NEW EDUCATION POLICY 2020

VIKRAM UNIVERSITY, UJJAIN

BCA ALL SUBJECTS NOTES
PROVIDED FOR
BCA FIRST YEAR ALL STUDENT
 NEW EDUCATION POLICY 2020
BCA FIRST YEAR 2023
SUBJECT - OPERATING SYSTEM
(MINOR)
 UNIT - I
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSYEM
1.1 WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ?
1.2 HISTROY AND EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM ?
1.3 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM ?
1.4 RESOURCES ABSTRACTION
1.5 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM -
1. BASIC OPERATING SYTEM
2. MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM
3. MULTIPROCESSING OERATING SYSTEM
4. TIME SHARING SYSTEM
5. DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
6. REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
1.1 ‘WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ?

OPERATING SYSTEM -
An Operating system is an interface between a computer
user in hardware. An operating system is a system software,which performance
all the basic tasks like File Management, Memory Management, Process
Management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such
us disk drives and printers.

An operating system is software that enables applications to interact with a

computers hardware. The software that contains the core components of the
operating system is kernel.
Some popular operating systen include Linux operating system Windows
operatong system, VMS, OS /400, AIX, Z/OS ETC . Today, operating system is
found all most on every device like mobile, phones, personal computers
mainframe computers, automobiles, tv etc.

Definition -
An operating sytem is system software that manages computer
hardware software resources, and provides common services for computer
programmes.
1.2 HISTROY AND EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM ?

HISTROY -
EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM -
An operating system is a type of software
that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It is responsible to
handle various critical functions of the computer or any other machine. Various
tasks that are handled by OS are file management, task management, garbage
management, memory management, process management, disk management,
I/O management, peripherals management, etc.

Operating Systems have evolved in past years. It went through several changes
before getting its original form. These changes in the operating system are
known as the evolution of operating systems.OS improve itself with the
invention of new technology. Basically , OS added the feature of new technology
and making itself more powerful. Operating system is divided into four
generations, which are explained as follows −
1. First Generation (1945-1955)
2. Second Generation (1955-1965)
3. Third Generation (1965-1980)
4. Fourth Generation (1980-Now)

1. First Generation (1945-1955) -

It is the beginning of the development of
electronic computing systems which are substitutes for mechanical computing
systems. Because of the drawbacks in mechanical computing systems like, the
speed of humans to calculate is limited and humans can easily make mistakes.
In this generation there is no operating system, so the computer system is
given instructions which must be done directly.

Example − Type of operating system and devices used is Plug Boards.

2. Second Generation (1955-1965) -
The Batch processing system was introduced in
the second generation, where a job or a task that can be done in a series, and
then executed sequentially. In this generation, the computer system is not
equipped with an operating system, but several operating system functions
exist like FMS and IBSYS.
Example − Type of operating system and devices used is Batch systems.

3. Third Generation (1965-1980) -

The development of the operating system was
developed to ervey multiple users at once in the third generation. Here the
interactive users can communicate through an online terminal to a computer,
so the operating system becomes multi-user and multiprogramming.

Example − Type of operating system and devices used is Multiprogramming.

4. Fourth Generation (1980-Now) -
In this generation the operating system is used
for computer networks where users are aware of the existence of computers
that are connected to one another. At this generation users are also comforted
with a Graphical User Interface (GUI), which is an extremely comfortable
graphical computer interface, and the era of distributed computing has also
begun. With the occurrence of new wearable devices like Smart Watches,
Smart Glasses, VRGears, and others, the demand for conventional operating
systems has also increased. And, with the onset of new devices like wearable
devices, which includes Smart Watches, Smart Glasses, VR gears etc, the
demand for unconventional operating systems is also rising.

Example − Type of operating system and devices used is personal computers.

1.3 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Memory Management 3. Device Management

2. Processor Management 4. File Management
5. User Interface or Command Interpreter

1. Memory Management -
The operating system manages the Primary
Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of a large array of bytes or
words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory is
fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be
executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An operating system
manages the allocation and deallocation of memory to various processes and
ensures that the other process does not consume the memory allocated to one
process.
2. Processor Management -
In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides
the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much
processing time each process has. This function of OS is called Process
Scheduling. An Operating System performs the following activities for Processor
Management.

An operating system manages the processor’s work by allocating various jobs to

it and ensuring that each process receives enough time from the processor to
function properly.

Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is
known as a traffic controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process.
De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
3. Device Management -
An OS manages device communication via its respective drivers.
It performs the following activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices
connected to the system. designates a program responsible for every device known as
the Input/Output controller. Decide which process gets access to a certain device.
Allocates devices effectively and efficiently. Deallocates devices when they are no
longer required. There are various input and output devices.

4. File Management -
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy
navigation and usage. An Operating System carries out the following file
management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access
settings, the status of every file, and more. These facilities are collectively known as
the file system. An OS keeps track of information regarding the creation, deletion,
transfer, copy, and storage of files in an organized way. It also maintains the integrity
of the data stored in these files, including the file directory structure, by protecting
against unauthorized access.
5. User Interface or Command Interpreter -
The user interacts with the
computer system through the operating system. Hence OS acts as an
interface between the user and the computer hardware. This user interface
is offered through a set of commands or a graphical user interface (GUI).
Through this interface, the user makes interacts with the applications and
the machine hardware.
 1.4 RESOURCES ABSTRACTION

Resource Abstraction -
Resource abstraction is a technique used in operating
systems to hide the details of a resource from users and programs. By hiding the details
of a resource, the operating system can provide a simpler and more consistent interface
to users and programs.

