A SMART DEVICE FOR WOMEN SAFETY SYSTEM USING WIFI & GPS

The main working of this project is that anytime a woman senses danger, all she has to do, is to
hold on the button of the device. Once the device is activated, it tracks the place of the women
using GPS (Global Positioning System) and sends location using WIFI (wireless fidelity), to the
police control room or authorised person. And buzzer rings. Here we are using vibration sensor
and emergency switch used for woman safety person when the she is not unable press the switch
it will helps the do the same process

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER
SUPLY
LCD (16 * 2)
Emergency
switch
GPS
VIB NODEMC
SENSOR U
BUZZER
WIFI

NOTIFICATI
ON

1. ADAPTOR
2. WIFI+ BOARD
3. VIBRATION
4. ADRUINO
5. GPS
6. BUZZER
7. LCD
8. ARDUINO pcb

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

Women safety is one of the major issues in today's world. The world is becoming so
much unsafe for women. In today's world, most of the women are stepping out at any time from
their house for working. Even though many technologies have been introduced for women still
kidnapping, eve teasing and sexual harassment are taking place in our country. In last few years
crime against women has increased to a greater extent. Women are harassed not only in the
evening or night but also during day hours at home, working place, shopping etc. There is
number of women's who have been afraid of strangers for their safety. Around 80% of the
women in our country have fear regarding their safety. In past decades women’s usually won’t
step out from their house for work, so there was more safety. But in the recent situation, women's
want to be employed and want to work outside, but there is the lack of safety; various systems
have been built to provide safety for women. Each system use a different kind of techniques to
detect the unsafe situation of women.

Some of them used panic sensors to detect the condition of the women by heartbeat
change in women’s body. Within this application we're maintaining a switch. Within the worst
situation whenever we press switch in those days with location place will be delivered to the
Control station that is signed up for the memory IC is deserving of a note like help needed. Gps
navigation gives just the longitude and latitude values but by utilizing Maps within the mobile
you can obtain the location name where the content continues to be sent. The controller takes the
switch since its input i.e. when some threat has happened one have to press that switch and also
the controller helps make the Gps location towards the Server . In this manner the concerned
Authority knows the location plus they can save the candidate. With an array of serial
communications interfaces, they're also very perfect for communication gateways, protocol
converters and embedded soft modems in addition to a number of other general-purpose
applications. An embedded product is a pc system made to perform one or perhaps a couple of
dedicated functions frequently with real-time computing constraints. It's embedded included in
an entire device frequently including hardware and mechanical parts.

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 By comparison, an over-all purpose computer, like a pc (PC), is made to be flexible and
also to meet an array of finish-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in keeping
use today. Embedded systems are controlled by a number of primary processing cores which are
typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The important thing
characteristic, however, has been focused on handle a specific task, which might require very
effective processors. For instance, air traffic control systems may usefully be observed as
embedded, while they involve mainframe computers and dedicated regional and national systems
between airports and radar sites. Generally, "embedded system" isn't a strictly definable term,
since many systems possess some component of extensibility or programmability.

The hardware for that product is usually selected to help make the device starting as low
as possible. Spending an additional dollar one to make things simpler to program may cost
millions. Getting a programmer for an additional month is affordable in contrast. What this
means is the programmer must get by with slow processors and occasional memory, yet still time
battling an excuse for efficiency not observed in most PC applications . Here is a listing of issues
specific towards the embedded field. Among the first recognizably modern embedded systems
was the Apollo Guidance Computer, produced by Charles Stark Draper in the Durch
Instrumentation Laboratory. In the project's beginning, the Apollo guidance computer was
considered the riskiest item within the Apollo project because it employed the then recently
developed monolithic integrated circuits to lessen the weight and size. An earlier mass-created
embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for that Minuteman missile,
released in 1961. It had been constructed from transistor logic coupled with a tough disk for
primary memory. Once the Minuteman II entered production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced
with a brand new computer which was the very first high volume utilization of integrated
circuits.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The status of women in India has gone through many great changes over the past few
millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low points of the medieval
period to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has
been eventful. In modern India, women have adorned high offices in India including that of the
President, Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition and Speaker of the LokSabha. However,
women in India continue to face social challenges and are often victims of abuse and violent
crimes and, according to a global poll conducted by Thomson Reuters, India is the fourth most
dangerous country in the world for women, and the worst country for women among the G20
countries. Women’s security is a critical issue in today’s world and its very much needed for
every individual to be acting over such an issue.

Many unfortunate incidents have been taking place in woman’s case. Problems may
come from any direction such as women walking on the road after the work, going to super
market or many other reasons for which they go alone. People at home are not sure of their
return safely. Another factor is woman die without knowing the reason as they attend excursions
and industrial trips conducted by the organizations. It happens due to attacks on woman but not
suicides. In 2013 there happened an incident which is a gag rape in New Delhi in the case of 23
year old woman in bus at 9:30 PM. Another incident that has taken place at Mumbai in the case
of woman who is leaving her native place after Christmas holidays has been kidnapped and
killed. These are some of the problems that have taken place in the day to day life of women.
The IT companies are looking forward to the security problem and require a system that will
efficiently evaluate the problem of women employees security working in night shifts.

