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Lecture 17

The document discusses standing waves, beats, and the Doppler effect in sound waves. Standing waves result from the superposition of incident and reflected waves. Beats occur due to interference between two waves with slightly different frequencies. The Doppler effect causes changes in perceived frequency depending on the motion of the source and observer.

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Outis Wong
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7 views8 pages

Lecture 17

The document discusses standing waves, beats, and the Doppler effect in sound waves. Standing waves result from the superposition of incident and reflected waves. Beats occur due to interference between two waves with slightly different frequencies. The Doppler effect causes changes in perceived frequency depending on the motion of the source and observer.

Uploaded by

Outis Wong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WAVE MOTION AND SOUND II

Intended Learning Outcomes – after this lecture you will learn:


1. standing wave as the result of superposition of incident and reflected wave trains
2. beats due to interference of two traveling waves with slightly different frequencies
3. Doppler effect in sound
Textbook Reference: 15.7-15.8, 16.7-16.8

Standing wave – result of superposition between incident and reflected waves


For open boundary condition, reflected wave is
continuous incident 𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜔𝑡)
wave train (not pulse) Resulting wave:
𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) + 𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜔𝑡)
= 2𝐴 cos 𝑘𝑥 cos 𝜔𝑡

sinusoidal amplitude time variation


not propagating because no cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) term

For fixed boundary condition, reflected wave is −𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜔𝑡)


resulting wave:
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) − 𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜔𝑡)
= 2𝐴 sin 𝑘𝑥 sin 𝜔𝑡
antinode – maximum amplitude,
node – zero amplitude, called called constructive interference
destructive interference

𝜆/2

PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 1


Normal Modes in Standing Wave

For a string of length L clamped on both ends, normal modes of vibration are those standing
waves that can be fitted into the string
Normal mode frequencies are
𝜆 2𝐿
𝐿=𝑛 ⇒ 𝜆𝑛 = , 𝑛 = 1, 2, …
2 𝑛
and frequencies are
𝑣
𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛 ቀ ቁ = 𝑛𝑓1 , 𝑛 = 1, 2, …
2𝐿

Demonstration:
1. Standing wave applet 2. Standing waves on vibrating string

PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 2


Beats – interference of two traveling waves with slightly different frequencies
Consider two waves at a fixed spatial point 𝑥0 = 0 for simplicity
𝑦𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(−2𝜋𝑓𝑎 𝑡 + 𝜙𝑎 )
𝑦𝑏 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(−2𝜋𝑓𝑏 𝑡 + 𝜙𝑏 )

only half of the


corresponding
rise fall
period
Resulting note at the same point 𝑥0 = 0:
𝑦𝑎 (𝑡) + 𝑦𝑏 (𝑡)
𝑓𝑎 + 𝑓𝑏 𝜙𝑎 + 𝜙𝑏 𝑓𝑎 − 𝑓𝑏 𝜙𝑎 − 𝜙𝑏
= 2𝐴 cos ൬−2𝜋 𝑡+ ൰ cos ൬−2𝜋 𝑡+ ൰
2 2 2 2

1
fast varying with frequency slow varying with frequency 2 ȁ𝑓𝑎 − 𝑓𝑏 ȁ, hear rise
1
(𝑓𝑎 + 𝑓𝑏 ) ≈ 𝑓𝑎 ≈ 𝑓𝑏 and fall in intensity with period
2

1 1 1
𝑇= =
2 1 ȁ𝑓 − 𝑓 ȁ ȁ𝑓𝑎 − 𝑓𝑏 ȁ
2 𝑎 𝑏

Beat frequency 𝑓beat = ȁ𝑓𝑎 − 𝑓𝑏 ȁ

Demonstration
2. Beats animation
1. Beats

Question
A tuning fork vibrates at 440 Hz, while a second tuning fork vibrates at an unknown frequency.
They produce a tone that rises and falls in intensity three times per second. The frequency of the
second tuning fork is (434 Hz / 437 Hz / 443 Hz / 446 Hz / either 434 or 446 Hz / either 437 or
443 Hz).
Answer: see inverted text on P. 552
PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 3
Doppler effect – frequency changes when source and/or observer are “moving”

Demonstration – a passing-by fire truck

Consider mechanical wave (sound as an example) only, all speeds relative to the medium (air),
which is assumed to be stationary.

Case I: Source not moving (relative to the medium)


𝑓𝑆 fixed and 𝜆 does not
change
Listener “hits” wave fronts
with speed 𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
Time to hit 2 consecutive
wave fronts
𝜆
𝑇=
𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
1 𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
∴ 𝑓𝐿 = =
𝑇 𝜆
𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
=൬ ൰ 𝑓𝑆
𝑣Τ𝑓𝑆 𝑣

If listener approaching source, 𝑣𝐿 > 0 and 𝑓𝐿 > 𝑓𝑆 , hear a higher pitch


If listener leaving source, 𝑣𝐿 < 0 and 𝑓𝐿 < 𝑓𝑆 , hear a lower pitch

Case II: Source moving

𝑓𝑆 remains fixed
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑆
but 𝜆 changes. 𝜆in front =
𝑓𝑆
Distance between
consecutive wave
fronts:
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑆
𝜆behind =
𝑓𝑆

𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿 𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = ⟹ 𝑓𝐿 = ൬ ൰𝑓
𝜆behind 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑆 𝑆

PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 4


Sign convention for 𝑣𝐿 and 𝑣𝑆 – the direction pointing from listener to source is taken to be
+ve – check that the formula works in all possible cases
If listener at rest (𝑣𝐿 = 0), source approaching listener, then 𝑣𝑆 ( > / < ) 0, and 𝑓𝐿 ( > / < ) 𝑓𝑆
What if 𝑣𝑆 > 𝑣? A condition called supersonic, leads to shock wave. Read textbook if you
are interested.
Question
In an outdoor concert with wind blowing steadily at 10 m/s from the performer towards you, is
the sound you hear Doppler-shifted?
Answer: see inverted text on P. 557 of textbook

Example 16.15 – 16.17 P. 555


A police car’s siren has frequency 𝑓𝑆 = 300 Hz. Take speed of sound in still air, 𝑣, to be 340 m/s
Case I:

340 m/s
𝑓𝐿 = (300 Hz)
340 m/s + 30 m/s
= 276 Hz

Case II:

340 m/s − 30 m/s


𝑓𝐿 = (300 Hz)
340 m/s
= 274 Hz

Case III:

340 m/s + 15 m/s


𝑓𝐿 = (300 Hz)
340 m/s + 45 m/s
= 277 Hz

In all 3 cases, the source and listener have the same relative velocity, but different 𝑓𝐿 , i.e.,
cannot use either source or listener as frame of reference because there exist an absolute
frame of reference – the medium.

PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 5


How about waves without medium, such as light? All inertia frame of references are
equivalent and Doppler effect can depend on the relative motion of the source and receiver
only.
𝑐−𝑣
𝑓𝑅 = √ 𝑓
𝑐+𝑣 𝑆
𝑣 is the relative velocity between source and receiver, +ve if moving away from each other.

Question
If remote star moving away from us, see (red / blue) shift in the light it emits.

Clicker Questions

PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 6


PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 7
Ans: Q15.9) B, Q16.8) E, Q16.9) C, Q16.10) A

PHYS1112 Lecture 17 Wave Motion and Sound II P. 8

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