Resource abstraction is used to hide the details of many different types of resources,
including hardware resources, software resources, and data resources. Hardware
resources include devices such as printers and disk drives. Software resources include
files, network connections, and process control blocks. Data resources include databases
and message queues. The operating system manages all of these resources and provides
a consistent interface to users and programs. Users and programs access resources
through system calls, which are abstractions of the underlying resource
For example, the open system call is used to open files, and the read system call is used to
read data from files.

The operating system also provides a variety of other services to users and programs, such
as process control, memory management, and file system management.

Resource abstraction is a powerful technique that allows the operating system to hide the
details of its implementation from users and programs. By hiding the details of its
implementation, the operating system can provide a simpler and more consistent interface
to users and programs.
1.5 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM -
1. BATCH OPERATING SYTEM
2. MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM
3. MULTIPROCESSING OERATING SYSTEM
4. TIME SHARING SYSTEM
5. DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
6. REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM -

1. BATCH OPERATING SYTEM -

This type of operating system does not interact
with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having
the same requirement and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of
the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.
Examples of Batch Operating Systems :- Payroll Systems, Bank Statements, etc.
Advantages of Batch Operating System -

1. It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete.
2 . Multiple users can share the batch systems.
3. The idle time for the batch system is very less.

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System-

1. The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.
2. Batch systems are hard to debug.
3. It is sometimes costly.

Batch Operating System

2. Multi-Programming Operating System -
Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated
as more than one program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be
kept in execution. This is basically used for better execution of resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

1. Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
2 . It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

1. There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the system.
3. Multi-Processing Operating System -
Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating
System in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the
throughput of the System.

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

1. It increases the throughput of the system.
2. As it has several processors, so,if one processor fails,we can proceed with another processor.

Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

1. Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to understand.
4. Time-Sharing Operating Systems -
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks
work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system.
These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single
user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing Operating Systems

1. Each task gets an equal opportunity.
2. CPU idle time can be reduced.

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing Operating Systems Time-Sharing Operating Systems

1. Reliability problem.
2. Data communication problem.

Time-Sharing Operating Systems

 5. DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM -
Failuve.
These types of operating system is a recent
advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted
all over the world and, that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous
interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared
communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit
and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
These systems’ processors differ in size and function.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

1. Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
2. Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
3. Load on host computer reduces.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

1. Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.

2. To establish distributed systems the language
is used not well-defined yet.

Distributed Operating System

5. Real-Time Operating System -
These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time
interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is
called response time. Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements
that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.
Advantages of Real Time Operating System

1. Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus more output from all the resources.
2. Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is very less.

Disadvantages of Real Time Operating System

1. Sometimes the system resources are not so good and they are expensive as well.
2. The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write on.

Real Time Operating System

Personal Computer -
Personal computer's operating system provides a good interface for a
single user. Personal computer operating systems are widely used for word processing,
spreadsheets, and Internet access. Personal computer operating systems are made only for
personal use. You can say that your laptops, computer systems, tablets, etc. are your
personal computers, and the operating systems such as Windows 7, Windows 10, Android,
etc. are your personal computer operating systems.
Example -chatting with your friends using some social media sites, reading some articles
from the internet, making some projects through Microsoft PowerPoint or any other
program, designing your website programming
something, watching some videosand movies,
listening to some songs, and many more.
Workstation -
Workstation, a high-performance computer system that is
basically designed for a single user and has advanced graphics capabilities,
large storage capacity, and a powerful central processing unit. A workstation
is more capable than a personal computer (PC) but is less advanced than a
server. The term workstation was also sometimes ascribed to dumb terminals
that were connected to mainframe computers.
Their raw processing power allows high-end workstations to accommodate
high-resolution or three-dimensional graphic interfaces, sophisticated
multitask software, and advanced abilities to communicate with other
computers. Workstations are used primarily
to perform computationally intensive scientific
and engineering tasks. They have also
found favour in some complex
financial and business applications.
Hand Held Device -
An operating system is a program whose job is to manage a
computer’s hardware. Its other use is that it also provides a basis for application
programs and acts as an intermediary between the computer user and the computer
hardware. An amazing feature of operating systems is how they vary in accomplishing
these tasks. Operating systems for mobile computers provide us with an environment
in which we can easily interface with the computer so that we can execute the
programs. Thus, some of the operating systems are made to be convenient, others to
be well-organized, and the rest to be some combination of the two.
Windows Operating System-
Windows is a graphical operating system developed by
Microsoft. It allows users to view and store files, run the software, play games, watch
videos, and provides a way to connect to the internet. It was released for both home
computing and professional works.

Microsoft introduced the first version as 1.0

It was released for both home computing and professional functions of Windows on 10
November 1983. Later, it was released on many versions of Windows as well as the
current version, Windows 10.In 1993, the first business-oriented version of Windows
was released, which is known as Windows NT 3.1 .
It was designed based on standard x86 hardware, like Intel and AMD processor.
Accordingly, it can run on different brands of hardware, such as HP, Dell, and Sony
computers, including home-built PCs.
 UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

Android Operating System -

Android is a mobile operating system based on a
modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed
primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open
Handset Alliance, though its most widely used version is primarily developed by
Google. It was unveiled in November 2007, with the first commercial Android
device, the HTC Dream, being launched in September 2008.
 At its core, the operating system is known as Android Open Source Project
and is free and open-source software primarily licensed under the Apache
License.
However most devices run on the proprietary Android version developed by
Google, which ship with additional proprietary closed-source software pre-
installed, most notably Google Mobile Services. which includes core apps
such as Google Chrome, the digital distribution platform Google Play, and the
associated Google Play Services development platform.
THANK YOU
FOR A
WATCHING
VIDEO