It is an unfortunate observation that there has been a substantial increase in crimes against
women in the past decade. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), in India,
93 women were raped everyday in the year 2015.Also 3,37,922 cases of crime against women
were reported in year 2014 alone. But rights workers say that the figures are likely not an
accurate representation of the scale of the problem, as stigma surrounding sex crimes means
many attacks are not reported. Kavita Krishnan, secretary of the All India Progressive Women's
Association, warned that the figures should be analysed with caution. Kavita Krishnan, secretary
of the All India Progressive Women's Association, warned that the figures should be analysed

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with caution. Sexual violence against women in India rose to the forefront internationally after
the December 2012 death of a young woman who was gang-raped on a bus in New Delhi. The
brutal attack triggered domestic and global condemnation and widespread protests across India
over the high levels of violence against Indian women and children. Sexual harassment and child
abuse is definitely a cause for concern in India, said Shreya Jani, who runs a peace education
NGO in New Delhi.

In recent years, acts of assault and violence against women are rising at a menacing rate.
With escalation of female employees in industries and other sectors of the commercial market, it
is now becoming a necessity for females to travel at late hours and visit distant and isolated
locations as a part of their work regime. However, the exponential increase in assault, violence
and attacks against women in the past few years, is posing a threat to the growth and
development of women.

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 3. INTRODUCTION ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated

task. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers.

Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they simply

accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts
the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the
data and thus finally gives the result.

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example is
the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used
every day, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is
comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for
example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it
is able to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to make
this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer
does not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file
server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next
great American novel.

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For

example, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system
controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third
displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by
some sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.

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 At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists
of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of
which is an embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is
designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be summarized
in a single sentence as well.

3.2. OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM :

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central
Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is
loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’.

The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop

computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the
software specific to that application.

For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating

system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the operating system
and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to
the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time you don’t need to reload new
software. Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an
embedded system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are:

a. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

b. Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

c. Input Devices

d. Output devices

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e. Communication interfaces

f. Application-specific circuitry

Fig: 3.1 Building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system

 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the
following: microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-
controller is a low-cost processor. Its main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many
other components such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter
etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external
components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful,
but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in
which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.

 MEMORY:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas
ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the
ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is
executed.

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 INPUT DEVICES:

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited
capability. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded
system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to
give a specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded
systems used in process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take
inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other
systems.

 OUTPUT DEVICES:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability.
Some embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health
status of the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters.

 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES:

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may
have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one
or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB),
IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.

 APPLICATION-SPECIFIC CIRCUITRY:

Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an
embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to
carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through
the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the
power consumption is minimized.

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 4. DESIGN OF HARDWARE
This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware implementation of authentication of IoT
based based Women safety System. It discuss the circuit diagram of each module in detail.

4.1.ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as
a USB-to-serial converter. Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making
it easier to put into DFU mode. Arduino board has the following new features:

• 1.0 pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the
AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one
is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.

• Stronger RESET circuit.

• Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno
and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

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 Fig: ARDUINO UNO

SUMMARY:

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz.

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Power:

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

• 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the
VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator,
and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the boot loader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

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Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference().

• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

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Communication:

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming:

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board).
For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre burned with a boot loader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available . The
ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which can be activated by:

• On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of
Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.

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• On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU boot loader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Software Reset:

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the
reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow
you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This
means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via
USB). For the following half- second or so, the boot loader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure
that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and
before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the
trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to
disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum
thread for details.

USB Over current Protection:

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse

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provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse
will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics:

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with
the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7
and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

4.1.1 UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter):

FEATURES:

 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs

 Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard.

 Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes.

 Built-in fractional baud rate generator with auto bauding capabilities.

 Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation

PIN DESCRIPTION:

REGISTER DESCRIPTION:

UART0 contains registers organized as shown in Table. The Divisor Latch

Access Bit (DLAB) is contained in U0LCR[7] and enables access to the Divisor Latches.

RS232 CABLE:

To allow compatibility among data communication equipment, an interfacing standard

called RS232 is used. Since the standard was set long before the advent of the TTL logic family,
its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. For this reason, to connect any

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RS232 to a microcontroller system, voltage converters such as MAX232 are used to convert the
TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage levels and vice versa.

4.2.1. MAX232 IC:

Max232 IC is a specialized circuit which makes standard voltages as required by RS232

standards. This IC provides best noise rejection and very reliable against discharges and short
circuits. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.

To ensure data transfer between PC and microcontroller, the baud rate and voltage levels of
Microcontroller and PC should be the same. The voltage levels of microcontroller are logic1 and
logic 0 i.e., logic 1 is +5V and logic 0 is 0V. But for PC, RS232 voltage levels are considered
and they are: logic 1 is taken as -3V to -25V and logic 0 as +3V to +25V. So, in order to equal
these voltage levels, MAX232 IC is used. Thus this IC converts RS232 voltage levels to
microcontroller voltage levels and vice versa.

