’s data mining request.
◼ Knowledge base: This is the domain knowledge that is used to guide the search or
evaluate the interestingness of resulting patterns. Such knowledge can include
◼ concept hierarchies, used to organize attributes or attribute values into different
levels of abstraction. Knowledge such as user beliefs, which can be used to assess a
pattern’s interestingness based on its unexpectedness, may also be included. Other
examples of domain knowledge are additional interestingness constraints or
thresholds, and metadata (e.g., describing data from multiple heterogeneous sources).
◼ Data mining engine: This is essential to the data mining system and ideally consists of
a set of functional modules for tasks such as characterization, association and
correlation analysis, classification, prediction, cluster analysis, outlier analysis, and
evolution analysis.
September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 51
 ◼ Pattern evaluation module: This component typically employs interestingness
measures (Section 1.5) and interacts with the data mining modules so as to focus the
search toward interesting patterns. It may use interestingness thresholds to filter out
discovered patterns. Alternatively, the pattern evaluation module may be integrated
with the mining module, depending on the implementation of the data mining
method used. For efficient data mining, it is highly recommended to push
the evaluation of pattern interestingness as deep as possible into the mining process
so as to confine the search to only the interesting patterns.

◼ User interface: This module communicates between users and the data mining
system, allowing the user to interact with the system by specifying a data mining
query or task, providing information to help focus the search, and performing
exploratory data mining based on the intermediate data mining results. In addition,
this component allows the user to browse database and data warehouse schemas or
data structures, evaluate mined patterns, and visualize the patterns in different
forms.

September 10, 2023 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 52

 Summary
◼ Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from
massive amount of data
◼ A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with
wide applications
◼ A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and
knowledge presentation
◼ Mining can be performed in a variety of data
◼ Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc.
◼ Data mining technologies and applications
◼ Major issues in data mining

53
 Recommended Reference Books
◼ S. Chakrabarti. Mining the Web: Statistical Analysis of Hypertex and Semi-Structured Data. Morgan
Kaufmann, 2002
◼ R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000
◼ T. Dasu and T. Johnson. Exploratory Data Mining and Data Cleaning. John Wiley & Sons, 2003
◼ U. M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and
Data Mining. AAAI/MIT Press, 1996
◼ U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001
◼ J. Han and M. Kamber. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 3rd ed., 2011
◼ D. J. Hand, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth, Principles of Data Mining, MIT Press, 2001
◼ T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference,
and Prediction, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, 2009
◼ B. Liu, Web Data Mining, Springer 2006.
◼ T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997
◼ G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. J. Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AAAI/MIT Press, 1991
◼ P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005
◼ S. M. Weiss and N. Indurkhya, Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998
◼ I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java
Implementations, Morgan Kaufmann, 2nd ed. 2005

54