The document discusses measures of central tendency, specifically the arithmetic mean. It defines the arithmetic mean, provides methods to calculate it for both grouped and ungrouped data, and lists four key properties: the mean equals a constant if all observations are the same, the sum of deviations from the mean is zero, changing the scale or origin changes the mean, and the mean of combined groups can be calculated from the individual group means and sizes.
The document discusses measures of central tendency, specifically the arithmetic mean. It defines the arithmetic mean, provides methods to calculate it for both grouped and ungrouped data, and lists four key properties: the mean equals a constant if all observations are the same, the sum of deviations from the mean is zero, changing the scale or origin changes the mean, and the mean of combined groups can be calculated from the individual group means and sizes.
The document discusses measures of central tendency, specifically the arithmetic mean. It defines the arithmetic mean, provides methods to calculate it for both grouped and ungrouped data, and lists four key properties: the mean equals a constant if all observations are the same, the sum of deviations from the mean is zero, changing the scale or origin changes the mean, and the mean of combined groups can be calculated from the individual group means and sizes.
The document discusses measures of central tendency, specifically the arithmetic mean. It defines the arithmetic mean, provides methods to calculate it for both grouped and ungrouped data, and lists four key properties: the mean equals a constant if all observations are the same, the sum of deviations from the mean is zero, changing the scale or origin changes the mean, and the mean of combined groups can be calculated from the individual group means and sizes.
The Arithmetic Mean and their Properties To determine a specific value of the variable around which the majority of the observations tend to concentrate. This representation shows the tendency or behavior of the Definition: distribution of the variable under study. This value is called average or the central value. The measures or techniques that are used to determine this central value are called Measures of Central Tendency. Some Important Types of Averages: 1. Arithmetic Mean 2. Geometric Mean 3. Harmonic Mean 4. Median 5. Mode Arithmetic Mean 1. Arithmetic Mean The Arithmetic Mean or simply mean is defined as:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 Or 𝑋 𝑋= 𝑛 Computation of Arithmetic Mean a. For Ungrouped Data i) Direct Method (By Definition) 𝑋 𝑋= 𝑛 ii) Indirect Method 𝑛 𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖 𝑋=𝐴+ 𝑛 Where, 𝐷𝑖 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝐴 , 𝐴 is any assumed value of X called Assumed or Provisional Mean Computation of Arithmetic Mean a. For Grouped Data i) Direct Method 𝑓𝑋 𝑋= 𝑓 ii) Indirect Method 𝑓𝐷 𝑋=𝐴+ 𝑓 Where, 𝐷𝑖 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝐴 , 𝐴 is any assumed value of X called Assumed or Provisional Mean Question # 01 The Marks of 5 students in Statistics are 25, 38, 46, 39, 30. Calculate Arithmetic Mean using direct and indirect Method and interpret the result. Solution a. Using Direct Method Let 𝑋 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋 𝑋= 𝑛 25 + 38 + 46 + 39 + 30 𝑋= 5 178 𝑋= 5 𝑋 = 35.6 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 Hence each of the 5 students obtains 35.6 or 36 marks on the average. Solution b. Using Indirect Method Let 𝑋 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡, Suppose 𝐴 = 30
𝑛 𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖 X 𝑫 = 𝑿 − 𝑨 = (𝑿 − 𝟑𝟎) 𝑋=𝐴+ 25 25 − 30 = −5 𝑛 38 38 − 30 = 8 28 46 46 − 30 = 16 𝑋 = 30 + 5 39 39 − 30 = 9 30 30 − 30 = 0 𝑋 = 30 + 5.6 𝐷 = 28 𝑋 = 35.6 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 Hence each of the 5 students obtains 35.6 or 36 marks on the average. Question # 02 The Marks of students in Statistics are given Calculate Arithmetic Mean using direct and indirect Method and interpret the result. Solution: Suppose 𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎 Class Interval Class Boundries X f fX D = X - A fD 0-9 2 10-19 10 20-29 5 30-39 9 40-49 6 50-59 7 60-69 1 Total ? ? ? Solution: 𝑿 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 Properties of Arithmetic Mean Property 1 :
• If all the observations assumed by a variable are constants,
say "k", then arithmetic mean is also "k". • For example, if the height of every student in a group of 10 students is 170 cm, the mean height is, of course 170 cm. Property 2 :
• The algebraic sum of deviations of a set of observations from
their arithmetic mean is zero. • That is, • for unclassified data, ∑(x - x̄) = 0. • And for a grouped frequency distribution, ∑f(x - x̄) = 0. • For example, if a variable "x" assumes five observations, say 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, then x̄ = 30. • The deviations of the observations from arithmetic mean (x - x̄) are -20, -10, 0, 10, 20. • Now, ∑(x - x̄) = (-20) + (-10) + 0 + 10 + 20 = 0 Property 3 :
• Arithmetic mean is affected due to a change of origin and/or scale which implies that if the original variable "x" is changed to another variable "y" effecting a change of origin, say "a" and scale, say "b", of "x". That is y = a + bx. • Then we have, • Arithmetic mean of "y" = a + bx̄ • For example, if it is known that two variables x and y are related by 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 and x̄ = 15, then • Arithmetic mean of "y" = (-7 - 2𝒙) / 3 • Plug x̄ = 15 • Arithmetic mean of "y" = (-7 – 2(15)) / 3 • Arithmetic mean of "y" = (-7 - 30) / 3 • Arithmetic mean of "y" = -37/ 3 • Arithmetic mean of "y" = -12.33 Property 4 :
• If there are two groups containing n₁ and n₂ observations
• x̄1 and x̄2 are the respective arithmetic means, then the combined arithmetic mean is given by • x̄ = (n1x̄1 + n2x̄2) / (n1 + n2) • This property could be extended to more than two groups and we may write it as • x̄ = ∑nx̄ / ∑n • Here, • ∑nx̄ = n1x̄1 + n2x̄2 + .............. • ∑n = n1 + n2 + ........................ Practice Example 3.1, 3.5, 3.6 Exercise 3.1, 3.2, 3.7, 3.15, 3.16