Fig:4.3 Pin diagram of MAX232 IC

4.2. POWER SUPPLY

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by
broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power

DEPARTMENT OF , Page17
supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load
variations is known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”.

Fig: Schematic Diagram of Power Supply

4.2.1. TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one
Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be
stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the transformer of
230v/12-0-12v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 12V AC
across the secondary winding.
4.2.2. RECTIFIER:

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 A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of
conversion a.c to d.c is called “rectification.

Bridge Rectifier:

Fig: 4.6 Bridge Rectifier

OPERATION:
During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased
while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased. During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the
diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased.
4.2.3. FILTER:
A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the
d.c component to reach the load.We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of
half wave rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such
high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be
removed by one of the following methods of filtering. A capacitor, in parallel to the load,
provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple
frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load.
4.2.4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,

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power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers
05,12 represent the required output voltage.
4.3. PUSH ON-SWITCH
A push button is a momentary or non-latching switch which causes a temporary change
in the state of an electrical circuit only while the switch is physically actuated. An automatic
mechanism (i.e. a spring) returns the switch to its default position immediately afterwards,
restoring the initial circuit condition. There are two types:
 A push to make switch allows electricity to flow between its two contacts when held
in. When the button is released, the circuit is broken. This type of switch is also
known as a Normally Open (NO) Switch. (Examples: doorbell, computer case power
switch, calculator buttons, individual keys on a keyboard).

 A push to break switch does the opposite, i.e. when the button is not pressed,
electricity can flow, but when it is pressed the circuit is broken. This type of switch is
also known as a Normally Closed (NC) Switch. (Examples: Fridge Light Switch,
Alarm Switches in Fail-Safe circuits).

Many Push switches are designed to function as both push to make and push to
break switches. For these switches, the wiring of the switch determines whether the
switch functions as a push to make or as a push to break switch.

4.4. LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits light when activated.[5] When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons.

DEPARTMENT OF , Page20
 This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are
typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape
the radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared light.[7] Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in
remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer
electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red. Modern
LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high
brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-
segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments have
produced LEDs suitable for environmental and task lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and
sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, and lighted wallpaper.
They are also significantly more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental
concerns linked to their disposal.

DEPARTMENT OF , Page21
 Unlike a laser, the colour of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor
monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and for most purposes
the light from a simple diode element can be regarded as functionally monochromatic .

WORKING:

A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The
same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied
to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the
emission of light from a semiconductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge
carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and
recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of
energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes is
less than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated to
recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but
in gallium arsenide phosphide(GaAsP) and gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductors, the
electrons dissipate energy by emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction
becomes the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode. However,
when the junction is reverse biased, the LED produces no light and—if the potential is great
enough, the device is damaged.

DEPARTMENT OF , Page22
 Fig: WORKING OF LED
The simplest circuit to drive an LED consists of a voltage source and two
components connected in series: a current limiting resistor, sometimes called the ballast resistor,
and an LED. Optionally, a switch may be introduced to open and close the circuit. Although
simple, this circuit is not the most energy efficient circuit to drive an LED, since energy is lost in
the resistor. More complicated circuits improve the energy efficiency.

ESP8266 WIFI

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP

stack and microcontroller capability produced by Shanghai-based Chinese manufacturer,
Espressif Systems.[1]

The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module,
made by a third-party manufacturer, Ai-Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to
connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands.
However, at the time there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the
commands it accepted.[2] The very low price and the fact that there were very few external
components on the module which suggested that it could eventually be very inexpensive in
volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module, chip, and the software on it, as well as to
translate the Chinese documentation.[3]

DEPARTMENT OF , Page23
The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing for single-chip devices
capable of connecting to Wi-Fi.[4]

The successor to these microcontroller chips is the ESP32.

ESP8266

ESP-01 module by Ai-Thinker

Manufacturer Espressif Systems

Type 32-bit microcontroller

CPU @ 80 MHz (default) or 160 MHz

Memory 32 KiB instruction, 80 KiB user data

Input 16 GPIO pins

Power 3.3 V DC

DEPARTMENT OF , Page24
Features[edit]

ESP-01 wireframe.

 Processor: L106 32-bit RISC microprocessor core based on the Tensilica Xtensa Diamond
Standard 106Micro running at 80 MHz†
 Memory:
 32 KiB instruction RAM
 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
 80 KiB user data RAM
 16 KiB ETS system data RAM
 External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported (512 KiB to 4 MiB typically included)
 IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 WEP or WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open networks
 16 GPIO pins
 SPI
 I²C (software implementation)[5]
 I²S interfaces with DMA (sharing pins with GPIO)
 UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be enabled on GPIO2
 10-bit ADC (successive approximation ADC)

DEPARTMENT OF , Page25
† Both the CPU and flash clock speeds can be doubled by overclocking on some devices. CPU
can be run at 160 MHz and flash can be sped up from 40 MHz to 80 MHz.[citation needed] Success
varies chip to chip.[citation needed]

SDKs[edit]

In late October 2014, Espressif Systems released a software development kit (SDK) that allowed
the chip to be programmed, removing the need for a separate microcontroller. [6]Since then, there
have been many official SDK releases from Espressif; Espressif maintains two versions of the
SDK – one that is based on FreeRTOS and the other based on callbacks.[7]

An alternative to Espressif's official SDK is the open source ESP-Open-SDK [8] that is based on
the GCC toolchain. ESP8266 uses the Cadence Tensilica L106 microcontroller and the GCC
toolchain is open-sourced and maintained by Max Filippov. [9] Another alternative is the
"Unofficial Development Kit" by Mikhail Grigorev.[10][11]

Other SDKs (mostly open source) include:

 NodeMCU – A Lua-based firmware.

