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    CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes

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    Biplab Halder
    The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It covers the French Revolution, Napoleon's rule, the 1848 revolutions, the unification of Germany and Italy, and the growth of nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism emerged as a force that drastically changed Europe's political and social landscape and ultimately led to the establishment of nation-states across the continent.

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    CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes

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    Biplab Halder
    44 views4 pages
    The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It covers the French Revolution, Napoleon's rule, the 1848 revolutions, the unification of Germany and Italy, and the growth of nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism emerged as a force that drastically changed Europe's political and social landscape and ultimately led to the establishment of nation-states across the continent.

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    The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It covers the French Revolution, Napoleon's rule, the 1848 revolutions, the unification of Germany and Italy, and the growth of nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism emerged as a force that drastically changed Europe's political and social landscape and ultimately led to the establishment of nation-states across the continent.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    44 views4 pages

    CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes

    Uploaded by

    Biplab Halder
    The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It covers the French Revolution, Napoleon's rule, the 1848 revolutions, the unification of Germany and Italy, and the growth of nationalism and imperialism. Nationalism emerged as a force that drastically changed Europe's political and social landscape and ultimately led to the establishment of nation-states across the continent.

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    1

    CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

    Frederic Sorrieu
    Frédéric Sorrieu was a French artist. In 1848, he prepared a series of four prints visualising his
    dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics.

    • The first print represents the people of Europe and America marching in a long train,
    offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass through it. A female figure was
    holding the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in
    the other.
    • The shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions were lying on the earth in
    the foreground.
    • Sorrieu had a utopian vision of a world where people were grouped as distinct nations,
    identified through their national flags and costumes.
    • The United States and Switzerland led the procession, followed by France and Germany.
    The people of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England,
    Ireland, Hungary and Russia, came after the Germans.
    • Christ, angels, and saints are looking down on the scene from the heavens above. They
    serve as a symbol of fraternity among the nations of the world.
    During the 19th century, nationalism evolved as a force which drastically changed Europe’s
    political and mental world. The nation-state ultimately emerged as a result of these changes.

    French Revolution
    In 1789, nationalism emerged with the French Revolution and the political and constitutional
    reforms resulted in the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
    Many policies and procedures were implemented, including the concepts of la patrie (the
    fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen). The tricolour was chosen as the new French flag.

    Napoleonic Code
    Napoleon ruled France starting from 1799 to 1815. He gained absolute control and power in the
    year 1799 by becoming the First Consul. The features of the Napoleonic Code or Civil Code
    1804 are as follows:

    • Establishment of equality before the law.


    • Under the Napoleonic Code, the right to property was secured.
    • All birth rights and privileges were abolished.
    • Guild restrictions were lifted.
    Moreover, Napoleon actually took away the freedom of people by forcing them to join the
    French army. Also, he imposed censorship, increased taxes, and took away political freedom.

    New Middle Class


    The new classifications were done based on the work, culture, and group of people. As a result,
    three new classes were formed:

    • The Aristocracy: It included people who owned lands, spoke French and were connected
    by ties of marriage. They were, however, numerically a small group.
    2

    • Peasantry: The majority of the population was made up of this class.


    • Middle Class: Since industrialisation, a new class came into being known as the working
    class. It included artisans, industrialists, businessmen and so on.
    Liberalism
    • In 1848, a revolution was led by educated middle-class people. Men and women of the
    liberal middle class demanded the creation of a national state on parliamentary principles
    and the Constitution, which allows freedom of the press and freedom of association.
    • Many political associations came together in Frankfurt and decided to cast their vote for
    an all-German National Assembly. On 18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives
    arrived in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
    • They drafted a constitution for the German nation to be ruled by a monarchy governed by
    a parliament. The Crown was offered to Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, but he
    rejected it and joined other monarchs to stand against the elected assembly. The middle
    classes dominated the Parliament, and a large number of women participated in the
    liberal movement.
    • Women formed their own political associations. Moreover, they founded newspapers and
    took part in political meetings and demonstrations, but they were still denied suffrage
    rights during the election of the assembly.
    • As a result, in the years after 1848, the autocratic kings of Central and Eastern Europe
    started enacting the changes that had previously been made in Western Europe prior to
    1815. Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in both Russia and the Habsburg
    dominions.
    A New Conservatism After 1815
    • In 1815, conservatism was the driving force behind the policies of European
    governments. Conservatives supported the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies,
    property and the preservation of the family.
    • It was believed that a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and
    the abolition and elimination of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic
    monarchies of Europe.
    • Furthermore, in 1815, the representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia,
    Prussia and Austria, met in Vienna to draft a settlement for Europe.
    • The Bourbon dynasty was reinstated, and France lost countries it had gained under
    Napoleon.
    • The freedom of the press was one of the major issues taken up by the liberal nationalists,
    who criticised the new conservative order.
    The Revolutionaries
    • Many secret societies were established in European states in 1815 to educate
    revolutionaries and spread their ideology. The revolutionaries opposed monarchical
    forms and fought for liberty and freedom.
    • Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807, formed two more
    secret societies. The first was Young Italy in Marseilles, and the second was Young
    Europe in Berne, which included like-minded young men from Germany, Poland, France,
    and Italy.
    3

    The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848


    Liberal revolutionaries overthrew the Bourbon Kings in July 1830 and replaced them with a
    constitutional monarchy commanded by Louis Philippe. The July Revolution triggered a revolt
    in Brussels, which resulted in Belgium breaking away from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
    Greeks fought for their independence in 1821.

    Making of Germany
    Nationalism in Europe began to disassociate itself from democracy and revolution after 1848.
    Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states. Prussia took over the leadership of the
    movement for national unification. Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this revolutionary
    process and carried it out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

    In January 1871, the King of Prussia, William I, was crowned German Emperor in a ceremony
    held at Versailles. The nation-building process demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state
    power. Modernising Germany’s financial, legal, and judicial systems were a top priority for the
    new state.

    Making of Italy
    Italy was divided into seven states in the middle of the 19th century. Out of all the seven states,
    Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. All the regions were dominated and
    ruled by different kings. In 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society referred to as Young
    Italy.

    The movement was led by Chief Minister Cavour. In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the
    Austrian forces. In 1860, they marched into South Italy, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
    and ultimately succeeded in winning the support and help of the local peasants. In 1861, Victor
    Emmanuel II was declared the king of united Italy.

    Britain
    Great Britain represented the nation. Prior to the 18th century, there was no British nation. The
    nation became powerful as it slowly and gradually grew in wealth, importance and power.

    The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation and
    introduction of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain.’ It meant that England was able to impose
    its influence on Scotland. In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
    The symbols of the new Britain, such as the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God
    Save Our Noble King), and the English language, were actively promoted.

    Nationalism and Imperialism


    By the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism had lost its idealistic liberal democratic
    sentiment. After 1871, the Balkan region was the main cause of nationalist tension in Europe.
    The Slavs was the collective name for people who lived in the geographically diverse and
    ethnically diverse region of the Balkans, which included modern-day Romania, Macedonia,
    Croatia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia.
    4

    The Balkans became a very volatile region due to the growth of romantic nationalism and the fall
    of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire attempted to strengthen itself throughout the 19th
    century by modernisation and internal reforms but received very little success.

    During this period, the European nations engaged in fierce competition over trade, colonies, and
    naval and military strength. 1914 saw the devastation of Europe brought on by nationalism and
    imperialism. Anti-imperial movements came into effect, but they struggled to form independent
    national states. However, the idea of ‘national states’ was accepted, and everyone agreed on the
    concept.

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