SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.

143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon

(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 9

Week 12 & 13
Lesson 7. Volcanoes

Volcanoes and the Interior of the Earth

Volcanism
 Volcanism pertains to all volcanic activities and phenomena which build up surface features.
 Volcanic processes are rapid and dramatic.
 Volcanoes are mountains, hills, or any vent or opening on the earth's crust through which hot
materials such as lava, gases, vapors, and fragmented materials are expelled.
 Volcanoes have craters or openings through which materials are ejected.

 The vent or cylindrical openings connects the magma chamber to the crater.
 The magma chamber is located about 5 km to 6 km below the surface where magma and gases
accumulate before eruption.

 The caldera is a basin-shaped crater formed during violent explosions that cause the cone to
collapse.

Volcanoes are classified according to activity.

 The active volcanoes are those that erupt occasionally.
 Dormant volcanoes are those that erupt and enter a period of inactivity.
 The extinct ones are inactive for a very long time.

Volcanoes are classified as well according to the types of cones.

 A shield volcano extrudes highly fluid lava and forms a broad, domed structure. It expels basaltic
lava and pyroclastic materials.
 A cinder cone is smaller, has steep slopes, and clusters around larger volcanoes.
 A composite cone or strato volcano consists of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic materials.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 9

Shield Volcano Cinder Cone Composite Volcano

 According to eruption, volcanoes can be quiet or exhibits nonexplosive eruption.

 Lava and gases are discharged slowly.
 An explosive volcano has a violent eruption, usually preceded by loud rumblings.
 It forms large fissures that develop into hot springs.
 An intermediate volcano is a combination of quiet and explosive volcano.
 The word volcano comes from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.

Different Types of Volcanoes

 Composite volcanoes have the same form and characteristics.
They are typically steep-sided, have Symmetrical cones of large base and rise as much as 8,000 ft above
their bases.
Most composite volcanoes or strato volcanoes have craters at the summit that usually contain a central
vent or a clustered group of vents.

Example:

 Cinder cone volcanoes have bowl-shaped crater at the top and are generally not very tall.
They are built from particles and lumps of semi-solid lava ejected from single vent.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 9

Example:

 Shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava.

The lava from a central summit vent pours out in all directions resulting in a broad, gently sloping, flat and
domical shape cone.
Shielded volcanoes resemble the wide, rounded-shape of an ancient warrior's shield.
Some of the largest volcanoes in the world are classified as shield volcanoes with diameters of 5km to 6km
and heights of 450m to 650m.

Example:

What Happens when a Volcano Erupts?

 Volcanoes can be classified according to their progressive increases in the explosiveness of their
eruptions.
 Based on the character of eruption, volcanic activity and volcanic areas are commonly divided into
six major types.
1. Icelandic type is characterized by effusions of molten basaltic lava that flows from long parallel fissures,
and the outpouring often build lava plateaus.
2. Hawaiian type is similar to the Icelandic variety but in this case, fluid lava flows from summit and radial
fissures to form shield volcanoes.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 9

3. Strombolian type shows moderate bursts of expanding gases that eject clots of incandescent lava in
cyclical or nearly continuous small eruptions. Because of such small intermittent outbursts, Stromboli
Volcano has been called the "lighthouse of the Mediterranean."
4. Vulcanian type, named for the island of Vulcano near Stromboli, generally exhibits moderate explosions
of gas laden with volcanic ash. This mixture forms dark, turbulent eruption clouds that rapidly ascend and
expand in convoluted shapes.

5.Pelean type is associated with explosive outbursts that generate dense mixtures of hot volcanic
fragments and gas. It is so named for the destructive eruption of Mount Pelée in Martinique in 1902.
6. Plinian type is an intensely violent kind of volcanic eruption exemplified by the outbursts of Mount
Vesuvius in AD 79 that killed the famous Roman scholar Pliny the elder, from whom the name is taken.

Volcanologists do not usually go inside a volcano to study it, instead they look for clues that will indicate
gases are building up in the volcano.
An instrument used to measure the changes in the shape of a volcano is called a tiltmeter.
This is placed in a level position on the volcano, and if the position changes, the shape of the volcano has
changed too.

Laser beams are also used to detect changes in the shape of the land.
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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 9

When earthquakes happen before a volcano erupts, the number and strength of these earthquakes are
considered as clues to the possible occurrence of an eruption.

Energy from Volcanoes

Geothermal energy is abundant, but geothermal power is not. This energy is coming from the heat of the
Earth's interior.
The escape of the Earth's heat through its surface averages only 0.06 watt per square meter.

Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

Some geothermal systems act as natural distilleries in the subsurface, dissolving trace amounts of gold,
silver and other rare elements from their host rocks.
These elements may then be deposited at places where changes in temperature, pressure, or composition
favor precipitation.
Many hydrothermal ore deposits have been formed by once active-and in a few cases still active -
geothermal systems.
Gold is one more legacy of volcanism.

Did you know that there are several volcanoes found in the Philippine archipelago distributed in several
volcanic belts?

Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

Taal Volcano -World’s lowest volcano
-Located near the center of Taal Lake in Batangas City
-Highest point, 311m and crater covering area 235sq.km
-Surrounded by fresh body of water
-Composed of 35 identified cones combined by several eruptions
-About 47 craters
-1911 eruption completely devastated the whole volcano island
claimed a toll of 1,034 lives.
Mayon Volcano -Lies in the Eastren portion of the province of Albay about 300km
-Perfect cone and the most active volcano
-It reach up to 2,462m above sea level and area of 250sq.km
-Its circumference is 62.8 encompassing the town of Camalig, Malilipot
and Sto. Domingo
-At least 43 eruptions
Bulusan Volcano
-Located at the Sounth Central part of Sorsogon Province
-Covers a surface area roughly 400sq.km and towers to about 1559m
above the sea level
-Classified as composite volcano and made up of lava flows and
domes

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 9

-Sometime called volcanic belt

-Large stratovolcano, located in the North Central portion of Negros

Island
-It has an elevation of 2,435m and basal diameter of 30km
Kanlaon Volcano -The earliest record of Kanlaon’s eruption dates back to 1866 and the
latest in 1988

Pinatubo -A part of chain volcano which border the Western side of Luzon and
lies in the Central portion of Zambales Range
-It towers about 1,745m above the sea level
-Holds the records of the most violent and destructive eruptions in the
country.

Hibok – Hibok -Located at the North Western end of Camiguin Island

-Latest eruption started in September 1948 and lasted till 1953

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 9

Week 12 & 13
Lesson 7. Volcanoes

Name:
Activity
Directions: Answer the following questions below. Write your answer on the space
provided.

1. What happens when a volcano erupts?

2. What are the three classification of volcano? Explain each.