 Arduino – A C++ based firmware. This core enables the ESP8266 CPU and its Wi-Fi
components to be programmed like any other Arduino device. The ESP8266 Arduino Core is
available through GitHub.
 PlatformIO (https://platformio.org/platforms/espressif8266) – A cross-platform IDE and
unified debugger which sits on top of Arduino code and libraries.
 MicroPython – A port of MicroPython (an implementation of Python for embedded devices)
to the ESP8266 platform.
 ESP8266 BASIC – An open source basic interpreter specifically tailored for the internet of
things. Self hosting browser based development environment.
 Zbasic for ESP8266 – A subset of Microsoft's widely used Visual Basic 6 which has been
adapted as a control language for the ZX microcontroller family and the ESP8266.
 Espruino – An actively maintained JavaScript SDK and firmware, closely emulating Node.js.
Supports a few MCUs, including the ESP8266.
 Mongoose OS – An open source Operating System for connected products. Supports
ESP82666 and ESP32. Develop in C or JavaScript.[12]

DEPARTMENT OF , Page26
 ESP-Open-SDK – Free and open (as much as possible) integrated SDK for
ESP8266/ESP8285 chips.
 ESP-Open-RTOS – Open source FreeRTOS-based ESP8266 software framework.
 Zerynth – IoT framework that allows programming ESP8266[13] and other microcontrollers
using Python.

Espressif modules[edit]

This is the series of ESP8266-based modules made by Espressif:

Activ
Pitc Form LED Antenn Shielde Dimensio
Name e Notes
h factor s a d ns (mm)
pins

FCC ID
ESP- 2×9
1.5 PCB 2AC7Z-
WROO 18 castellate No Yes 18 × 20
mm trace ESPWROOM02
M-02[14] d
.

FCC ID
2AC7Z-
ESPWROOM02
ESP- D. Revision of
2×9
WROO 1.5 PCB ESP-WROOM-
18 castellate No Yes 18 × 20
M- mm trace 02 compatible
d
02D[15] with both 150-
mil and 208-mil
flash memory
chips.

ESP- 18 1.5 2×9 No U.FL Yes 18 × 20 Differs from

DEPARTMENT OF , Page27
 ESP-WROOM-
02D in that
WROO includes an
castellate
M- mm socket U.FL
d
02U[15] compatible
antenna socket
connector.

FCC ID
ESP- 2×10
1.5 PCB 2AC7Z-
WROO 20 castellate No Yes 16 × 23
mm trace ESPWROOMS2
M-S2[16] d
.

In the table above (and the two tables which follow), "Active pins" include the GPIO and ADC
pins with which you can attach external devices to the ESP8266 MCU. The "Pitch" is the space
between pins on the ESP8266 module, which is important to know if you are going to
breadboard the device. The "Form factor" also describes the module packaging as "2 × 9 DIL",
meaning two rows of 9 pins arranged "Dual In Line", like the pins of DIP ICs. Many ESP-xx
modules include a small on-board LED which can be programmed to blink and thereby indicate
activity. There are several antenna options for ESP-xx boards including a trace antenna, an on-
board ceramic antenna, and an external connector which allows you to attach an external Wi-Fi
antenna. Since Wi-Fi communications generates a lot of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference),
governmental bodies like the FCC like shielded electronics to minimize interference with other
devices. Some of the ESP-xx modules come housed within a metal box with an FCC seal of
approval stamped on it. First and second world markets will likely demand FCC approval and
shielded Wi-Fi devices.[citation needed]

DEPARTMENT OF , Page28
Ai-Thinker modules[edit]

Ai-Thinker ESP8266 modules (ESP-12F, black color) soldered to breakout boards (white color)

These are the first series of modules made with the ESP8266 by the third-party manufacturer Ai-
Thinker and remain the most widely available.[17] They are collectively referred to as "ESP-xx
modules". To form a workable development system they require additional components,
especially a serial TTL-to-USB adapter (sometimes called a USB-to-UART bridge) and an
external 3.3 volt power supply. Novice ESP8266 developers are encouraged to consider larger
ESP8266 Wi-Fi development boards like the NodeMCU which includes the USB-to-UART
bridge and a Micro-USB connector coupled with a 3.3 volt power regulator already built into the
board. When project development is complete, these components are not needed anymore and it
can be considered using these cheaper ESP-xx modules as a lower power, smaller footprint
option for production runs.

Flash in notes; "512 KiB Flash" indicates for that & the ones after unless mentioned ie "(1 MiB)"
in () means just this one)

DEPARTMENT OF , Page29
 Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

ESP- PCB 512 KiB

6 0.1 in 2×4 DIL Yes No 14.3 × 24.8
01 trace Flash

ESP- PCB (1 MiB

6 0.1 in 2×4 DIL Yes No 14.4 × 24.7
01S trace Flash )

Uses
2×9
ESP8285
ESP- 1.6 m edge PCB
16 No Yes 18.0 × 18.0 (1 MiB
01M m connect trace
built-in
or
flash)

2×4
ESP- U.FL
6 0.1 in castellat No No 14.2 × 14.2
02 socket
ed

2×7
ESP-
10 2 mm castellat No Ceramic No 17.3 × 12.1
03
ed

2×4
ESP-
10 2 mm castellat No None No 14.7 × 12.1
04
ed

DEPARTMENT OF , Page30
 Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

ESP- U.FL
3 0.1 in 1×5 SIL No No 14.2 × 14.2
05 socket

ESP- Not FCC

11 various 4×3 dice No None Yes 14.2 × 14.7
06 approved.

Ceramic
ESP- 2×8 Not FCC
14 2 mm Yes + U.FL Yes 20.0 × 16.0
07 pinhole approved.
socket

FCC and
ESP- 2×8 U.FL
14 2 mm No Yes 17.0 × 16.0 CE
07S pinhole socket
approved.

2×7
ESP- Not FCC
10 2 mm castellat No None Yes 17.0 × 16.0
08 approved.
ed

ESP-
10 various 4×3 dice No None No 10.0 × 10.0
09

ESP- 3 2 mm 1×5 No None No 14.2 × 10.0

10 castellat

DEPARTMENT OF , Page31
 Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

ed

ESP- 1.27 m 1×8

6 No Ceramic No 17.3 × 12.1
11 m pinhole

FCC and
2×8
ESP- PCB CE
14 2 mm castellat Yes Yes 24.0 × 16.0
12 trace approved.
ed [18]

2×8
ESP- PCB 4 MiB
20 2 mm castellat Yes Yes 24.0 × 16.0
12E trace flash.
ed

FCC and
CE
approved.
2×8
ESP- PCB Improved
20 2 mm castellat Yes Yes 24.0 × 16.0
12F trace antenna
ed
performan
ce. 4 MiB
flash.

ESP- 14 2 mm 2×8 Yes PCB Yes 24.0 × 16.0 4 MiB

DEPARTMENT OF , Page32
 Acti Dimensi
Na Pitc Form LE Anten Shield
ve ons Notes
me h factor Ds na ed
pins (mm)

flash.
castellat FCC
12S trace
ed approved.
[19]

Marked as
″FCC″.
Shielded
module is
2×9 placed
ESP- 1.5 m PCB W18.0 ×
16 castellat No Yes sideways,
13 m trace L20.0
ed as
compared
to the
ESP-12
modules.

2×8
ESP- PCB
22 2 mm castellat No Yes 24.3 × 16.2
14 trace
ed +6

DEPARTMENT OF , Page33
4.7. LCD DISPLAY
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two
lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks,
mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its
own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer,
backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.

Fig: 4.10. LCD

4.7.1. PINS FUNCTIONS:

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light
is built in). Their function is described in the table below:

Pin
Function Name LogicState Description
Number

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 –Vdd

DEPARTMENT OF , Page34
 D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data

Write data (from controller to

0 LCD)
Control of 5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to
operating
controller)

0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred
0 to LCD

7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
Data /
commands
11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

Table 4.7 :LCD Pin Functions

4.7.2. LCD SCREEN:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7
dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are

DEPARTMENT OF , Page35
displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as
Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have
built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current
limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

Fig: 4.11.LCD Screen Circuit Diagram

 LCD Basic Commands:

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or
as data, which depends on logic state on pin RS: RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of
characters that should be displayed. Built in processor addresses built in “map of characters” and
displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position is determined by DDRAM address. This
address is either previously defined or the address of previously transferred character is
automatically incremented. RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode.
List of commands which LCD recognizes are given in the table below:

Command R RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution

DEPARTMENT OF , Page36
 S Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

Table Basic Commands Of LCD

Motion / Vibration Sensors

Motion sensors are very similar in design to tilt switches; in fact, some tilt switches are used
as motion sensors. The sensor will be in one condition (open or closed) at rest. When it is
subjected to motion it will continually change state as long as it remains in motion. Some
common applications include: anti-theft devices, man-down alarms to detect non motion, smart
appliances to turn off power when not in use and portable equipment to do the same.

4.8. GPS

DEPARTMENT OF , Page37
 A GPS tracking unit is a device, normally carried by a moving vehicle or person, that
uses the Global Positioning System to determine and track its precise location, and hence that of
its carrier, at intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or it
may be transmitted to a central location database, or Internet-connected computer, using
a cellular(GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's
location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing the track
later, using GPS tracking software. Data tracking software is available for smart phones with
GPS capability. The GPS was originally developed for use by the United States military, but in
the 1980s, the United States government allowed the system to be used for civilian purposes.
Though the GPS satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world, the GPS device and the
associated software must be bought or rented.

A GPS device can retrieve from the GPS system location and time information in all
weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth. A GPS reception requires an unobstructed
line of sight to four or more GPS satellites, and is subject to poor satellite signal conditions. In
exceptionally poor signal conditions, for example in urban areas, satellite signals may
exhibit multipath propagation where signals bounce off structures, or are weakened by
meteorological conditions. Obstructed lines of sight may arise from a tree canopy or inside a
structure, such as in a building, garage or tunnel. Today, most standalone GPS receivers are used
in automobiles.

The GPS capability of smart phones may use assisted GPS (A-GPS) technology, which can use
the base station or cell towers to provide the device location tracking capability, especially when
GPS signals are poor or unavailable. However, the mobile network part of the A-GPS technology
would not be available when the Smartphone is outside the range of the mobile reception
network, while the GPS aspect would otherwise continue to be available.

The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed

contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-
2000s. GLONASS can be added to GPS devices to make more satellites available and enabling
positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within 2 meters.

DEPARTMENT OF , Page38
 Fig: GPS MODEM

GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States
government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the
world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system.

The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation
systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified
engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully
operational in 1994.

Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to
modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS III satellites and Next
Generation Operational Control System (OCX). [2] Announcements from the Vice President and
the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, U.S. Congress authorized the
modernization effort, referred to as GPS III.

DEPARTMENT OF , Page39
In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian Global
Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the Russian military, until it was
made fully available to civilians in 2007. There are also the planned European Union Galileo
positioning system, Chinese Compass navigation system, and Indian Regional Navigational
Satellite System.

Basic Components of GPS

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high
above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include

 the time the message was transmitted

 satellite position at time of message transmission

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and
computes the distance to each satellite using the speed of light. These distances along with the
satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm
is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a
moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many
GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position
changes.

In typical GPS operation, four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an accurate result.
Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since in typical GPS operation the
surfaces of three spheres intersect in only two points and only one of these two points is near
earth. However, a three satellite solution requires an extremely precise clock. Clocks accurate
enough (typically atomic clocks) are very expensive, large, power hungry. To avoid the need to
use these very expensive clocks, receivers use much less expensive clocks and use the Bancroft
or other algorithm discussed in the section,"Navigation equations", to compute the three
components of receiver position and the time correction required from the data provided by four
satellites. The very accurately computed time is sometimes hidden by GPS receivers, which use
only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however use the time; these
include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations.

DEPARTMENT OF , Page40
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one
variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For
example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional
clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation,
or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when
fewer than four satellites are visible.

Structure

The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control
segment (CS), and a user segment (US). [41] The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates
the space and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, and each GPS
receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude,
and altitude) and the current time.[42]

The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the
payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The control segment is
composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated
and shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The user segment is composed of hundreds of
thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and
tens of millions of civil, commercial, and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service
(seeGPS navigation devices).

Space segment

DEPARTMENT OF , Page41
The space segment (SS) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites or Space Vehicles (SV) in
GPS parlance. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three approximately
circular orbits,[43] but this was modified to six orbital planes with four satellites each. [44] The
orbits are centered on the Earth, not rotating with the Earth, but instead fixed with respect to the
distant stars. The six orbit planes have approximately 55° inclination (tilt relative to
Earth's equator) and are separated by 60° right ascension of the ascending node (angle along the
equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection). The orbital period is one-half a sidereal
day, i.e. 11 hours and 58 minutes. The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always
within line of sight from almost everywhere on Earth's surface. The result of this objective is that
the four satellites are not evenly spaced (90 degrees) apart within each orbit. In general terms, the
angular difference between satellites in each orbit is 30, 105, 120, and 105 degrees apart which,
of course, sum to 360 degrees.

Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi); orbital radius of approximately

26,600 km (16,500 mi), each SV makes two complete orbits each sidereal day, repeating the
same ground track each day.[49] This was very helpful during development because even with
only four satellites, correct alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours
each day. For military operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in
combat zones.

As of March 2008, there are 31 actively broadcasting satellites in the GPS constellation, and two
older, retired from active service satellites kept in the constellation as orbital spares. The
additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant
measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a
nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve reliability and availability
of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail. [51] About nine satellites

DEPARTMENT OF , Page42
are visible from any point on the ground at any one time (see animation at right), ensuring
considerable redundancy over the minimum four satellites needed for a position.

Control segment

The control segment is composed of

1. a master control station (MCS),

2. an alternate master control station,
3. four dedicated ground antennas and
4. six dedicated monitor stations

The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground antennas
(for additional command and control capability) and NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency) monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Air
Force monitoring stations in Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado
Springs, Colorado and Cape Canaveral, along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in
England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC. [52] The tracking
information is sent to the Air Force Space Command MCS at Schriever Air Force Base 25 km
(16 mi) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations
Squadron (2 SOPS) of the U.S. Air Force. Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly
with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground antennas (GPS dedicated

DEPARTMENT OF , Page43
ground antennas are located at Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, and Cape Canaveral).
These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a
few nanoseconds of each other, and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model.
The updates are created by a Kalman filter that uses inputs from the ground monitoring
stations, space weather information, and various other inputs.

Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards. So to change the orbit of a satellite, the
satellite must be marked unhealthy, so receivers will not use it in their calculation. Then the
maneuver can be carried out, and the resulting orbit tracked from the ground. Then the new
ephemeris is uploaded and the satellite marked healthy again.

The Operation Control Segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It
provides the operational capability that supports global GPS users and keeps the GPS system
operational and performing within specification.

OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970’s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force
Base in September 2007. After installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a
foundation for a new security architecture that supported the U.S. armed forces. OCS will
continue to be the ground control system of record until the new segment, Next Generation GPS
Operation Control System [2] (OCX), is fully developed and functional.

The new capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing GPS’s
mission capabilities, and enabling [54] Air Force Space Command to greatly enhance GPS
operational services to U.S. combat forces, civil partners and myriad of domestic and
international users.

The GPS OCX program also will reduce cost, schedule and technical risk. It is designed to
provide 50% [55] sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture and
Performance-Based Logistics. In addition, GPS OCX expected to cost millions less than the cost
to upgrade OCS while providing four times the capability.

The GPS OCX program represents a critical part of GPS modernization and provides significant
information assurance improvements over the current GPS OCS program.

 OCX will have the ability to control and manage GPS legacy satellites as well as the next generation
of GPS III satellites, while enabling the full array of military signals.

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 Built on a flexible architecture that can rapidly adapt to the changing needs of today’s and future
GPS users allowing immediate access to GPS data and constellations status through secure, accurate
and reliable information.
 Empowers the warfighter with more secure, actionable and predictive information to enhance
situational awareness.
 Enables new modernized signals (L1C, L2C, and L5) and has M-code capability, which the legacy
system is unable to do.
 Provides significant information assurance improvements over the current program including
detecting and preventing cyber attacks, while isolating, containing and operating during such
attacks.
 Supports higher volume near real-time command and control capability.

On September 14, 2011,[56] the U.S. Air Force announced the completion of GPS OCX
Preliminary Design Review and confirmed that the OCX program is ready for the next phase of
development.

The GPS OCX program has achieved major milestones and is on track to support the GPS IIIA
launch in May 2014.

User segment

The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the
secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and scientific
users of the Standard Positioning Service. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna,
tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable

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clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a display for providing location and
speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this
signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to four or five,
this has progressively increased over the years so that, as of 2007, receivers typically have
between 12 and 20 channels.[57]

GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections, using the RTCM SC-104 format.
This is typically in the form of an RS-232 port at 4,800 bit/s speed. Data is actually sent at a
much lower rate, which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM. Receivers with
internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. As of 2006, even
low-cost units commonly include Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) receivers.

Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the NMEA
0183 protocol. Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics
Association (NMEA references to this protocol have been compiled from public records,
allowing open source tools like gpsd to read the protocol without violating intellectual
property laws. Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the SiRF and MTK protocols.
Receivers can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection, USB,
or Bluetooth.

4.9. BUZZER

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 Digital systems and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the circuits like
relays, buzzer circuits etc. While these circuits require around 10milli amps to be operated, the
microcontroller’s pin can provide a maximum of 1-2milli amps current. For this reason, a driver
such as a power transistor is placed in between the microcontroller and the buzzer circuit.

The operation of this circuit is as follows:

The input to the base of the transistor is applied from the microcontroller port pin P1.0.

The transistor will be switched on when the base to emitter voltage is greater than 0.7V (cut-in

voltage). Thus when the voltage applied to the pin P1.0 is high i.e., P1.0=1 (>0.7V), the

transistor will be switched on and thus the buzzer will be ON. When the voltage at the pin is low

i.e., (<0.7V) the transistor will be in off state and the buzzer will be OFF. Thus the transistor acts

like a current driver to operate the buzzer accordingly.

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 5. DESIGN OF SOFTWARE

5.1. INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE:

This is free software (evaluation version) which solves many of the pain points for an
embedded system developer. This software is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE),
which integrated text editor to write program, a compiler and it will convert your source code
into HEX file. Here is simple guide to start working with Arduino IDE Vision which can be used
for:

 Writing programs in Arduino IDE

 Compiling and assembling programs
 Debugging programs

5.2. SOFTWARE STEPS:

Before you can start doing anything with the Arduino, you need to download and install
the Arduino IDE (integrated development environment).

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After the opening IDE the settings are changed in order to connect to the Arduino.

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Before you can start doing anything in the Arduino programmer, you must set the board-type and
serialport.

To set the board, go to the following:

Tools --> Boards

Select the version of board that you are using. Since I have an Arduino Uno plugged in, I
obviously selected "Arduino Uno."

To set the serial port, go to the following:

Tools --> Serial Port

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Arduino programs are called sketches. The Arduino programmer comes with a ton of example
sketches preloaded. This is great because even if you have never programmed anything in your
life, you can load one of these sketches and get the Arduino to do something.

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The serial monitor allows your computer to connect serially with the Arduino. This is important
because it takes data that your Arduino is receiving from sensors and other devices and displays
it in real-time on your computer. Having this ability is invaluable to debug your code and
understand what number values the chip is actually receiving.

For instance, connect center sweep (middle pin) of a potentiometer to A0, and the outer pins,
respectively, to 5v and ground. Next upload the sketch shown below:
File --> Examples --> 1.Basics --> Analog Read Serial
Click the button to engage the serial monitor which looks like a magnifying glass. You can now
see the numbers being read by the analog pin in the serial monitor. When you turn the knob the
numbers will increase and decrease.
The numbers will be between the range of 0 and 1023. The reason for this is that the analog pin
is converting a voltage between 0 and 5V to a discreet number.

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 6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The device consists of a switch, microcontroller (ATmega328P), Wi-Fi module
(ESP2866), GPS module (Neo6M), buzzer, and pulse sensor (SEN-11574) for Women safety.

6.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER
SUPLY
LCD (16 * 2)
Emergency
switch
GPS
VIB NODEMC
SENSOR U
BUZZER
WIFI

NOTIFICATI
ON

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 Fig 6.1 block diagram

6.2. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Arduino IDE

6.3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

1. Arduino UNO
2. Push Button
3. ESP8266
4.GSM
5. LCD Display
6. GPS
7. Buzzer

6.4. WORKING:

The main working of this project is that anytime a woman senses danger, all she has to
do, is to hold on the button of the device. Once the device is activated, it tracks the place of the
women using GPS (Global Positioning System) and sends location using Wi-Fi (wireless
fidelity), to a server in the police control room. The pulse sensor checks the pulse of victim and
in abnormal health situation the device also sends current GPS location to ambulance.

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 CONCLUSION
This is the “Women security system using IoT and GPS” which is very useful application
mainly for girl’s safety. When we feel that we are in emergency situation, for example travelling
alone in the Auto/Cab at night time we can use this application. so that on one click we can send
our location to Control station .In addition to safety the health condition can also be sent with
the location. This system can overcome the fear that scares every woman in the country about
her safety and security. The application that send online to particular emergency control station.

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 REFERENCES
[1]Smart girls security system-Prof. Basavaraj Chougula, Archana Naik, Monika Monu, Priya
Patil and Priyanka Das,International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering &
Management (IJAIEM) ISSN:2319-4847 Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2014.
[2] “electronic device for women safety”-Times of India, Sep 15 2013.
[3] Self defence system for women with location tracking and SMS alerting through GSM
network-B.Vijaylashmi, Renuka.S, PoojaChennur, Sharangowda. Patil International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Technology(IJRET) eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 05.
[4] Scott, Hannah. ”Stranger danger: Explaining womens fear of crime.” Western Criminology
Review 4, no. 3 (2003): 203-214.
[5] Mondal, A., Md A. Masud, N. K. Biswas, and Md E. Sarder.”Smartphone Tracking
Application Using Short Message Service.”
[6] Rohitaksha, K., C. G. Madhu, B. G. Nalini, and C. V.Nirupama. ”Android Application for
Vehicle Theft Prevention and Tracking System.
[7] Jian Mi;Bunkyo;Yasutake Takahashi;Low cost design of HF-band RFID system for mobile
robot self-localization based on multiple readers and tags, 2015 IEEE International Conference
on Robotics and Biometrics (ROBIO), Zhuhai, 6-9 Dec. 2015, pp.194 – 199.
[8] Zeydin Pala; Nihat Inanc; Smart Parking Applications Using RFID Technology; RFID
Eurasia, 2007 1st Annual; Istanbul; 5-6 Sept. 2007; PP. 1 - 3

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[9] Poonam Bhilare, Akshay Mohite, Dhanashri Kamble, Swapnil Makode and Rasika Kahane,
“Women Employee Security System using GPS And GSM Based Vehicle Tracking”,
Department of Computer Engineering Vishwakarma IOT Savitribai Phule Pune University India,
E-ISSN:-2349- 7610 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN EMERGING
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,Volume-2, ISSUE-1, JAN-2015.
[10] Remya George, Anjaly Cherian.V, Annet Antony, Harsha Sebestian, Mishal Antony and
Rosemary Babu.T, “An Intelligent Security System for Violence against Women in Public
Places”, ISSN: 2249 – 8958 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
(IJEAT), Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2014.
[11] GPS and GSM based Vehicle Tracing and Employee Security System - S.S. Pethakar ,N.
Srivastava S.D.Suryawanshi- Bharati Vidyapeeth Unv.Pune , Pune- Satara road Pune 411043
[12] Dongare Uma, Vyavahare Vishakha and Raut Ravina, An Android Application for Women
Safety Based on Voice Recognition, Department of Computer Sciences BSIOTR wagholi,
Savitribai Phule Pune University India, ISSN 2320088X International Journal of Computer
Science and Mobile Computing (IJCSMC) online at www.ijcsmc.com,Vol.4 Issue.3, pg. 216-
220, March- 2015
[13] Po Yang; Wenyan Wu; Mansour Moniri; Claude C. Chibelushi; Efficient Object
Localization Using Sparsely Distributed Passive RFID Tags, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics; 29 November 2012,PP. 5914 – 5924.

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